Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

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57274163708984140094db6e	How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?	an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account....
57274163708984140094db6f	What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?	overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account....
57274163708984140094db70	What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?	make special efforts at inclusion	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account....
57274387f1498d1400e8f560	Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?	Bill Clinton	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThere are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill C...
57274387f1498d1400e8f561	How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?	two and a half years	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThere are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill C...
57274387f1498d1400e8f562	Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?	President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough"	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThere are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill C...
57274387f1498d1400e8f563	What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?	just outlawing discrimination	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThere are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill C...
57274387f1498d1400e8f564	What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.	the policy was not the source of their problems	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThere are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill C...
572745d8f1498d1400e8f590	Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?	Washington D.C.	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and h...
572745d8f1498d1400e8f591	What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?	help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and h...
572745d8f1498d1400e8f592	What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?	actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and h...
572745d8f1498d1400e8f593	Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?	draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and h...
572745d8f1498d1400e8f594	Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?	U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and h...
572747fddd62a815002e9a78	What does AAUP stand for?	American Association of University Professors	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college stud...
572747fddd62a815002e9a79	What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?	positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college stud...
572747fddd62a815002e9a7a	What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?	helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college stud...
572747fddd62a815002e9a7b	Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?	Caucasian students	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college stud...
572747fddd62a815002e9a7c	In which year did the AAUP release their study?	2000	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college stud...
572749b4708984140094dbc3	Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?	Richard Sander	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRichard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college st...
572749b4708984140094dbc4	What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?	high dropout rates	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRichard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college st...
572749b4708984140094dbc5	Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?	bottom 20 percent	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRichard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college st...
572749b4708984140094dbc6	What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?	four times	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRichard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college st...
57274a8c5951b619008f87c3	Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?	class inequality	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lowe...
57274a8c5951b619008f87c4	Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?	Hispanic Americans	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lowe...
57274a8c5951b619008f87c5	At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?	lower-class European Americans	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lowe...
57274a8c5951b619008f87c6	What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?	class-based affirmative action	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lowe...
57274a8c5951b619008f87c7	Who primarily makes up America's poor group?	people of color	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lowe...
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ec	Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?	City University of New York	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies...
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ed	Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?	1976	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies...
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ee	What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?	white	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies...
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ef	What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?	Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies...
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5f0	Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?	to take advantage of group preference policies	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies...
572750baf1498d1400e8f632	What book did Frederick Lynch author?	Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFrederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative...
572750baf1498d1400e8f633	What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?	reverse discrimination	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFrederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative...
572750baf1498d1400e8f634	What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?	against affirmative action	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFrederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative...
572750baf1498d1400e8f635	What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?	enforcing equal opportunity	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFrederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative...
572751dc5951b619008f8849	Which book did Terry Eastland write?	From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTerry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, \"Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity\". Eastland believes that the founders of a...
572751dc5951b619008f884a	Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?	remedying past discrimination	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTerry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, \"Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity\". Eastland believes that the founders of a...
572751dc5951b619008f884b	What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?	how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTerry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, \"Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity\". Eastland believes that the founders of a...
572751dc5951b619008f884c	Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?	because doing so is unnecessary	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTerry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, \"Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity\". Eastland believes that the founders of a...
572751dc5951b619008f884d	What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?	because it can prove futile	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTerry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, \"Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity\". Eastland believes that the founders of a...
5727547df1498d1400e8f64c	What is a definition of reverse discrimination?	a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results fro...
5727547df1498d1400e8f64d	What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?	these policies are just another form of discrimination	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results fro...
5727547df1498d1400e8f64e	Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?	Ward Connerly	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results fro...
5727547df1498d1400e8f64f	What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?	merit	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results fro...
5727547df1498d1400e8f650	An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?	mediocrity and incompetence	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results fro...
57275571dd62a815002e9b4a	What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?	compensation argument	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAnother popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of p...
57275571dd62a815002e9b4b	In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?	society today should compensate for the injuries	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAnother popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of p...
57275571dd62a815002e9b4c	Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?	preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAnother popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of p...
57275571dd62a815002e9b4d	In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?	whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAnother popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of p...
57275571dd62a815002e9b4e	According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?	people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAnother popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of p...
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb0	Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?	undesirable side-effects	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to id...
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb1	Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?	may increase racial tension	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to id...
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb2	When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?	2006	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to id...
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb3	How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?	60%	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to id...
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb4	Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?	Grutter v. Bollinger	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nSome opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to id...
57275cf15951b619008f88c3	Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?	admission to universities and other forms of higher education	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in ques...
57275cf15951b619008f88c4	What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?	legacy admissions	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in ques...
57275cf15951b619008f88c5	Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?	Bakke v. Regents	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in ques...
57275d295951b619008f88c9	What are public universities not allowed to do?	set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in ques...
57275d295951b619008f88ca	Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?	"goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in ques...
57276006708984140094dcb5	What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?	competing notions of the mission of colleges	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: \"To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?\". Sc...
57276006708984140094dcb6	What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?	a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: \"To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?\". Sc...
57276006708984140094dcb7	What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?	a way to advance the mission as each university defines it	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: \"To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?\". Sc...
57276006708984140094dcb8	When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?	If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: \"To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?\". Sc...
57276203f1498d1400e8f722	What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?	banning any use of race in school admissions	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced...
57276203f1498d1400e8f723	What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?	entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced...
57276203f1498d1400e8f724	Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?	California	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced...
57276203f1498d1400e8f725	What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?	class rank	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced...
57276203f1498d1400e8f726	After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?	returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced...
5727659a5951b619008f8961	What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?	a panel discussion	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nDuring a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at ...
5727659a5951b619008f8962	What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?	an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nDuring a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at ...
5727659a5951b619008f8963	What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?	a third	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nDuring a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at ...
5727659a5951b619008f8964	What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?	the descendants	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nDuring a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at ...
5727659a5951b619008f8965	Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?	possible remedies	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nDuring a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at ...
57276815dd62a815002e9c58	To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?	UCLA	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nUCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of...
57276815dd62a815002e9c59	In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?	Stanford Law Review	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nUCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of...
57276815dd62a815002e9c5a	What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?	half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nUCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of...
57276815dd62a815002e9c5b	How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?	eight percent	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nUCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of...
57276815dd62a815002e9c5c	Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?	Proposition 209	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nUCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of...
572769c2dd62a815002e9c76	What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?	economics	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nA study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More sp...
572769c2dd62a815002e9c77	In which year did Long publish his study?	2007	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nA study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More sp...
572769c2dd62a815002e9c78	How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?	increasing minority enrollment in high schools	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nA study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More sp...
572769c2dd62a815002e9c79	Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?	white students	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nA study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More sp...
572769c2dd62a815002e9c7a	What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?	14	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nA study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More sp...
57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8a	With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?	Office for Civil Rights	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspe...
57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8b	Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?	Princeton University	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspe...
57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8c	Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?	Janet Rapelye	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspe...
57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8d	What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?	many others had far better qualifications	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspe...
57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8e	Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?	placement on the waitlist	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspe...
57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f4	Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?	University of Texas	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a \"race-conscious poli...
57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f5	What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?	race-conscious policy	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a \"race-conscious poli...
57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f6	What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?	their civil and constitutional rights	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a \"race-conscious poli...
57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f7	Who concluded that the University maintained a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?	US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a \"race-conscious poli...
57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f8	When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?	June 2016	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a \"race-conscious poli...
572772165951b619008f8a11	On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?	November 17, 2014	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel H...
572772165951b619008f8a12	Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?	Students for Fair Admissions	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel H...
572772165951b619008f8a13	Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?	white	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel H...
572772165951b619008f8a14	What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?	Project on Fair Representation	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel H...
572772165951b619008f8a15	What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?	until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law	[ "Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel H...

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