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57277b03dd62a815002e9e0f | How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there? | six | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophi... |
57277b03dd62a815002e9e10 | What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called? | Astika | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophi... |
57277b03dd62a815002e9e11 | What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system? | Vedas | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophi... |
57277b03dd62a815002e9e12 | What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called? | nāstika | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophi... |
57277d93708984140094df09 | What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies? | relationship and differences | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nScholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval d... |
57277d93708984140094df0a | In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies? | 18th and 19th | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nScholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval d... |
57277d93708984140094df0b | What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy? | distinct | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nScholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval d... |
57277d93708984140094df0c | What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy? | distinct schools | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nScholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval d... |
57277d93708984140094df0d | How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy? | limited | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nScholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval d... |
572787165951b619008f8c5f | How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu? | six | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to lib... |
572787165951b619008f8c60 | Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism? | Nyāya | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to lib... |
572787165951b619008f8c61 | What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism? | Vaiśeṣika | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to lib... |
572787165951b619008f8c62 | Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism? | Sāṅkhya | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to lib... |
572787165951b619008f8c63 | What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge? | Advaita | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nHindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to lib... |
5727889c5951b619008f8c97 | What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth? | pramāṇas | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAncient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof)... |
5727889c5951b619008f8c98 | How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy? | six | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAncient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof)... |
5727889c5951b619008f8c99 | What is the pramanas for perception? | pratyakṣa | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAncient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof)... |
5727889d5951b619008f8c9a | What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference? | anumāṇa | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAncient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof)... |
5727889d5951b619008f8c9b | Which pramanas is understanding of experts? | śabda | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAncient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof)... |
57278a2af1498d1400e8fb50 | Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter? | Samkhya | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars... |
57278a2af1498d1400e8fb51 | How does Samkhya view the universe? | two realities | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars... |
57278a2af1498d1400e8fb52 | What is the Samkhya name for consciousness? | Puruṣa | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars... |
57278a2af1498d1400e8fb53 | What is the Samkhya school word for matter? | prakriti | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars... |
57278a2af1498d1400e8fb54 | What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce? | buddhi | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars... |
57278c185951b619008f8d17 | How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy? | three | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas b... |
57278c185951b619008f8d18 | Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? | Sattva | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas b... |
57278c185951b619008f8d19 | Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity? | Rajas | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas b... |
57278c185951b619008f8d1a | What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction? | Tamas | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas b... |
57278c185951b619008f8d1b | What is the interpretation of classical of Samkhya? | atheist / non-theistic | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nSamkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas b... |
57278de35951b619008f8d61 | Of what is yoga a part in Indian philosophy? | philosophical schools | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic beca... |
57278de35951b619008f8d62 | To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned? | Samkhya | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic beca... |
57278de35951b619008f8d63 | What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya? | personal god | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic beca... |
57278de35951b619008f8d64 | How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept? | three | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic beca... |
57278de35951b619008f8d65 | Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different? | theistic | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic beca... |
57278fba5951b619008f8d8d | What principle does yoga use from Samkhya? | jñāna | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Adva... |
57278fba5951b619008f8d8e | What is the meaning of jnana? | knowledge | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Adva... |
57278fba5951b619008f8d8f | To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead? | moksha | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Adva... |
57278fba5951b619008f8d90 | To what school does yoga share central ideas? | Advaita Vedanta | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Adva... |
57278fba5951b619008f8d91 | What state in life does yoga believe is achievable? | liberation/freedom | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Adva... |
57279185f1498d1400e8fc5c | What philosophy is a naturalist school? | Vaiśeṣika | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and the... |
57279185f1498d1400e8fc5d | What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy? | atoms | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and the... |
57279185f1498d1400e8fc5e | By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation? | world of experience | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and the... |
57279185f1498d1400e8fc5f | Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana? | Kaṇāda Kaśyapa | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and the... |
57279185f1498d1400e8fc60 | When was the Vaisesika darsana produced? | first millennium BCE | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and the... |
57279345f1498d1400e8fca0 | According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality? | four | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nVaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), ... |
57279345f1498d1400e8fca1 | What are the substances of Vaisesika reality? | earth, water, air, fire | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nVaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), ... |
57279345f1498d1400e8fca2 | Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ? | atoms | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nVaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), ... |
57279345f1498d1400e8fca3 | According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms? | composite | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nVaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), ... |
57279345f1498d1400e8fca4 | What form are atoms in Vaisesika? | invisible | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nVaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), ... |
572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbc | What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school? | Nyāya | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyā... |
572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbd | What does Nyaya say causes human suffering? | mistakes/defects | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyā... |
572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbe | What state is achieved through knowledge? | Moksha | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyā... |
572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbf | What is moksha in Hindu philosophy? | liberation | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyā... |
572794d6f1498d1400e8fcc0 | Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya? | delusion | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nIn its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyā... |
57279c2edd62a815002ea1ee | How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools? | several | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circu... |
57279c2edd62a815002ea1ef | How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge? | five | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circu... |
57279c2edd62a815002ea1f0 | How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool? | perception | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circu... |
57279c2edd62a815002ea1f1 | What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool? | anumāṇa | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circu... |
57279c2edd62a815002ea1f2 | What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school? | upamāṇa | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circu... |
5727a2bbff5b5019007d9176 | What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa school? | atheistic and theistic | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemolo... |
5727a2bbff5b5019007d9177 | How did the Mimamsa school view the soul? | eternal | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemolo... |
5727a2bbff5b5019007d9178 | What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy? | dharma | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemolo... |
5727a2bbff5b5019007d9179 | How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma? | rituals and duties | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemolo... |
5727a2bbff5b5019007d917a | What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school? | Vedanta school | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemolo... |
5727ac723acd2414000de949 | To what study did Mimamsa give rise? | philology | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nMīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct... |
5727ac723acd2414000de94a | What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe? | proper, correct and right | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nMīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct... |
5727ac723acd2414000de94b | What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop? | Vedantins | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nMīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct... |
5727ac723acd2414000de94c | What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize? | early parts | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nMīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct... |
5727ac723acd2414000de94d | What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor? | latter parts | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nMīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct... |
5727ae3e2ca10214002d9380 | On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus? | Upanishads and Brahma | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means ... |
5727ae3e2ca10214002d9381 | In what time did the Vedanta school become active? | first millennium BCE | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means ... |
5727ae3e2ca10214002d9382 | Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools? | Vedānta | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means ... |
5727ae3e2ca10214002d9383 | How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge? | five or six methods | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means ... |
5727ae3e2ca10214002d9384 | On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge? | sub-school | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means ... |
5727b049ff5b5019007d929e | What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy? | knowledge-centered understanding | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditatio... |
5727b049ff5b5019007d929f | On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus? | jnana | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditatio... |
5727b049ff5b5019007d92a0 | On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus? | ritualism | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditatio... |
5727b049ff5b5019007d92a1 | Due to differences in text interpretations,into what did the Vedanta school separate? | many sub-schools | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditatio... |
5727b049ff5b5019007d92a2 | What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? | ātman and Brahman | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nThe emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditatio... |
5727b1c13acd2414000de9eb | What means | Advaita | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAdvaita literally means \"not two, sole, unity\". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school... |
5727b4653acd2414000dea33 | According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality? | Brahman | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAccording to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes \"that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal\". The empirical reality is... |
5727b4653acd2414000dea34 | What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta? | māyā and ātman | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAccording to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes \"that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal\". The empirical reality is... |
5727b4653acd2414000dea35 | How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta? | always changing | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAccording to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes \"that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal\". The empirical reality is... |
5727b4653acd2414000dea36 | To what does the concept of atman refer? | soul | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAccording to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes \"that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal\". The empirical reality is... |
5727b4653acd2414000dea37 | To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same? | Brahman | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nAccording to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes \"that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal\". The empirical reality is... |
5727b61fff5b5019007d9320 | What is the philosophy of dualism? | Viśiṣṭādvaita | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nRamanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty... |
5727b61fff5b5019007d9321 | Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita? | Ramanuja | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nRamanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty... |
5727b61fff5b5019007d9322 | When did Ramanuja live? | c. 1037–1137 | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nRamanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty... |
5727b61fff5b5019007d9323 | For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue? | Supreme Being | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nRamanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty... |
5727b61fff5b5019007d9324 | What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman | Vishnu | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nRamanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty... |
5727b8d84b864d1900163b68 | Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence? | two separate realities | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic ... |
5727b8d84b864d1900163b69 | To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions? | monotheistic God | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic ... |
5727b8d84b864d1900163b6a | How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions? | takes on a personal role | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic ... |
5727b8d84b864d1900163b6b | As what did the Dvaita school view dualism? | permanent | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic ... |
5727b8d84b864d1900163b6c | Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being? | Vishnu | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic ... |
5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba2 | What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita? | Nimbarka | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different f... |
5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba3 | In what century did Nimbarka live? | 13th-century | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different f... |
5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba4 | How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita? | three | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different f... |
5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba5 | What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita? | Brahman, soul, and matter | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different f... |
5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba6 | Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita? | Krishna | [
"Hindu_philosophy\n\nDvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different f... |
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