id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
57278182dd62a815002e9f06 | What is the main principle of lectio brevior? | scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTwo common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio diffi... |
57278182dd62a815002e9f07 | What is the main principle of lectio difficilior? | the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTwo common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio diffi... |
57278182dd62a815002e9f08 | Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text? | Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nTwo common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio diffi... |
572782e0708984140094dfa3 | How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek? | They proposed nine critical rules | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBrooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, \"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulti... |
572782e0708984140094dfa4 | What is Bengel's rule? | The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBrooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, \"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulti... |
572782e0708984140094dfa5 | Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text? | "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others." | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBrooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, \"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulti... |
572782e0708984140094dfa6 | What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity? | Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBrooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, \"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulti... |
572782e0708984140094dfa7 | What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts? | The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBrooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, \"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulti... |
57278440708984140094dfcd | Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic? | justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSince the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide... |
57278440708984140094dfce | When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism? | 19th century | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSince the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide... |
57278440708984140094dfcf | What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler? | The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSince the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide... |
57278440708984140094dfd0 | What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique? | the depth of research of the critic | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSince the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide... |
57278d085951b619008f8d3b | What is stemmatics? | a rigorous approach to textual criticism | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nStemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in ... |
57278d085951b619008f8d3c | What is a cladogram? | The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nStemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in ... |
57278d085951b619008f8d3d | What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common? | it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nStemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in ... |
57278d085951b619008f8d3e | What is a hyparchetype? | a common intermediate source | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nStemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in ... |
57278d085951b619008f8d3f | What is recension? | The process of constructing the stemma | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nStemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in ... |
57278dd1dd62a815002ea040 | Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing? | examinatio and emendatio | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family his... |
57278dd1dd62a815002ea041 | What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable? | copy text editing | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family his... |
57278dd1dd62a815002ea042 | What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available? | eclecticism | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family his... |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc26 | What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method? | critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.... |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc27 | Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior? | the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.... |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc28 | To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method? | editors tended to favor trees with two branches | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.... |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc29 | Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text? | this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.... |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc2a | What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier's analysis of the stemmatic method? | the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.... |
572790c15951b619008f8d9d | What is the last step in the stemmatic method? | emendatio | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as \"conjectural emendation.\" But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produc... |
572790c15951b619008f8d9e | At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis? | the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as \"conjectural emendation.\" But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produc... |
572790c15951b619008f8d9f | Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading? | , it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as \"conjectural emendation.\" But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produc... |
572791ab5951b619008f8dcb | When was the term copy-text introduced? | 1904 | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as \"the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine.\" McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to... |
572791ab5951b619008f8dcc | What was the initial definition of copy-text? | the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as \"the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine.\" McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to... |
572791ab5951b619008f8dcd | Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method | choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nThe bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as \"the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine.\" McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to... |
572792ee708984140094e147 | Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism? | deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would \"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\" He therefore ... |
572792ee708984140094e148 | How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis? | inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author." | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would \"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\" He therefore ... |
572792ee708984140094e149 | What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method? | we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would \"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\" He therefore ... |
572792ee708984140094e14a | What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method? | Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would \"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\" He therefore ... |
57279701dd62a815002ea148 | Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred? | the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when \"the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logi... |
57279701dd62a815002ea149 | What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced? | if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when \"the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logi... |
57279701dd62a815002ea14a | What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced? | indifferent | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when \"the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logi... |
57279800708984140094e1b9 | Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period? | The principle is sound without regard for the literary period. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was \"the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author... |
57279800708984140094e1ba | What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out? | the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was \"the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author... |
57279800708984140094e1bb | What where the limitations of Greg's analyses? | English Renaissance drama | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was \"the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author... |
57279800708984140094e1bc | What is the main criticism of Greg's work? | works where an author's manuscript survived | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was \"the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author... |
57279967dd62a815002ea19c | What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish? | our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMcKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of \"our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state\". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would \"represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions.\" Bowers st... |
57279967dd62a815002ea19d | If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal? | approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMcKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of \"our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state\". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would \"represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions.\" Bowers st... |
57279967dd62a815002ea19e | What did Bower's say about Greg's method? | represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMcKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of \"our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state\". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would \"represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions.\" Bowers st... |
57279967dd62a815002ea19f | What did Tanselle say about textual criticism? | has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nMcKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of \"our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state\". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would \"represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions.\" Bowers st... |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1ca | Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others? | Bowers and Tanselle | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented \"the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions.\" In his writings, Tanselle refers to \"uncons... |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cb | Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work? | Tanselle | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented \"the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions.\" In his writings, Tanselle refers to \"uncons... |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cc | Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one? | a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented \"the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions.\" In his writings, Tanselle refers to \"uncons... |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cd | What idea did Tanselle champion? | unconstrained authorial intention | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented \"the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions.\" In his writings, Tanselle refers to \"uncons... |
57279c33708984140094e235 | What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication? | remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279c33708984140094e236 | What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product? | to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896 | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279c33708984140094e237 | What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product? | to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279c33708984140094e238 | What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie? | his judgment | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279d21ff5b5019007d910e | I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use? | 1896 | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279d21ff5b5019007d910f | What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions? | to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279d21ff5b5019007d9110 | What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions? | to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279d21ff5b5019007d9111 | What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie? | to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279d21ff5b5019007d9112 | When was Maggie first published? | 1893 | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary cha... |
57279e583acd2414000de7f9 | Are appendices easy to use for the average reader? | appendices that are difficult to use, | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSome critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, \"English scholarly... |
57279e583acd2414000de7fa | Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition? | suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSome critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, \"English scholarly... |
57279e583acd2414000de7fb | How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing? | notes at the foot of the text page | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSome critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, \"English scholarly... |
57279e583acd2414000de7fc | Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote? | appendices | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nSome critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, \"English scholarly... |
57279f9f3acd2414000de825 | What is the biological basis for Cladistics? | to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nCladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of dif... |
57279f9f3acd2414000de826 | How is evolution applied to textual criticism? | manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nCladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of dif... |
57279f9f3acd2414000de827 | How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method? | cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nCladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of dif... |
57279f9f3acd2414000de828 | What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics? | does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root" | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nCladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of dif... |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914a | When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon? | the early 1970s | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptu... |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914b | What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures? | digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptu... |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914c | How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined? | applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptu... |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914d | When did Larson finish his project? | 1974 | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptu... |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914e | Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon? | Larson | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nAlthough some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptu... |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d0 | What is FARMS? | Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born th... |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d1 | Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project? | Robert F. Smith | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born th... |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d2 | How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text? | the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987 | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born th... |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d3 | Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient? | The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born th... |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d4 | Who is the head of FARMS? | Professor John W. Welch | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nBy 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born th... |
5727a65f4b864d190016396a | When was phase one completed? | 1988 | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photogr... |
5727a65f4b864d190016396b | Who took over after the preliminary phase? | Professor Skousen | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photogr... |
5727a65f4b864d190016396c | Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed? | to obtain fine readings | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photogr... |
5727a65f4b864d190016396d | What process what used to study the gathered fragments? | advanced photographic techniques | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photogr... |
5727a65f4b864d190016396e | On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants? | Printer’s Manuscript | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nIn 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photogr... |
5727a7474b864d1900163988 | How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible? | extremely rare | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nShemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the tex... |
5727a7474b864d1900163989 | To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning? | hardly affect any doctrine | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nShemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the tex... |
5727a7474b864d190016398a | Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations? | Professor Douglas Stuart | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nShemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the tex... |
5727a7474b864d190016398b | How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning? | virtually every possible alternative reading | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nShemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the tex... |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9218 | Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses? | There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhile textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the ... |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9219 | What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works? | within 200 years | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhile textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the ... |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921a | What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works? | about a millennium after their composition | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhile textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the ... |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921b | How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts? | a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text. | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nWhile textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the ... |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9326 | What is the criteria for copyright? | if enough creativity/originality is provided | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nScientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity... |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9327 | What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright? | The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nScientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity... |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9328 | Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work? | All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nScientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity... |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9329 | What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy? | the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works | [
"Textual_criticism\n\nScientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity... |
57277660dd62a815002e9d82 | What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity? | long playing | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the per... |
57277660dd62a815002e9d83 | What are common diameters found in phonograph records? | 12", 10", 7" | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the per... |
57277660dd62a815002e9d84 | What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record? | analogue sound storage medium | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the per... |
57277660dd62a815002e9d85 | Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start? | near the periphery | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the per... |
57277660dd62a815002e9d86 | In what method is the rotational speed measured in? | rpm | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the per... |
57277777f1498d1400e8f8e6 | What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record? | music reproduction | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when ne... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.