id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5727ee154b864d190016403e | How far back did records show the art of sound recordings? | 1925 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEvidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was c... |
5727ee154b864d190016403f | How was standardization prior to 1942? | considered a proprietary art | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEvidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was c... |
5727ee154b864d1900164040 | Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings? | 1942–1949 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEvidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was c... |
5727eef54b864d1900164056 | Who made the move to standardize recordings? | National Association of Broadcasters | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBroadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of \"home recordings\" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to s... |
5727eef54b864d1900164057 | When were recording standards officially released? | 1949 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBroadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of \"home recordings\" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to s... |
5727eef54b864d1900164058 | Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards? | laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions. | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBroadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of \"home recordings\" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to s... |
5727eef54b864d1900164059 | What was one issue of a lack of industry standards? | Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBroadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of \"home recordings\" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to s... |
5727eef54b864d190016405a | What is the NAB? | National Association of Broadcasters | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nBroadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of \"home recordings\" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to s... |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98fc | What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards? | programming sounded more lifelike. | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted som... |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98fd | How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve? | remarkably similar | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted som... |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98fe | What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum? | below 100 Hz | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted som... |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98ff | What helped cause the most life like sound? | using a complementary inverse curve | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted som... |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990a | How far back could these recording practices be traced? | 1925 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nUltimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric \"rubber line\" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major... |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990b | What were the recording standards based off from? | long-held recording practices | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nUltimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric \"rubber line\" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major... |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990c | What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve? | New Orthophonic curve | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nUltimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric \"rubber line\" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major... |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990d | Who developed the New Orthophonic curve? | RCA Victor | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nUltimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric \"rubber line\" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major... |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990e | Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve? | R.C. Moyer | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nUltimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric \"rubber line\" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major... |
5727f4704b864d19001640a0 | What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era? | many fine examples | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDelicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording ... |
5727f4704b864d19001640a1 | What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics? | acoustic limitations | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDelicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording ... |
5727f4704b864d19001640a2 | Why do photos show take on horns? | help mute these resonances | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDelicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording ... |
5727f4704b864d19001640a3 | How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment? | like it was recorded through a horn | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDelicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording ... |
5727f4704b864d19001640a4 | What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss? | took a lot of sound energy | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nDelicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording ... |
5727f56fff5b5019007d993e | What technique offered realistic sounds during playback? | Western Electric licensed recording method | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nElectric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as ... |
5727f56fff5b5019007d993f | At at time was radio gaining popularity? | 1925 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nElectric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as ... |
5727f56fff5b5019007d9940 | What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s? | carbon microphones used, | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nElectric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as ... |
5727f56fff5b5019007d9941 | What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer? | brilliant midrange | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nElectric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as ... |
5727f56fff5b5019007d9942 | What was a benefit of early radio recordings? | microphones and amplifiers | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nElectric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as ... |
5727f6c94b864d19001640bc | What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings? | Victor Orthophonic phonograph | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIt was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resona... |
5727f6c94b864d19001640bd | What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph? | folded horn with an exponential taper | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIt was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resona... |
5727f6c94b864d19001640be | What adjustments were made to the orthophonic to accommodate electric recordings? | mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIt was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resona... |
5727f6c94b864d19001640bf | Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs? | not unusual | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIt was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resona... |
5727f6c94b864d19001640c0 | How similar was the sound of a orthodontic record to a radio? | sounded like | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIt was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resona... |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c6 | What are two examples of high quality microphones? | moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the dam... |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c7 | What was used to dampen resonances in recordings? | Magnetic pickups | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the dam... |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c8 | When would you have first found the moving coil microphone? | around 1930 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the dam... |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c9 | What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups? | Crystal pickups | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the dam... |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640ca | In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically? | 1930s and 1940s | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nEventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the dam... |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998e | What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge? | high quality cuts | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric... |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998f | In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home? | 1940s | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric... |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9990 | What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs? | large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric... |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9991 | How similar were live and recorded versions? | harder to tell the difference | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nOver time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric... |
5727f9a14b864d190016410c | When was the Western Electric System introduced? | early 1930s | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, \"The New Voice of Action\". The intent of t... |
5727f9a14b864d190016410d | What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System? | Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, \"The New Voice of Action\". The intent of t... |
5727f9a14b864d190016410e | What system was used by Warner Brothers? | Western Electric system | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, \"The New Voice of Action\". The intent of t... |
5727f9a14b864d190016410f | What speed was used in the Western Electric System? | 33 1⁄3 rpm | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, \"The New Voice of Action\". The intent of t... |
5727f9a14b864d1900164110 | What was the Western Electric System believed to do? | improve the overall quality | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, \"The New Voice of Action\". The intent of t... |
5727fb064b864d1900164134 | What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts? | longer playback time | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasiz... |
5727fb064b864d1900164135 | What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts? | inner groove distortion | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasiz... |
5727fb064b864d1900164136 | How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type? | didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasiz... |
5727fb064b864d1900164137 | How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone? | override noise in playback | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasiz... |
5727fb064b864d1900164138 | How was wax used to improve recordings? | avoiding the microscopic irregularities | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasiz... |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aac | What were used to make vinyl pressings? | master cuts | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were emplo... |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aad | What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s? | World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were emplo... |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aae | Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s? | World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were emplo... |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aaf | How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation? | cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nVinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were emplo... |
5727fc802ca10214002d9abe | When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics? | 1949 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fi... |
5727fc802ca10214002d9abf | What kind of recordings worked best for pop music? | 45 rpm | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fi... |
5727fc802ca10214002d9ac0 | What was used for longer recordings? | LP record | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fi... |
5727fc802ca10214002d9ac1 | What opened doors for long recordings? | The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fi... |
5727fc802ca10214002d9ac2 | What aided in records sales in the 1950s? | Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThe complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fi... |
5727fd484b864d1900164174 | What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear? | 20 Hz | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 ... |
5727fd484b864d1900164175 | What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records? | vinyl records | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 ... |
5727fd484b864d1900164176 | What is the higher end of typical human hearing? | 20,000 Hz | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 ... |
5727fd484b864d1900164177 | Does the hearing range of the human vary? | The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nThere is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 ... |
5727fdec4b864d1900164186 | Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record? | record cutter | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nFor the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the \"master disc\" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tap... |
5727fdec4b864d1900164187 | What was used in first recordings of vinyl records? | soft wax | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nFor the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the \"master disc\" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tap... |
5727fdec4b864d1900164188 | What was used in final recordings of vinyl records? | harder lacquer | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nFor the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the \"master disc\" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tap... |
5727fdec4b864d1900164189 | After the 1950s what was a typical recording process? | first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nFor the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the \"master disc\" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tap... |
5727fdec4b864d190016418a | Where were sound recordings originally made to? | master disc | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nFor the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the \"master disc\" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tap... |
5727fe954b864d19001641aa | Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings? | alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAs the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find ... |
5727fe954b864d19001641ab | Is gramophone equipment readily available? | manufactured only in small quantities | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAs the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find ... |
5727fe954b864d19001641ac | What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity? | transferring them onto other media | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAs the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find ... |
5727fe954b864d19001641ad | What is a drawback of gramophone use? | gradual degradation | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAs the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find ... |
5727fe954b864d19001641ae | How are gramophones best stored? | on edge | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nAs the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find ... |
5727ff933acd2414000df1bd | Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies? | Anyone can do this | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhere old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove... |
5727ff933acd2414000df1be | What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest? | professional archivists | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhere old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove... |
5727ff933acd2414000df1bf | What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats? | standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhere old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove... |
5727ff933acd2414000df1c0 | Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format? | without any further damage to the source recording | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhere old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove... |
5727ff933acd2414000df1c1 | What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format? | manipulated to remove analog flaws | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nWhere old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove... |
572800793acd2414000df1e7 | What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales? | major label distributors restricted their return policies | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nGroove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales... |
572800793acd2414000df1e8 | Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs? | CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nGroove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales... |
572800793acd2414000df1e9 | When did vinyl record sales decline? | between 1988 and 1991 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nGroove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales... |
572800793acd2414000df1ea | When did compact disc popularity take hold? | 1988 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nGroove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales... |
572800793acd2414000df1eb | When were groove recordings developed? | final quarter of the 19th century, | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nGroove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales... |
57280150ff5b5019007d9ac6 | Are records generally out of print as of date? | Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, co... |
57280150ff5b5019007d9ac7 | Are albums ever reproduced? | Many popular new albums are given releases | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, co... |
57280150ff5b5019007d9ac8 | What types of vinyl hold the most popularity? | Old records and out-of-print recordings | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, co... |
57280150ff5b5019007d9ac9 | Does vinyl record maintain any popularity? | records still have enthusiastic supporters | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, co... |
572802332ca10214002d9b50 | What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD? | direct manipulation | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nMany electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys (\"DJs\"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmat... |
572802332ca10214002d9b51 | In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record? | slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nMany electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys (\"DJs\"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmat... |
572802332ca10214002d9b52 | Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records? | provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nMany electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys (\"DJs\"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmat... |
572802332ca10214002d9b53 | What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD? | any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nMany electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys (\"DJs\"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmat... |
572802332ca10214002d9b54 | Had vinyl technology ceased expanding? | However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more. | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nMany electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys (\"DJs\"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmat... |
572803754b864d1900164224 | Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991? | Jack White | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, th... |
572803754b864d1900164225 | What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late? | compact discs | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, th... |
572803754b864d1900164226 | What was unique to vinyl sales in 2014? | was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, th... |
572803754b864d1900164227 | Who sold 34,000 vinyl records in 1994? | Pearl Jam | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, th... |
572803754b864d1900164228 | Prior to 2014 when was the most recent large sale of vinyl records? | 1991 | [
"Gramophone_record\n\nIn 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, th... |
57277739dd62a815002e9d8c | Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library? | 1950 | [
"Turner_Classic_Movies\n\nHistorically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films relea... |
57277739dd62a815002e9d8d | Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library? | May 1986 | [
"Turner_Classic_Movies\n\nHistorically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films relea... |
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