id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5727a85fff5b5019007d920e | What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis? | Stop TB Partnership | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe World Health Organization declared TB a \"global health emergency\" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015,... |
5727a85fff5b5019007d920f | In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a "global health emergency"? | 1993 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe World Health Organization declared TB a \"global health emergency\" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015,... |
5727a85fff5b5019007d9210 | How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015? | 14 million | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe World Health Organization declared TB a \"global health emergency\" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015,... |
5727a85fff5b5019007d9211 | Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other? | HIV-associated tuberculosis | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe World Health Organization declared TB a \"global health emergency\" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015,... |
5727a85fff5b5019007d9212 | What organization created a system to classify various types of TB? | American Thoracic Society | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe World Health Organization declared TB a \"global health emergency\" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015,... |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9270 | What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat? | wall | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTreatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoni... |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9271 | Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one? | rifampicin | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTreatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoni... |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9272 | What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent? | antibiotic resistance | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTreatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoni... |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9273 | What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication? | Directly observed therapy | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTreatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoni... |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9274 | What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly? | WHO | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTreatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoni... |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9db | If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have? | MDR-TB | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nPrimary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-... |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9dc | What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as "extensively drug-resistant"? | three | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nPrimary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-... |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9dd | In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis? | Italy | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nPrimary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-... |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9de | What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB? | Bedaquiline | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nPrimary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-... |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9df | Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India? | Iran | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nPrimary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-... |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea15 | As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? | reactivation | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes... |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea16 | What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression? | HIV | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes... |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea17 | If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it? | 8% | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes... |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea18 | In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995? | 2008 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes... |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea19 | New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other "re-" word? | reinfection | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes... |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea3d | At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis? | one-third | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nRoughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 m... |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea3e | Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012? | 8.6 million | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nRoughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 m... |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea3f | How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010? | 8.8 million | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nRoughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 m... |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea40 | About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB? | 0.35 million | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nRoughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 m... |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea41 | What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year? | 1% | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nRoughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 m... |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c2 | What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis? | HIV/AIDS | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reducti... |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c3 | When did new cases of TB infection start going down? | 2002 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reducti... |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c4 | What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate? | China | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reducti... |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c5 | In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up? | 1980s | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reducti... |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c6 | How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010? | 80% | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reducti... |
5727bd804b864d1900163c18 | Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007, how many were infected with tuberculosis? | 1,200 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per ... |
5727bd804b864d1900163c19 | What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007? | India | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per ... |
5727bd804b864d1900163c1a | What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents? | aboriginal | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per ... |
5727bd804b864d1900163c1b | What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB? | Native Americans | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per ... |
5727bd804b864d1900163c1c | What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups? | 84% | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per ... |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94ae | What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis? | bison | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, o... |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94af | What does MTBC stand for? | M. tuberculosis complex | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, o... |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94b0 | During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals? | Neolithic Revolution | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, o... |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94b1 | In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found? | Wyoming | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, o... |
5727c7343acd2414000dec23 | Who discovered M. tuberculosis? | Robert Koch | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed th... |
5727c7343acd2414000dec24 | What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize? | 1905 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed th... |
5727c7343acd2414000dec25 | Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what? | milk | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed th... |
5727c7343acd2414000dec26 | What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890? | tuberculin | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed th... |
5727c7343acd2414000dec27 | What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB? | World Tuberculosis Day | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed th... |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d44 | What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England? | consumption | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagio... |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d45 | How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis? | one | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagio... |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d46 | In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized? | 1880s | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagio... |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d47 | What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public? | spitting | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagio... |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d48 | What were the "treatment" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called? | sanatoria | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagio... |
5727d82a3acd2414000dede9 | When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point? | 1800s | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of stre... |
5727d82a3acd2414000dedea | When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related? | 25% | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of stre... |
5727d82a3acd2414000dedeb | What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start? | Medical Research Council | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of stre... |
5727d82a3acd2414000dedec | What year was the Medical Research Council created? | 1913 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of stre... |
5727d82a3acd2414000deded | About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century? | 90% | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nIn Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of stre... |
5727dae42ca10214002d981c | What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a "pandemic"? | Mark Dybul | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nSlow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushi... |
5727dae42ca10214002d981d | What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens? | Brazil | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nSlow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushi... |
5727dae42ca10214002d981e | What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB? | World Bank | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nSlow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushi... |
5727dae42ca10214002d981f | What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection? | rural migrants | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nSlow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushi... |
5727dae42ca10214002d9820 | What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing? | regulations | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nSlow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushi... |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984e | What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other? | TB clubs | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nOne way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of \"TB clubs\", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adheren... |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984f | Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect? | increasing treatment adherence | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nOne way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of \"TB clubs\", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adheren... |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9850 | What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself? | the stigma | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nOne way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of \"TB clubs\", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adheren... |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9851 | What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted? | healthcare providers | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nOne way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of \"TB clubs\", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adheren... |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9852 | As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma? | 2010 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nOne way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of \"TB clubs\", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adheren... |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deff7 | What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on? | BCG | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit ... |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deff8 | What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached? | I and II | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit ... |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deff9 | What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? | subunit vaccine | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit ... |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deffa | What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa? | MVA85A | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit ... |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deffb | What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A? | vaccinia | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nThe BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit ... |
5727edd32ca10214002d99dc | What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to? | Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTo encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the ... |
5727edd32ca10214002d99dd | Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development? | prizes | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTo encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the ... |
5727edd32ca10214002d99de | What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines? | South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTo encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the ... |
5727edd32ca10214002d99df | What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name? | Stop TB Partnership | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nTo encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the ... |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0b9 | What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval? | Bedaquiline | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nA number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on t... |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0ba | What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline? | 2012 | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nA number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on t... |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0bb | Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen? | five times | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nA number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on t... |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0bc | Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company? | physicians | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nA number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on t... |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0bd | What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety? | medical journal | [
"Tuberculosis\n\nA number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on t... |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fa | Outside of employment, what is the other main issue that affirmative action focuses on? | education | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that ... |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fb | Affirmative action attempts to ask institutions to grant extra consideration to what group of people outside of Native Americans and women? | racial minorities | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that ... |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fc | Studies showed that discrimination in both business sectors and education resulted in advantages for what group of people? | whites and males | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that ... |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fd | Affirmative action does not only attempt to remove disadvantages, but also to ensure what about the number of people in a field? | are more representative of the populations they serve | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that ... |
572725fbdd62a815002e995e | What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions? | gender quotas | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been r... |
572725fbdd62a815002e995f | Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination? | reverse | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been r... |
572725fbdd62a815002e9960 | What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional? | Gratz v. Bollinger | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been r... |
572725fbdd62a815002e9961 | In which time period did discrimination policies originate from? | Reconstruction Era | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been r... |
572725fbdd62a815002e9962 | What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring? | achievement | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAffirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been r... |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41c | When did the Reconstruction Era end? | 1877 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIdeas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and gra... |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41d | Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color? | General William Tecumseh Sherman | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIdeas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and gra... |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41e | What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as? | Forty acres and a mule | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIdeas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and gra... |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41f | Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement? | Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIdeas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and gra... |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f420 | Who was the first person to utilize the term "affirmative action"? | President John F. Kennedy | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIdeas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and gra... |
572727b8708984140094da83 | In which document did the term "affirmative action" first appear? | National Labor Relations Act | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of p... |
572727b8708984140094da84 | Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act? | Senator Robert F. Wagner | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of p... |
572727b8708984140094da85 | Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire? | employees associated with unions | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of p... |
572727b8708984140094da86 | Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination? | National Labor Relations Board | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of p... |
572727b8708984140094da87 | Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect? | minorities | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of p... |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f430 | Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action? | Harold L. Ickes | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating \"no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed\",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited dis... |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f431 | What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold? | Interior Secretary | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating \"no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed\",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited dis... |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f432 | The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what? | employ a fixed percentage of Black workers | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating \"no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed\",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited dis... |
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