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57283f724b864d19001647f3 | What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states? | federal structure | [
"Federalism\n\nFederations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the Un... |
57283f724b864d19001647f4 | What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution? | required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole | [
"Federalism\n\nFederations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the Un... |
5728402c4b864d19001647f8 | What does the structures of the federal government incorporate? | mechanisms to protect the rights of component states | [
"Federalism\n\nThe structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the... |
5728402c4b864d19001647f9 | What is one method to protect the rights of the component states? | intrastate federalism | [
"Federalism\n\nThe structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the... |
5728402c4b864d19001647fa | What is intrastate federalism? | is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions | [
"Federalism\n\nThe structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the... |
5728402c4b864d19001647fb | What is a bicameral legislature? | the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole | [
"Federalism\n\nThe structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the... |
572840b1ff5b5019007da002 | What does federations often employ? | union of states | [
"Federalism\n\nFederations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a fe... |
572840b1ff5b5019007da003 | What is federalist paper no. 39? | that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both | [
"Federalism\n\nFederations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a fe... |
572840b1ff5b5019007da004 | What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39? | it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national.. | [
"Federalism\n\nFederations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a fe... |
572840b1ff5b5019007da005 | What is the 10th Amendment in the United States? | which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people. | [
"Federalism\n\nFederations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a fe... |
5728418f2ca10214002da1b4 | When is a federation formed? | two levels | [
"Federalism\n\nUsually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as aut... |
5728418f2ca10214002da1b5 | What two levels equal a federation? | the central government and the regions | [
"Federalism\n\nUsually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as aut... |
5728418f2ca10214002da1b6 | Why is Brazil an exception? | because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite | [
"Federalism\n\nUsually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as aut... |
5728418f2ca10214002da1b7 | What is each state divided into? | municipalities | [
"Federalism\n\nUsually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as aut... |
5728418f2ca10214002da1b8 | What does each state have their own of? | with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito | [
"Federalism\n\nUsually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as aut... |
5728424d2ca10214002da1c8 | China is the largest what? | China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area | [
"Federalism\n\nChina is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. O... |
5728424d2ca10214002da1c9 | What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of? | decentralization | [
"Federalism\n\nChina is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. O... |
5728424d2ca10214002da1ca | Why is China's government similar to unity structure? | Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs | [
"Federalism\n\nChina is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. O... |
5728424d2ca10214002da1cb | How long has China been with centralized power? | centuries | [
"Federalism\n\nChina is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. O... |
572842e03acd2414000df7fb | What type of state is the Philippines? | unitary state | [
"Federalism\n\nThe Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the... |
572842e03acd2414000df7fc | What types of powers does the Philippines have? | some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code | [
"Federalism\n\nThe Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the... |
572842e03acd2414000df7fd | What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution? | possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system. | [
"Federalism\n\nThe Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the... |
572842e03acd2414000df7fe | What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish? | the Consultative Commission | [
"Federalism\n\nThe Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the... |
5728442e2ca10214002da200 | What type of state is Spain? | unitary state | [
"Federalism\n\nSpain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\". The country has been quoted as being \"an extraordinarily decentralized country\", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public s... |
5728442e2ca10214002da201 | What type of federalism system does Spain have? | unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism" | [
"Federalism\n\nSpain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\". The country has been quoted as being \"an extraordinarily decentralized country\", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public s... |
5728442e2ca10214002da202 | What type of government does Spain have? | central government | [
"Federalism\n\nSpain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\". The country has been quoted as being \"an extraordinarily decentralized country\", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public s... |
5728442e2ca10214002da203 | What does Spain's government accounts for? | 8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system | [
"Federalism\n\nSpain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\". The country has been quoted as being \"an extraordinarily decentralized country\", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public s... |
572844c5ff5b5019007da066 | How has United Kingdom been governed? | unitary state | [
"Federalism\n\nThe United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted... |
572844c5ff5b5019007da067 | Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do? | UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power | [
"Federalism\n\nThe United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted... |
572844c5ff5b5019007da068 | When did devolution in the UK begin? | 1914 | [
"Federalism\n\nThe United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted... |
572844c5ff5b5019007da069 | What is Ireland Act 1914? | which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | [
"Federalism\n\nThe United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted... |
572844c5ff5b5019007da06a | What is Irish Free State? | eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland | [
"Federalism\n\nThe United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted... |
57284566ff5b5019007da082 | What has the process of devolution in the UK did? | decentralised power once again | [
"Federalism\n\nIn modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been... |
57284566ff5b5019007da083 | What happened since 1997? | referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland | [
"Federalism\n\nIn modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been... |
57284566ff5b5019007da084 | Does England have its own Parliament? | England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament | [
"Federalism\n\nIn modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been... |
57284566ff5b5019007da085 | What does the region of England continue to use? | certain governmental administrative functions | [
"Federalism\n\nIn modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been... |
572845ec4b864d190016488c | What is ecclesiology? | the doctrine of the church | [
"Federalism\n\nFederalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of whic... |
572845ec4b864d190016488d | What happens in Presbyterian denominations? | the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. | [
"Federalism\n\nFederalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of whic... |
572845ec4b864d190016488e | In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do? | shared sovereignty | [
"Federalism\n\nFederalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of whic... |
572845ec4b864d190016488f | What does each greater level of assembly have? | authority over its constituent members | [
"Federalism\n\nFederalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of whic... |
572848c23acd2414000df887 | When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians? | is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. | [
"Federalism\n\nSome Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed ... |
572848c23acd2414000df888 | What was the structure that the early Christian church described? | in the New Testament | [
"Federalism\n\nSome Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed ... |
572848c23acd2414000df889 | What happens in the council of Jerusalem? | the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church | [
"Federalism\n\nSome Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed ... |
572848c23acd2414000df88a | Where can the elements of federalism can be found? | can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others. | [
"Federalism\n\nSome Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed ... |
5728498d3acd2414000df8a1 | In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what? | the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers | [
"Federalism\n\nIn almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own ... |
5728498d3acd2414000df8a2 | Per the UN definition, what is federalism? | federation would not be a single sovereign state | [
"Federalism\n\nIn almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own ... |
5728498d3acd2414000df8a3 | What is the German Empire? | Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, | [
"Federalism\n\nIn almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own ... |
5728498d3acd2414000df8a4 | What is the libson treaty? | powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states. | [
"Federalism\n\nIn almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own ... |
572822da3acd2414000df55f | What kind of symmetry do annelids have? | bilateral | [
"Annelid\n\nThe annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research ... |
572822da3acd2414000df560 | What do annelids use to move? | parapodia | [
"Annelid\n\nThe annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research ... |
572822da3acd2414000df561 | Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms? | polychaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nThe annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research ... |
572822da3acd2414000df562 | Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms? | oligochaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nThe annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research ... |
572822da3acd2414000df563 | Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of? | oligochaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nThe annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research ... |
5728240b4b864d1900164560 | What separates many annelids' segments? | Septa | [
"Annelid\n\nThe basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show n... |
5728240b4b864d1900164561 | Which annelids show no segmentation? | Echiura and Sipuncula | [
"Annelid\n\nThe basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show n... |
5728240b4b864d1900164562 | What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts? | front | [
"Annelid\n\nThe basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show n... |
5728240b4b864d1900164563 | What is movement by ripples called? | peristalsis | [
"Annelid\n\nThe basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show n... |
5728240b4b864d1900164564 | What movement method do some burrowing annelids use? | turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves | [
"Annelid\n\nThe basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show n... |
5728247c4b864d1900164574 | How do annelids normally reproduce? | sexual reproduction | [
"Annelid\n\nAlthough many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae... |
5728247c4b864d1900164575 | What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do? | regenerate after severe injuries | [
"Annelid\n\nAlthough many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae... |
5728247c4b864d1900164576 | What larvae live like plankton? | trochophore | [
"Annelid\n\nAlthough many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae... |
5728247c4b864d1900164577 | What annelids are hermaphrodites? | Oligochaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nAlthough many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae... |
5728247c4b864d1900164578 | What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves? | Oligochaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nAlthough many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae... |
572825042ca10214002d9eea | How do earthworms help the soil they live in? | aeration and enriching | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems b... |
572825042ca10214002d9eeb | How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing? | up to a third | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems b... |
572825042ca10214002d9eec | How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems? | enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems b... |
572825042ca10214002d9eed | What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers? | Ragworms | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems b... |
572825042ca10214002d9eee | Why are some leeches endangered? | they have been over-harvested | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems b... |
572825ad4b864d190016459a | Why are annelid fossils rare? | annelids are soft-bodied | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Ca... |
572825ad4b864d190016459b | What fossil signs of annelids are found? | jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Ca... |
572825ad4b864d190016459c | How old is the earliest annelid fossil? | 518 million years ago | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Ca... |
572825ad4b864d190016459d | What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago? | modern mobile polychaete groups | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Ca... |
572825ad4b864d190016459e | What period started around 472 million years ago? | the mid Ordovician | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Ca... |
572826494b864d19001645b4 | What externally divides annelids' segments? | shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli | [
"Annelid\n\nNo single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa (\"partitions\") at the same points, alth... |
572826494b864d19001645b5 | What divides annelids' segments internally? | septa ("partitions") | [
"Annelid\n\nNo single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa (\"partitions\") at the same points, alth... |
572826494b864d19001645b6 | What do the segments of an annelid share? | a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system | [
"Annelid\n\nNo single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa (\"partitions\") at the same points, alth... |
572826494b864d19001645b7 | What covers an annelid's exterior? | a cuticle | [
"Annelid\n\nNo single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa (\"partitions\") at the same points, alth... |
572826494b864d19001645b8 | What is an annelid's cuticle made of? | collagen | [
"Annelid\n\nNo single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa (\"partitions\") at the same points, alth... |
572826b34b864d19001645d0 | What language does the term 'chaetae' come from? | Greek | [
"Annelid\n\nMost of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not cont... |
572826b34b864d19001645d1 | What does 'chaetae' mean? | hair | [
"Annelid\n\nMost of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not cont... |
572826b34b864d19001645d2 | Which parts of annelids are different from true segments? | the frontmost and rearmost sections | [
"Annelid\n\nMost of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not cont... |
572826b34b864d19001645d3 | What language does 'prostomium' come from? | Greek | [
"Annelid\n\nMost of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not cont... |
572826b34b864d19001645d4 | What does 'pygidium' mean? | little tail | [
"Annelid\n\nMost of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not cont... |
572827192ca10214002d9f52 | How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles? | spiral in alternating directions | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar st... |
572827192ca10214002d9f53 | What are annelids' cuticles made out of? | collagen fibers | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar st... |
572827192ca10214002d9f54 | What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin? | mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar st... |
572827192ca10214002d9f55 | What layer is under the epidermis? | the dermis | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar st... |
572827192ca10214002d9f56 | What does 'coelom' mean? | (body cavity | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar st... |
572827843acd2414000df5ae | What do chetoblast cells do? | hair-forming | [
"Annelid\n\nThe setae (\"hairs\") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia (\"limbs\") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at the... |
572827843acd2414000df5af | What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make? | microvilli | [
"Annelid\n\nThe setae (\"hairs\") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia (\"limbs\") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at the... |
572827843acd2414000df5b0 | What are setae? | bristles | [
"Annelid\n\nThe setae (\"hairs\") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia (\"limbs\") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at the... |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f70 | What are cirri? | fused bundles of cilia | [
"Annelid\n\nNearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick cheta... |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f71 | What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have? | ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae | [
"Annelid\n\nNearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick cheta... |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f72 | What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia? | polychaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nNearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick cheta... |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f73 | What are parapodia? | unjointed paired extensions of the body wall | [
"Annelid\n\nNearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick cheta... |
572828b12ca10214002d9f7e | What are ganglia? | local control centers | [
"Annelid\n\nThe brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the pro... |
572828b12ca10214002d9f7f | What is an annelid's brain in a ring around? | the pharynx | [
"Annelid\n\nThe brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the pro... |
572828b12ca10214002d9f80 | What is a pharynx? | throat | [
"Annelid\n\nThe brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the pro... |
572828b12ca10214002d9f81 | Where are clitellates' brains? | in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium | [
"Annelid\n\nThe brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the pro... |
572828b12ca10214002d9f82 | Where are polychaetes' brains? | in the prostomium | [
"Annelid\n\nThe brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the pro... |
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