id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57278aac708984140094e05b | Supreme Courts in New York serve what function? | trial courts of general jurisdiction | [
"Supreme_court\n\nThe titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by m... |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff0 | What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria? | the Austrian Constitution of 1920 | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts ... |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff1 | What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria? | Constitutional Court | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts ... |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff2 | What is the German word for this constitutional high court? | Verfassungsgerichtshof | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts ... |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff3 | What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government? | the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts ... |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff4 | The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name? | Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH) | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts ... |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb2 | What is the highest court in Brazil? | Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in origin... |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb3 | What are the two areas this court has supremacy over? | cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in origin... |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb4 | Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over? | cases involving members of congress, senators | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in origin... |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb5 | What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court? | ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in origin... |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb6 | What is Brazil's high court for labor law? | The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in origin... |
57278d70708984140094e0a3 | What is Germany's constitution called? | the Grundgesetz | [
"Supreme_court\n\nFinal interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrul... |
57278d70708984140094e0a4 | What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document? | Bundesverfassungsgericht | [
"Supreme_court\n\nFinal interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrul... |
57278d70708984140094e0a5 | The english translation of this court and its duties is what? | Federal Constitutional Court | [
"Supreme_court\n\nFinal interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrul... |
57278d70708984140094e0a6 | What unique electoral power does this German high court possess? | the power and authority to outlaw political parties | [
"Supreme_court\n\nFinal interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrul... |
57278d70708984140094e0a7 | Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility? | it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution | [
"Supreme_court\n\nFinal interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrul... |
57278e85dd62a815002ea046 | The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law? | civil and criminal cases | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhen it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bund... |
57278e85dd62a815002ea047 | What court has supremacy for matters of social security? | Bundessozialgericht | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhen it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bund... |
57278e85dd62a815002ea048 | What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany? | Bundesarbeitsgericht | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhen it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bund... |
57278e85dd62a815002ea049 | Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name? | Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhen it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bund... |
57278f7edd62a815002ea060 | Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what? | arresten | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as \"arresten\", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, te... |
57278f7edd62a815002ea061 | The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what? | legislation against the constitution | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as \"arresten\", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, te... |
57278f7edd62a815002ea062 | What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have? | legislation against some treaties | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as \"arresten\", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, te... |
57278f7edd62a815002ea063 | Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law? | administrative law | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as \"arresten\", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, te... |
57278f7edd62a815002ea064 | The high court for administrative law is also known as what? | Council of State (Raad van State) | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as \"arresten\", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, te... |
57279048708984140094e0f9 | What type of legal system is the Philippines officially? | a civil law nation | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhile the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influ... |
57279048708984140094e0fa | The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body? | the American Supreme Court | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhile the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influ... |
57279048708984140094e0fb | What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review? | 1987 Philippine Constitution | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhile the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influ... |
57279048708984140094e0fc | How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court? | 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhile the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influ... |
57279048708984140094e0fd | When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called? | en banc | [
"Supreme_court\n\nWhile the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influ... |
5727911add62a815002ea09e | The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas? | private and public | [
"Supreme_court\n\nSpanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding prece... |
5727911add62a815002ea09f | What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court? | those cases related to human rights | [
"Supreme_court\n\nSpanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding prece... |
5727911add62a815002ea0a0 | What is the other power of this latter court? | decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution | [
"Supreme_court\n\nSpanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding prece... |
5727911add62a815002ea0a1 | High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings? | binding precedents | [
"Supreme_court\n\nSpanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding prece... |
5727911add62a815002ea0a2 | In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts? | lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations | [
"Supreme_court\n\nSpanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding prece... |
572791fb708984140094e12b | Sweden's two high courts are what? | the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the ... |
572791fb708984140094e12c | What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court? | cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the ... |
572791fb708984140094e12d | The Supreme Court hears what? | all other cases | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the ... |
572791fb708984140094e12e | How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts? | appointed by the Government | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the ... |
572791fb708984140094e12f | The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what? | prövningstillstånd | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the ... |
572792f95951b619008f8de5 | When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created? | 1972 | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence o... |
572792f95951b619008f8de6 | The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what? | all lower Courts | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence o... |
572792f95951b619008f8de7 | Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence? | common-law and civil-law | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence o... |
572792f95951b619008f8de8 | What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court? | 2/3 | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence o... |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0ea | South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013? | "two apex" | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn South Africa, a \"two apex\" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutiona... |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0eb | When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created? | 1994 | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn South Africa, a \"two apex\" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutiona... |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0ec | What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA? | the Constitutional Court | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn South Africa, a \"two apex\" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutiona... |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0ed | When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters? | August 2013 | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn South Africa, a \"two apex\" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutiona... |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0b | What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature? | Soviet Union | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This pow... |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0c | What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee? | Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This pow... |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0d | Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what? | cases which have already been decided | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This pow... |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0e | Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what? | common law | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This pow... |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0f | Macau's legal system comes from what tradition? | Portuguese-based legal system | [
"Supreme_court\n\nIn most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This pow... |
572773f6708984140094dded | What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze? | a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTextual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or m... |
572773f6708984140094ddef | What is the proper name for textual scholarship? | philology | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTextual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or m... |
572773f6708984140094ddf0 | Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text? | Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTextual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or m... |
572773f6708984140094ddf1 | What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text? | recensions | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTextual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or m... |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d64 | Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's? | Qur'an | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMany ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which rea... |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d65 | Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters? | biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMany ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which rea... |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d66 | Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels? | the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMany ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which rea... |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d67 | What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an | Sana'a manuscripts | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMany ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which rea... |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d68 | When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written? | possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMany ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which rea... |
57277778708984140094de55 | What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism? | the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been wi... |
57277778708984140094de56 | Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism? | Bible | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been wi... |
57277778708984140094de57 | Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on. | Mesopotamia and Egypt | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been wi... |
57277778708984140094de58 | Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books? | is, to the devout, taboo. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been wi... |
57277778708984140094de59 | Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works? | a period of about five millennia | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been wi... |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8f8 | What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text? | identification of the first exemplar | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMaas comments further that \"A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript\". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exempl... |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8f9 | Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism? | split in the tradition | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMaas comments further that \"A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript\". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exempl... |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8fa | The exemplar is otherwise known as what? | the archetype | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMaas comments further that \"A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript\". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exempl... |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8fb | The final product of reconstruction is known as what? | the constitutio | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMaas comments further that \"A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript\". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exempl... |
572778c3708984140094de8f | What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"? | apparatus criticus or critical apparatus | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents... |
572778c3708984140094de90 | What is the purpose of the critical apparatus? | presents the author's work in three parts | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents... |
57277992dd62a815002e9dee | What is the goal of the textual critic? | a "critical edition" | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents... |
57277992dd62a815002e9def | A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what? | apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents... |
57277992dd62a815002e9df0 | What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus? | a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla) | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents... |
57277992dd62a815002e9df1 | What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus? | the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating) | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents... |
57277992dd62a815002e9df2 | What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus? | a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference) | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents... |
57277a85708984140094debb | Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press? | literature was copied by hand | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBefore mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmiss... |
57277a85708984140094debc | Are printed editions immune to variation? | not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBefore mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmiss... |
57277a85708984140094debd | How do differences in works arise when using a printing press? | a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBefore mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmiss... |
57277a85708984140094debe | An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what? | eclectic. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBefore mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmiss... |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e44 | Different documents that represent the same original text are called what? | witnesses | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhen comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks t... |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e45 | What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as? | variant readings, or simply variants or readings. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhen comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks t... |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e46 | How or why do variations enter a witness text? | either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship) | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhen comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks t... |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e47 | As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what? | document variant readings | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhen comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks t... |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e48 | Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text? | so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhen comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks t... |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9aa | What is a variorum? | The collation of all known variants of a text | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and... |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ab | What is the purpose of a variorum? | so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and... |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ac | Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum. | Edward Fitzgerald | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and... |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ad | Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum. | The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and... |
57277f03708984140094df2d | What is often included in an eclectic reading? | an impression of the number of witnesses | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nEclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an add... |
57277f03708984140094df2e | Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition? | a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nEclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an add... |
57277f03708984140094df2f | Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work? | textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nEclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an add... |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0c | What is external evidence? | evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nExternal evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a ma... |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0d | Why are older manuscripts preferred? | Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nExternal evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a ma... |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0e | What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic? | geographically diverse | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nExternal evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a ma... |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0f | What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic? | more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nExternal evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a ma... |
57278182dd62a815002e9f04 | Define "lectio brevior" | shorter reading | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTwo common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio diffi... |
57278182dd62a815002e9f05 | Define "lectio difficilior" | more difficult reading | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTwo common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio diffi... |
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