Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5727bce03acd2414000deb01	In what text is Shaivism recounted?	Śvetāśvatara Upanishad	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEarly history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist ...
5727bce03acd2414000deb02	When was the text on Shaivism written?	400 – 200 BCE	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEarly history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist ...
5727bce03acd2414000deb03	Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?	Vidyaranya	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEarly history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist ...
5727bce03acd2414000deb04	How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?	three	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEarly history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist ...
5727bce03acd2414000deb05	What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?	Pratyabhijña	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEarly history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist ...
5727bed92ca10214002d954c	What is the oldest school of Shaivism?	Pāśupata Shaivism	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, \"of Paśupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulteri...
5727bed92ca10214002d954d	Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?	Lakulish	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, \"of Paśupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulteri...
5727bed92ca10214002d954e	When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism?	2nd century CE	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, \"of Paśupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulteri...
5727bed92ca10214002d954f	What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?	Vaishnava theology	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, \"of Paśupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulteri...
5727bed92ca10214002d9550	What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?	servitude of souls	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, \"of Paśupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulteri...
5727c075ff5b5019007d945c	What group divided the world into two parts?	Pāśupatas	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, ...
5727c075ff5b5019007d945d	Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?	insentient and the sentient	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, ...
5727c075ff5b5019007d945e	In what staet was the insentient considered to be?	unconscious	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, ...
5727c075ff5b5019007d945f	How was the sentient seen as being?	conscious	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, ...
5727c075ff5b5019007d9460	For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?	through the intellect	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nPāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, ...
5727c3243acd2414000debf9	What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?	non-dual	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEven though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir...
5727c3243acd2414000debfa	What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?	Universal Consciousness	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEven though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir...
5727c3243acd2414000debfb	As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?	real	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEven though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir...
5727c3243acd2414000debfc	Which group sees the world as illusion?	Advaita	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEven though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir...
5727c3243acd2414000debfd	According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?	merge in Shiva	[ "Hindu_philosophy\n\nEven though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir...
57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed6	What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?	Democratic Party and the Republican Party	[ "Political_party\n\nWhile there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they...
57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed7	Name a nation that has a one-party political system.	China	[ "Political_party\n\nWhile there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they...
57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed8	How are political parties elected in democracies?	the electorate	[ "Political_party\n\nWhile there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they...
57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed9	What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?	Germany and India	[ "Political_party\n\nWhile there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they...
5727817ddd62a815002e9efc	Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?	late-17th-century England	[ "Political_party\n\nThe first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or ...
5727817ddd62a815002e9efd	Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?	Whigs	[ "Political_party\n\nThe first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or ...
5727817ddd62a815002e9efe	Who was the leader if the Whigs?	Robert Walpole	[ "Political_party\n\nThe first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or ...
5727817ddd62a815002e9eff	In what year did the jacobite rising fail?	1715	[ "Political_party\n\nThe first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or ...
57278788708984140094e011	Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?	John Locke	[ "Political_party\n\nAs the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy me...
57278788708984140094e012	Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.	Locke and Algernon Sidney	[ "Political_party\n\nAs the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy me...
57278788708984140094e013	Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?	championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power	[ "Political_party\n\nAs the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy me...
57278788708984140094e014	Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?	the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty	[ "Political_party\n\nAs the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy me...
572789855951b619008f8cb5	Who did the Tories oppose?	Whigs	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of ...
572789855951b619008f8cb6	Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?	the "Opposition Whigs"	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of ...
572789855951b619008f8cb7	When did the Tories regain power?	1760	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of ...
572789855951b619008f8cb8	For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?	half a century	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of ...
572789855951b619008f8cb9	Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?	ideological gap	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of ...
57278ab15951b619008f8ce5	Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?	the Rockingham Whigs	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive par...
57278ab15951b619008f8ce6	Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?	Charles Watson-Wentworth	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive par...
57278ab15951b619008f8ce7	What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?	"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed"	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive par...
57278ab15951b619008f8ce8	Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?	remained out of power as a united opposition to government.	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive par...
57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd0	What was the modern Conservative party created from?	the 'Pittite' Tories	[ "Political_party\n\nThe modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set abo...
57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd1	Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?	Robert Peel	[ "Political_party\n\nThe modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set abo...
57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd2	Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?	the Liberal Party	[ "Political_party\n\nThe modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set abo...
57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd3	In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?	1834	[ "Political_party\n\nThe modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set abo...
57278e57f1498d1400e8fc00	What were the two proto-political parties?	the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Rep...
57278e57f1498d1400e8fc01	In which year did the period known as the "Era of Good Feelings" begin?	1816	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Rep...
57278e57f1498d1400e8fc02	What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?	partisan	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Rep...
57278e57f1498d1400e8fc03	Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?	Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison	[ "Political_party\n\nAlthough the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Rep...
57278fabdd62a815002ea06a	Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?	Charles Stewart Parnell	[ "Political_party\n\nAt the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally ch...
57278fabdd62a815002ea06b	What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?	Irish Parliamentary Party	[ "Political_party\n\nAt the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally ch...
57278fabdd62a815002ea06c	Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?	they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.	[ "Political_party\n\nAt the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally ch...
572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3a	Do political parties have a Party leader?	A political party is typically led by a party leader	[ "Political_party\n\nA political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies ...
572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3b	Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?	party secretary	[ "Political_party\n\nA political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies ...
572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3c	Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses?	party treasurer	[ "Political_party\n\nA political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies ...
572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3d	Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?	party chair	[ "Political_party\n\nA political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies ...
57279453f1498d1400e8fcaa	When does a party form an official opposition?	When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form...
57279453f1498d1400e8fcab	What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?	Westminster-based parties	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form...
57279453f1498d1400e8fcac	When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?	When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form...
57279453f1498d1400e8fcad	If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?	leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation	[ "Political_party\n\nWhen the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form...
5727950d708984140094e17d	What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?	The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for	[ "Political_party\n\nThe freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for author...
5727950d708984140094e17e	How are parties regulated?	a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties	[ "Political_party\n\nThe freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for author...
5727950d708984140094e17f	Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?	to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents	[ "Political_party\n\nThe freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for author...
572798635951b619008f8e51	Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?	mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"	[ "Political_party\n\nFurthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\" present in the legis...
572798635951b619008f8e52	which outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?	far-right, far-left and regionalism	[ "Political_party\n\nFurthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\" present in the legis...
572798635951b619008f8e53	What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?	Cordon Sanitarian	[ "Political_party\n\nFurthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\" present in the legis...
57279977f1498d1400e8fd08	Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?	In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist	[ "Political_party\n\nIn a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within...
57279977f1498d1400e8fd09	Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?	The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.	[ "Political_party\n\nIn a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within...
57279977f1498d1400e8fd0a	What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?	political parties	[ "Political_party\n\nIn a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within...
57279977f1498d1400e8fd0b	What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?	political parties	[ "Political_party\n\nIn a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within...
57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cc	In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?	one-party systems	[ "Political_party\n\nIn one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions ...
57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cd	What are North Korea and China examples of?	positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government	[ "Political_party\n\nIn one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions ...
57279ae5ff5b5019007d90ce	What is the one-party system often compared with?	dictatorships and tyranny	[ "Political_party\n\nIn one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions ...
57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cf	When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?	1934 and 1945	[ "Political_party\n\nIn one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions ...
57279c7cff5b5019007d90f2	When are opposition parties allowed?	In dominant-party systems	[ "Political_party\n\nIn dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason ...
57279c7cff5b5019007d90f3	What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?	political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion	[ "Political_party\n\nIn dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason ...
57279c7cff5b5019007d90f4	What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?	patronage and sometimes by voting fraud	[ "Political_party\n\nIn dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason ...
57279c7cff5b5019007d90f5	What are some examples of dominant party systems?	African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia	[ "Political_party\n\nIn dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason ...
57279c7cff5b5019007d90f6	For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?	1990s	[ "Political_party\n\nIn dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason ...
57279d752ca10214002d921a	What type of party system is the United States?	two-party system	[ "Political_party\n\nThe United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief...
57279d752ca10214002d921b	What were the first parties in the united States called?	Federalist and Republican	[ "Political_party\n\nThe United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief...
57279d752ca10214002d921c	For how long did the Whigs survive?	two decades	[ "Political_party\n\nThe United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief...
57279d752ca10214002d921d	What are challenged to an unpopular political party?	tremendous land area and large population of the country	[ "Political_party\n\nThe United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief...
57279d752ca10214002d921e	Which party was anti-slavery?	Democratic Party	[ "Political_party\n\nThe United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief...
57279f3d2ca10214002d9232	What has the UK political system functioned as?	a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system	[ "Political_party\n\nThe UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in ...
57279f3d2ca10214002d9233	What are the two largest political parties in the UK?	Conservative Party and the Labour Party	[ "Political_party\n\nThe UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in ...
57279f3d2ca10214002d9234	What was the other major party before the Labour party?	Liberal Party	[ "Political_party\n\nThe UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in ...
57279f3d2ca10214002d9235	What is Duveger's Law?	A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system	[ "Political_party\n\nThe UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in ...
5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9180	In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?	in cases where there are three or more parties	[ "Political_party\n\nMore commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in G...
5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9181	Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?	since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition	[ "Political_party\n\nMore commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in G...
5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9182	Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?	1989	[ "Political_party\n\nMore commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in G...
5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9183	When is political change easier?	Political change is often easier with a coalition government	[ "Political_party\n\nMore commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in G...
5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9184	What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?	post World War II France and Italy	[ "Political_party\n\nMore commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in G...
5727a5812ca10214002d92be	What are called factions by some people?	Political parties	[ "Political_party\n\nPolitical parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such d...
5727a5812ca10214002d92bf	What are political parties lobbied by?	organizations, businesses and special interest groups	[ "Political_party\n\nPolitical parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such d...
5727a5812ca10214002d92c0	What are traditional sources of funding for parties?	Money and gifts	[ "Political_party\n\nPolitical parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such d...
5727a5812ca10214002d92c1	Around which time was the mass membership party started?	19th century	[ "Political_party\n\nPolitical parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such d...
5727a68c3acd2414000de8df	Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?	increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships	[ "Political_party\n\nFrom the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places ...
5727a68c3acd2414000de8e0	When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?	second half of the 20th century	[ "Political_party\n\nFrom the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places ...
5727a7852ca10214002d92fe	In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?	peerages	[ "Political_party\n\nIn the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent...

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