id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
5726f8e35951b619008f83be | Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier? | Australia | [
"Glacier\n\nOn Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few ... |
5726f8e35951b619008f83bf | How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover? | about 10 percent | [
"Glacier\n\nOn Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few ... |
5726f8e35951b619008f83c0 | What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier? | 2,100 m (7,000 ft) | [
"Glacier\n\nOn Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few ... |
5726f8e35951b619008f83c1 | What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers? | 98 percent | [
"Glacier\n\nOn Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few ... |
5726f9ba708984140094d76f | Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater? | glaciers | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that i... |
5726f9ba708984140094d770 | What causes glaciers to release meltwater? | warmer summer temperatures | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that i... |
5726f9ba708984140094d771 | In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers? | Antarctic environments | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that i... |
5726f9ba708984140094d772 | Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier? | when other sources may be scant | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that i... |
5726fb79dd62a815002e96e0 | At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers? | 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contai... |
5726fb79dd62a815002e96e1 | How many extant ice sheets exist? | two | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contai... |
5726fb79dd62a815002e96e2 | How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt? | 70 m (230 ft) | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contai... |
5726fb79dd62a815002e96e3 | What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface? | nunataks | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contai... |
5726fb79dd62a815002e96e4 | Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what? | ice streams | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contai... |
5726fc9f5951b619008f8419 | What are glaciers called that end in the sea? | Tidewater glaciers | [
"Glacier\n\nTidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. ... |
5726fc9f5951b619008f841a | Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type? | Tidewater glaciers | [
"Glacier\n\nTidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. ... |
5726fc9f5951b619008f841b | Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers? | much less | [
"Glacier\n\nTidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. ... |
5726fc9f5951b619008f841c | Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level? | above | [
"Glacier\n\nTidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. ... |
5726fc9f5951b619008f841d | How are icebergs formed? | As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve | [
"Glacier\n\nTidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. ... |
5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d4 | From where is the temperature of a glacier measured? | base alone | [
"Glacier\n\nThermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and pol... |
5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d5 | Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide? | warm-based glacier | [
"Glacier\n\nThermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and pol... |
5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d6 | What temperature makes a glacier polythermal? | partly cold-based and partly warm-based | [
"Glacier\n\nThermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and pol... |
5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d7 | What temperature determines a polar glacier? | always below freezing point from the surface to its base | [
"Glacier\n\nThermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and pol... |
5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d8 | What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier? | melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base | [
"Glacier\n\nThermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and pol... |
5726fec6dd62a815002e973c | Under what circumstances do glaciers form? | where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the sno... |
5726fec6dd62a815002e973d | What is a cirque? | The area in which a glacier forms | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the sno... |
5726fec6dd62a815002e973e | What shape is a cirque, generally? | armchair-shaped | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the sno... |
5726fec6dd62a815002e973f | How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers? | 15 m (50 ft) | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the sno... |
5726ffac5951b619008f844f | What characteristics determine glacial zones? | surface snowpack and melt conditions | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is e... |
5726ffac5951b619008f8450 | Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass? | ablation zone | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is e... |
5726ffac5951b619008f8451 | What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone? | equilibrium line | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is e... |
5726ffac5951b619008f8452 | How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone? | 60–70% | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is e... |
57270035708984140094d81b | Why are the tops of glaciers rigid? | they are under low pressure | [
"Glacier\n\nThe top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture... |
57270035708984140094d81c | Which zone is the top of the glaciers? | fracture zone | [
"Glacier\n\nThe top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture... |
57270035708984140094d81d | Why are glacial crevices formed? | differences in glacier velocity | [
"Glacier\n\nThe top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture... |
57270035708984140094d81e | What are seracs? | isolated peaks in the ice | [
"Glacier\n\nThe top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture... |
57270035708984140094d81f | Most crevices are no deeper than what measure? | 46 m (150 ft) | [
"Glacier\n\nThe top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture... |
57270105dd62a815002e9772 | Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier? | Marginal crevasses | [
"Glacier\n\nCrevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the red... |
57270105dd62a815002e9773 | Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier? | reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls | [
"Glacier\n\nCrevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the red... |
57270105dd62a815002e9774 | What do bergschrunds resemble? | crevasses | [
"Glacier\n\nCrevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the red... |
57270105dd62a815002e9775 | How are bergschrunds different than crevasses? | singular features at a glacier's margins | [
"Glacier\n\nCrevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the red... |
57270105dd62a815002e9776 | Where do transverse crevasses form? | where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate | [
"Glacier\n\nCrevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the red... |
572702ec708984140094d871 | In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day? | Jakobshavn Isbræ | [
"Glacier\n\nMean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's J... |
572702ec708984140094d872 | Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what? | Velocity | [
"Glacier\n\nMean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's J... |
572702ec708984140094d873 | How far do glaciers generally move per day? | 1 m (3 ft) | [
"Glacier\n\nMean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's J... |
572702ec708984140094d874 | Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska? | trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits | [
"Glacier\n\nMean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's J... |
5727044ef1498d1400e8f246 | What is a glacial surge? | periods of very rapid advancement | [
"Glacier\n\nA few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of t... |
5727044ef1498d1400e8f247 | What failure causes surges? | failure of the underlying bedrock | [
"Glacier\n\nA few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of t... |
5727044ef1498d1400e8f248 | At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges? | 90 m (300 ft) per day | [
"Glacier\n\nA few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of t... |
57270585708984140094d88d | How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes? | one km per year | [
"Glacier\n\nIn glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a s... |
57270585708984140094d88e | How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake? | 6.1 | [
"Glacier\n\nIn glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a s... |
57270585708984140094d88f | Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on? | increasing | [
"Glacier\n\nIn glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a s... |
57270585708984140094d890 | During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland? | July, August and September | [
"Glacier\n\nIn glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a s... |
57270585708984140094d891 | In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland? | 2005 | [
"Glacier\n\nIn glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a s... |
572765695951b619008f8959 | What are ogives? | alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces | [
"Glacier\n\nOgives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is sever... |
572765695951b619008f895a | What does the width of one dark and one light band measure? | annual movement of the glacier | [
"Glacier\n\nOgives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is sever... |
572765695951b619008f895b | How are ogives formed? | when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer | [
"Glacier\n\nOgives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is sever... |
572765695951b619008f895c | Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives? | consist only of undulations or color bands | [
"Glacier\n\nOgives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is sever... |
57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7fe | How many countries contain glaciers? | fifty | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespr... |
57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7ff | Which continent contains glaciers? | every continent | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespr... |
57276ed9f1498d1400e8f800 | Which mountain ranges contain glaciers? | Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespr... |
57276ed9f1498d1400e8f801 | Where are glaciers in Africa located? | Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespr... |
57276ed9f1498d1400e8f802 | Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers? | Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet | [
"Glacier\n\nGlaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespr... |
57276fe9f1498d1400e8f810 | Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage? | permanent snow cover | [
"Glacier\n\nThe permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley ... |
57276fe9f1498d1400e8f811 | Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found? | 20° to 27° north | [
"Glacier\n\nThe permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley ... |
57276fe9f1498d1400e8f812 | Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow? | 19˚N and 19˚S | [
"Glacier\n\nThe permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley ... |
57276fe9f1498d1400e8f813 | Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow? | precipitation is higher | [
"Glacier\n\nThe permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley ... |
57277b4c708984140094ded3 | Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts? | Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys | [
"Glacier\n\nEven at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to ... |
57277b4c708984140094ded4 | Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts? | they receive little snowfall | [
"Glacier\n\nEven at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to ... |
57277b4c708984140094ded5 | Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor? | warm air | [
"Glacier\n\nEven at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to ... |
57277c82708984140094def7 | What cause glacial stiations? | large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are cha... |
57277c82708984140094def8 | What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations? | direction of the glacier's movement | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are cha... |
57277c82708984140094def9 | What are chatter marks? | lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are cha... |
57277c82708984140094defa | How are chatter marks formed? | abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are cha... |
57277d55f1498d1400e8f99a | When are glacial moraines visible? | after the glacier has retreated | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the... |
57277d55f1498d1400e8f99b | How are glacial moraines formed? | deposition of material from a glacier | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the... |
57277d55f1498d1400e8f99c | Where are lateral moraines found? | sides of the glacier | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the... |
57277d55f1498d1400e8f99d | How are medial moraines formed? | when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the... |
57277d55f1498d1400e8f99e | What are ground moraines also called? | glacial drift | [
"Glacier\n\nGlacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the... |
57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebe | What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation? | characteristic "V" shape | [
"Glacier\n\nBefore glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic \"V\" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a \"U\"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountai... |
57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebf | What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation? | eroding water | [
"Glacier\n\nBefore glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic \"V\" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a \"U\"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountai... |
57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec0 | How is a fjord formed? | a glacial valley runs into a large body of water | [
"Glacier\n\nBefore glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic \"V\" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a \"U\"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountai... |
57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec1 | What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation? | "U"-shaped | [
"Glacier\n\nBefore glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic \"V\" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a \"U\"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountai... |
57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e8 | On which side is a cirque opened? | the side that descends into the valley | [
"Glacier\n\nAt the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narro... |
57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e9 | Where does ice start accululating in a glacier? | Cirques | [
"Glacier\n\nAt the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narro... |
57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ea | What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called? | arête | [
"Glacier\n\nAt the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narro... |
57277f55f1498d1400e8f9eb | What are extremely steep cirques called? | horns | [
"Glacier\n\nAt the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narro... |
57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ec | How many sides are closed in a typical cirque? | three sides | [
"Glacier\n\nAt the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narro... |
57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f8 | What is another name for roche moutonnee? | "sheepback" rock | [
"Glacier\n\nSome rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or \"sheepback\" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters... |
57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f9 | What are roche moutonnee? | elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion | [
"Glacier\n\nSome rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or \"sheepback\" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters... |
57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fa | How large are roche moutonnee? | less than a meter to several hundred meters long | [
"Glacier\n\nSome rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or \"sheepback\" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters... |
57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fb | What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "up" side? | gentle slope | [
"Glacier\n\nSome rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or \"sheepback\" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters... |
57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fc | What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "down" side? | steep to vertical face | [
"Glacier\n\nSome rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or \"sheepback\" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters... |
572780e8f1498d1400e8fa14 | Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most? | Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | [
"Glacier\n\nLarge masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This ... |
572780e8f1498d1400e8fa15 | What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle? | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers | [
"Glacier\n\nLarge masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This ... |
572780e8f1498d1400e8fa16 | With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur? | very slowly | [
"Glacier\n\nLarge masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This ... |
572780e8f1498d1400e8fa17 | How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle? | a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness | [
"Glacier\n\nLarge masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This ... |
5727009f5951b619008f8469 | What is the largest cable company in the world by revenue? | Comcast Corporation | [
"Comcast\n\nComcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company an... |
5727009f5951b619008f846a | What merged companies are the largest pay TV entity in the world? | AT&T-DirecTV | [
"Comcast\n\nComcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company an... |
5727009f5951b619008f846b | Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area? | Internet service provider | [
"Comcast\n\nComcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company an... |
5727009f5951b619008f846c | In what areas of the US does Comcast operate? | 40 states and the District of Columbia | [
"Comcast\n\nComcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company an... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.