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572728d1f1498d1400e8f433 | Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government? | Executive Order 8802 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating \"no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed\",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited dis... |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f434 | What does the FEPC stand for? | Fair Employment Practices Committee | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating \"no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed\",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited dis... |
57272aa45951b619008f8679 | What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808? | President's Committee on Civil Rights | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hea... |
57272aa45951b619008f867a | What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to? | Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hea... |
57272aa45951b619008f867b | In which year were the "To Secure These Rights" findings published? | 1947 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hea... |
57272aa45951b619008f867c | What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report? | the state of race relations | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hea... |
57272aa45951b619008f867d | Who in the generation following the "To Secure These Rights" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law? | Lyndon B. Johnson | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hea... |
57272c57708984140094daa1 | The "To Secure These Rights" findings wanted desegregation of which institution? | Armed Forces | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. \"Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant.\" The rationale was fairness: \"When an indiv... |
57272c57708984140094daa2 | Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings? | death | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. \"Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant.\" The rationale was fairness: \"When an indiv... |
57272c57708984140094daa3 | What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services? | surrenders some of the rights and privileges | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. \"Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant.\" The rationale was fairness: \"When an indiv... |
57272c57708984140094daa4 | Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what? | a humiliating badge of inferiority | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTo Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. \"Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant.\" The rationale was fairness: \"When an indiv... |
57272cf65951b619008f868d | Who was the first President to address the NAACP? | Truman | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. Acc... |
57272cf65951b619008f868e | How many people were present at the speech that Truman made? | 10,000 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. Acc... |
57272cf65951b619008f868f | Where did Truman's historic speech take place? | Lincoln Memorial | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. Acc... |
57272cf65951b619008f8690 | During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what? | equality of opportunity | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. Acc... |
57272cf65951b619008f8691 | Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states? | federal | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. Acc... |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f444 | What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government? | July 26 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulatio... |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f445 | How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination? | two | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulatio... |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f446 | What was the name given to Executive Order 9980? | Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulatio... |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f447 | Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980? | Fair Employment Officer | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulatio... |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f448 | What name was given to Executive Order 9981? | Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nOn July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulatio... |
57272f7e708984140094dab3 | Which year was Eisenhower elected President? | 1952 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nWhen Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also esta... |
57272f7e708984140094dab4 | Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws? | the states | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nWhen Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also esta... |
57272f7e708984140094dab5 | What was established in 1953? | Government Contract Committee | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nWhen Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also esta... |
57272f7e708984140094dab6 | What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee? | conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nWhen Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also esta... |
57272f7e708984140094dab7 | Who was the chairman of the newly established committee? | Vice President Richard Nixon | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nWhen Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also esta... |
5727324f708984140094dad9 | Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election? | John F. Kennedy | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy \"criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing\" and \"advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission\".:59 Shortly aft... |
5727324f708984140094dada | What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on? | not ending discrimination in federally supported housing | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy \"criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing\" and \"advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission\".:59 Shortly aft... |
5727324f708984140094dadb | Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office? | Executive Order 10925 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy \"criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing\" and \"advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission\".:59 Shortly aft... |
5727324f708984140094dadc | What does PCEEO stand for? | President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy \"criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing\" and \"advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission\".:59 Shortly aft... |
5727324f708984140094dadd | What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order? | contract cancellation | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy \"criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing\" and \"advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission\".:59 Shortly aft... |
57273326f1498d1400e8f47c | When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114? | June 1963 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action ... |
57273326f1498d1400e8f47d | What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114? | elimination of discrimination in employment | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action ... |
57273326f1498d1400e8f47e | What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order? | comply to the government's policies on affirmative action | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action ... |
572733c0dd62a815002e9984 | Which Executive Order first contained the phrase "affirmative action"? | Executive Order 10925 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first time \"affirmative action\" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Tay... |
572733c0dd62a815002e9985 | Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925? | Vice President Johnson | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first time \"affirmative action\" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Tay... |
572733c0dd62a815002e9986 | Who co - authored the executive order? | Hobart Taylor Jr. | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first time \"affirmative action\" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Tay... |
572733c0dd62a815002e9987 | What was the alternative phrase to "affirmative action" that was being considered? | positive action | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first time \"affirmative action\" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Tay... |
572733c0dd62a815002e9988 | What was the main reason that "affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"? | alliterative quality | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe first time \"affirmative action\" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Tay... |
57273572dd62a815002e998e | Who had issues with JFK's proposal? | NAACP | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nNAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with... |
57273572dd62a815002e998f | Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented? | NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nNAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with... |
57273572dd62a815002e9990 | Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices? | Lockheed Aircraft Corporation | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nNAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with... |
57273572dd62a815002e9991 | Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers? | Vice President Johnson | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nNAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with... |
57273572dd62a815002e9992 | Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations? | Jim Crow | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nNAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with... |
5727364f708984140094daf3 | Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination? | Civil Rights Act | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThis eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also ... |
5727364f708984140094daf4 | Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act? | integrate public facilities | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThis eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also ... |
5727364f708984140094daf5 | Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with? | 11114 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThis eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also ... |
5727364f708984140094daf6 | What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act? | to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThis eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also ... |
5727364f708984140094daf7 | What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission? | ending discrimination in the nation's workplace | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThis eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also ... |
572736f0dd62a815002e9998 | Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial? | Title VII | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTitle VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there... |
572736f0dd62a815002e9999 | What did critics claim that Title VII advocate? | a de facto quota system | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTitle VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there... |
572736f0dd62a815002e999a | Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII? | Hubert Humphrey | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTitle VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there... |
572736f0dd62a815002e999b | Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill? | Everett Dirksen | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTitle VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there... |
572736f0dd62a815002e999c | What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold? | Senate Minority Leader | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nTitle VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there... |
572738b0dd62a815002e99aa | Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity? | his successor Nixon | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the \"Philadelphia Order\". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarante... |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ab | Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969? | Philadelphia Order | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the \"Philadelphia Order\". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarante... |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ac | Which industry of jobs did the legislation target? | construction | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the \"Philadelphia Order\". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarante... |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ad | Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws? | craft unions | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the \"Philadelphia Order\". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarante... |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ae | Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor? | Arthur Fletcher | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the \"Philadelphia Order\". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarante... |
57273936dd62a815002e99b4 | In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration? | became less prevalent | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAfter the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. \"During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.\":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, ye... |
57273936dd62a815002e99b5 | What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum? | there were other areas that needed focus | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAfter the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. \"During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.\":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, ye... |
57273936dd62a815002e99b6 | Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues? | Ford | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAfter the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. \"During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.\":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, ye... |
572739b6dd62a815002e99ba | What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny? | racial | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial cl... |
572739b6dd62a815002e99bb | What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable? | necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial cl... |
572739b6dd62a815002e99bc | Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary? | U.S. Supreme Court | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial cl... |
572739b6dd62a815002e99bd | What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial? | Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nIn the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial cl... |
57273a5e708984140094db15 | Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009? | Ricci v. DeStefano | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRicci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory... |
57273a5e708984140094db16 | Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of? | New Haven, Connecticut | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRicci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory... |
57273a5e708984140094db17 | How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test? | 17 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRicci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory... |
57273a5e708984140094db18 | What percentage of those people taking the test were African American? | 23 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRicci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory... |
57273a5e708984140094db19 | What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue? | 5-4 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nRicci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory... |
57273bf15951b619008f871b | Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States? | Kennedy | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nPresident Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that \"discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States\"; that \"it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States ... |
57273bf15951b619008f871c | Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution? | Executive Order 10925 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nPresident Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that \"discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States\"; that \"it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States ... |
57273bf15951b619008f871d | What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925? | Federal Government and on government contracts | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nPresident Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that \"discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States\"; that \"it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States ... |
57273ce15951b619008f8729 | Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against? | class | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class bas... |
57273ce15951b619008f872a | Which organization believed in the class based argument? | African American Policy Forum | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class bas... |
57273ce15951b619008f872b | What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created? | African American middle class | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class bas... |
57273ce15951b619008f872c | What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is? | non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class bas... |
57273ce15951b619008f872d | What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be? | to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class bas... |
57273da05951b619008f8733 | What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans? | end of World War II | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not... |
57273da15951b619008f8734 | What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap? | Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not... |
57273da15951b619008f8735 | What did returning black veterans not receive? | loans at the same rate as whites | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not... |
57273da15951b619008f8736 | How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill? | Nearly 8 million | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not... |
57273da15951b619008f8737 | What opportunities were few for black veterans? | higher educational | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nFollowing the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not... |
57273ea85951b619008f873d | Who conducted a study about the origins of "Latinos"? | Dr. Paul Brest | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAccording to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino populati... |
57273ea85951b619008f873e | How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991? | 80% | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAccording to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino populati... |
57273ea85951b619008f873f | In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos? | least well educated | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAccording to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino populati... |
57273ea85951b619008f8740 | What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990? | 12% | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAccording to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino populati... |
57273ea85951b619008f8741 | How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos? | 3.1% | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nAccording to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino populati... |
57273f6b5951b619008f8761 | Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans? | people who lived in North America before European settlement | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead,... |
57273f6b5951b619008f8762 | When did the Native Americans lose their land? | During the U.S. government's westward expansion | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead,... |
57273f6b5951b619008f8763 | Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land? | reservations | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead,... |
57273f6b5951b619008f8764 | How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934? | 52 million acres | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead,... |
57273f6b5951b619008f8765 | In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990? | more than triple | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nThe category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead,... |
572740665951b619008f876b | What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience? | not having the ability to become naturalized citizens | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nEarly Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japane... |
572740665951b619008f876c | What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with? | school segregation | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nEarly Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japane... |
572740665951b619008f876d | Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians? | Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nEarly Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japane... |
572740665951b619008f876e | Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration? | Immigration Act of 1924 | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nEarly Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japane... |
572740665951b619008f876f | According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking? | communication skills and personality | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nEarly Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japane... |
57274163708984140094db6d | What is one of the issues with affirmative action? | inherently unequal | [
"Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States\n\nProponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account.... |
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