id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
5727cb3f2ca10214002d966c | How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs? | visual cue to DJs mixing the records | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAlso in the late 1970s, \"direct-to-disc\" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a \"purist\" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and \"original mast... |
5727cb3f2ca10214002d966d | How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs? | only contain one track each side | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAlso in the late 1970s, \"direct-to-disc\" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a \"purist\" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and \"original mast... |
5727cb3f2ca10214002d966e | When was the Disco Eye-Cued System developed? | late 1970s | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAlso in the late 1970s, \"direct-to-disc\" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a \"purist\" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and \"original mast... |
5727cb3f2ca10214002d966f | What were direct to disc recordings expected to product? | a "purist" transcription | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAlso in the late 1970s, \"direct-to-disc\" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a \"purist\" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and \"original mast... |
5727cb3f2ca10214002d9670 | When were 'half speed' and 'digitally remastered' recordings being released? | late 1970s | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAlso in the late 1970s, \"direct-to-disc\" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a \"purist\" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and \"original mast... |
5727cc4f2ca10214002d9694 | What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings? | automatic gain control | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were reco... |
5727cc4f2ca10214002d9695 | When were DBX recordings released? | mid-1970s | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were reco... |
5727cc4f2ca10214002d9696 | How compatible were DBX encoded recordings with prior technologies? | completely incompatible with | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were reco... |
5727cc4f2ca10214002d9697 | What was the intention of DBX encoded recordings? | reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were reco... |
5727cc4f2ca10214002d9698 | What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise? | "CX" noise reduction | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were reco... |
5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c6 | What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically? | ELPJ | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital ar... |
5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c7 | What was a benedit of laser read discs? | eliminates record wear | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital ar... |
5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c8 | What was a drawback of laser read discs? | degrade the sound | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital ar... |
5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c9 | What was the primary use of laser read discs? | archiving of analog records | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital ar... |
5727cd6e2ca10214002d96ca | What was a major issue for laser read discs? | dust | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital ar... |
5727ce6e3acd2414000decdd | Who is Irene? | scanning machine for disc records | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved ... |
5727ce6e3acd2414000decde | Where was IRENE developed? | Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved ... |
5727ce6e3acd2414000decdf | What is the primary use of IRENE? | retrieve the information | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved ... |
5727ce6e3acd2414000dece0 | Can IRENE read vertically modulated information? | cannot read vertically modulated information | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved ... |
5727ce6e3acd2414000dece1 | Does IRENE require the ability to touch the media? | without touching the medium | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved ... |
5727cf9c3acd2414000decf5 | What terms are used for recording with more than one track? | long-play" (LP) and "extended-play" (EP | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTerms such as \"long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes... |
5727cf9c3acd2414000decf6 | What is a typical max playing time of an LP? | forty-five minutes | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTerms such as \"long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes... |
5727cf9c3acd2414000decf7 | Which format is cheaper, LP or EP? | LPs | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTerms such as \"long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes... |
5727cf9c3acd2414000decf8 | Which format held recordings ranging from 10 to 15 minutes? | 7-inch EP | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTerms such as \"long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes... |
5727cf9c3acd2414000decf9 | What was a normal play time per side for LPs? | 22 minutes | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTerms such as \"long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes... |
5727d0992ca10214002d973c | Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued? | yellow and deep red | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 4... |
5727d0992ca10214002d973d | PeeWee the Piccolo was what? | The first 45 rpm record created for sale | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 4... |
5727d0992ca10214002d973e | What significance does Dec 7/ 1948 hold? | The first 45 rpm record created for sale | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 4... |
5727d0992ca10214002d973f | How many colors were 45s available in when first released? | seven colors | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 4... |
5727d0992ca10214002d9740 | When did RCA release the 45? | March 1949 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 4... |
5727d399ff5b5019007d9636 | In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run? | outside edge towards the center | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove th... |
5727d399ff5b5019007d9637 | How is sound encoded on a commercial disc? | by fine variations | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove th... |
5727d399ff5b5019007d9638 | Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun? | correct speed | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove th... |
5727d399ff5b5019007d9639 | Do all grooves bear data? | no | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove th... |
5727d616ff5b5019007d9672 | What is a 'lead out'? | wide-pitched section | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTowards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the ... |
5727d616ff5b5019007d9673 | What is the center where the data joins to complete a circle? | lock groove | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTowards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the ... |
5727d616ff5b5019007d9674 | Do turntables play music on lock grooves? | most automatic turntables are incapable | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTowards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the ... |
5727d616ff5b5019007d9675 | What do most automatic turn tables do when they meet a lock groove? | lift the arm | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTowards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the ... |
5727d616ff5b5019007d9676 | Where do you find a lead out? | Towards the center, at the end of the groove | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTowards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the ... |
5727d7343acd2414000dede1 | Where were records made with raised label areas? | reducing the risk of damage | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhen auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a me... |
5727d7343acd2414000dede2 | Are longer recordings, as found in operas, made for use with auto-changing systems? | interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhen auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a me... |
5727d7343acd2414000dede3 | Do grooves on records touch when stacked? | allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhen auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a me... |
5727d7343acd2414000dede4 | Do records touch when in auto changers? | Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhen auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a me... |
5727de793acd2414000dee83 | What is the most used material for modern audiophile vinyl releases? | New or "virgin" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nNew or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformat... |
5727de793acd2414000dee84 | What is the material preference of collectors? | heavyweight vinyl | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nNew or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformat... |
5727de793acd2414000dee85 | How does the manufacturing process differ between heavyweight and normal vinyl? | Manufacturing processes are identical | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nNew or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformat... |
5727de793acd2414000dee86 | Would would a non filled area in a vinyl press cause when listening to a record? | grinding or scratching sound | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nNew or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformat... |
5727de793acd2414000dee87 | Which pressing of vinyl require more attention to detail, lightweight or heavyweight? | lightweight records requires more care | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nNew or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformat... |
5727e0dbff5b5019007d975e | What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records? | The "orange peel" effect | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe \"orange peel\" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal ... |
5727e0dbff5b5019007d975f | What is the expected finish of a vinyl record? | mirror-like | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe \"orange peel\" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal ... |
5727e0dbff5b5019007d9760 | What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect? | there is no ill effect | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe \"orange peel\" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal ... |
5727e0dbff5b5019007d9761 | On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable? | lower frequency range | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe \"orange peel\" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal ... |
5727e0dbff5b5019007d9762 | What material is on a direct metal mastering disc? | copper | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe \"orange peel\" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal ... |
5727e311ff5b5019007d9798 | What is the two step process? | "father" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOriginal master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a \"metallic soap,\" containing lead litharge, o... |
5727e311ff5b5019007d9799 | What is the limitation of the two step process? | limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOriginal master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a \"metallic soap,\" containing lead litharge, o... |
5727e311ff5b5019007d979a | Which is preferred the two step or three step process? | three-step | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOriginal master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a \"metallic soap,\" containing lead litharge, o... |
5727e311ff5b5019007d979b | Which have stronger structures the father or son mold? | sons | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOriginal master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a \"metallic soap,\" containing lead litharge, o... |
5727e311ff5b5019007d979c | What can increase the output of a stamper mold? | quality of the vinyl is high | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOriginal master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a \"metallic soap,\" containing lead litharge, o... |
5727e41d2ca10214002d98ca | What was a known issue of using shellac to make records? | Breakage was very common | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBreakage was very common in the shellac era. In the 1934 John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist \"broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not.\" A poignant moment in J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye oc... |
5727e41d2ca10214002d98cb | In which novel does 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening" record get broken? | John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBreakage was very common in the shellac era. In the 1934 John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist \"broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not.\" A poignant moment in J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye oc... |
5727e41d2ca10214002d98cc | In Blackboard Jungle what record breaking mention is made? | teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBreakage was very common in the shellac era. In the 1934 John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist \"broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not.\" A poignant moment in J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye oc... |
5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ea | What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records? | Dust and scratches | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of gro... |
5727e4fd2ca10214002d98eb | What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records? | Dust and scratches | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of gro... |
5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ec | Where does the saying "Like a broken record" originate? | locked groove | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of gro... |
5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ed | How easily do vinyl records break? | Vinyl records do not break easily | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of gro... |
5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ee | What is a common damage to vinyl records? | easily scratched. | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of gro... |
5727e6212ca10214002d9906 | What causes warping in vinyl records? | heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. \"wow\" (once-per-r... |
5727e6212ca10214002d9907 | What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation? | warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. \"wow\" (once-per-r... |
5727e6212ca10214002d9908 | What method was used to protect a vinyl record? | place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. \"wow\" (once-per-r... |
5727e6212ca10214002d9909 | What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover? | Singles | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. \"wow\" (once-per-r... |
5727e6212ca10214002d990a | What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp? | A small degree of warp was common, | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. \"wow\" (once-per-r... |
5727e6df2ca10214002d991a | When is distortion most common on a gramophone record? | Distortion towards the end of the side | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the ... |
5727e6df2ca10214002d991b | What happens as a record wears? | Distortion | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the ... |
5727e6df2ca10214002d991c | What is a drawback of using gramophones? | fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the ... |
5727e6df2ca10214002d991d | How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP? | 510 mm | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the ... |
5727e6df2ca10214002d991e | Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl? | ending of the groove | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nA further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the ... |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9940 | What would be a cause of low frequency sounds when listening? | warped disk | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz i... |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9941 | What is a feature many stereos contain to fight back against unwanted noises? | subsonic filter | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz i... |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9942 | What is a sounds commonly heard when listening to a vinyl that is unintentional. | Tonearm skating | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz i... |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9943 | Which frequencies are you most likely to hear tonearm skating? | frequencies below about 20 Hz | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz i... |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9944 | Are there any visual signs of tracking when listening to a record? | cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nTonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz i... |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9952 | What is a limitation of low frequency recordings? | limiting the playing time | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDue to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting... |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9953 | What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies? | hiss, pops, and ticks | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDue to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting... |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9954 | What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds? | amplitude of low frequencies is reduced | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDue to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting... |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9955 | What is a benefit of using equalization devices? | problems can be reduced | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDue to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting... |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9956 | What is done to high frequency sounds to lessen sound issues? | amplitude at high frequencies is increased | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDue to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting... |
5727ea572ca10214002d999e | Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point? | G. H. Miller | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric \"rubber line\" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude d... |
5727ea572ca10214002d999f | What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point? | reproduction was more realistic | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric \"rubber line\" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude d... |
5727ea572ca10214002d99a0 | When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude? | recording amplitude decreased | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric \"rubber line\" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude d... |
5727ea572ca10214002d99a1 | What happens when frequency decreases in the bass? | recording amplitude increased | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric \"rubber line\" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude d... |
5727eb443acd2414000defe5 | Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful? | P. G. A. H. Voigt | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWest in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia... |
5727eb443acd2414000defe6 | How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful? | pre-emphasis in the recording | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWest in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia... |
5727eb443acd2414000defe7 | When was a pre-emphasis most useful? | above 1,000 Hz | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWest in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia... |
5727eb443acd2414000defe8 | On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s? | 78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWest in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia... |
5727eb443acd2414000defe9 | In which Era was this finding most significant? | 1925 era | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWest in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia... |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d988e | What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization? | there was no industry standard | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there wer... |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d988f | In which country was the treble roll off greater? | US | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there wer... |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d9890 | Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz? | Europe | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there wer... |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d9891 | What was the industry standard on equalization practices? | there was no industry standard | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there wer... |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d9892 | Which country used the most varied equalization practices? | US | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there wer... |
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