id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5728293c4b864d1900164618 | What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to? | arthropods | [
"Annelid\n\nAs in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudina... |
5728293c4b864d1900164619 | What are giant axons? | the output signal lines of nerve cells | [
"Annelid\n\nAs in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudina... |
5728293c4b864d190016461a | How do annelids withdraw from danger? | shortening their bodies | [
"Annelid\n\nAs in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudina... |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb6 | What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect? | light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact | [
"Annelid\n\nThe sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal (\"on the neck\") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. So... |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb7 | What does 'nuchal' mean? | on the neck | [
"Annelid\n\nThe sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal (\"on the neck\") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. So... |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb8 | What type of annelids have nuchal organs? | polychaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nThe sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal (\"on the neck\") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. So... |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb9 | What are the nuchal organs thought to do? | chemosensors | [
"Annelid\n\nThe sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal (\"on the neck\") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. So... |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fba | What term means 'little eyes'? | ocelli | [
"Annelid\n\nThe sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal (\"on the neck\") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. So... |
57282a944b864d1900164638 | What are coelomata? | body cavities | [
"Annelid\n\nMost annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and followin... |
57282a944b864d1900164639 | What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by? | septa | [
"Annelid\n\nMost annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and followin... |
57282a944b864d190016463a | What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by? | vertical mesenteries | [
"Annelid\n\nMost annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and followin... |
57282a944b864d190016463b | What is the mesothelium made of? | modified epitheliomuscular cells | [
"Annelid\n\nMost annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and followin... |
57282af73acd2414000df5fd | How does peristalsis work? | waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body | [
"Annelid\n\nMany annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate... |
57282af73acd2414000df5fe | Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons? | the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments | [
"Annelid\n\nMany annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate... |
57282af73acd2414000df5ff | What are phrynges? | throats | [
"Annelid\n\nMany annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate... |
57282af73acd2414000df600 | What are cilia? | fine muscle-powered hairs | [
"Annelid\n\nMany annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate... |
57282b9b3acd2414000df617 | What can coelomocyte cells defend against? | parasites and infections | [
"Annelid\n\nThe fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport wit... |
57282b9b3acd2414000df618 | What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood? | Respiratory | [
"Annelid\n\nThe fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport wit... |
57282b9b3acd2414000df619 | What runs the length of annelids' bodies with well-developed septa? | blood vessels | [
"Annelid\n\nThe fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport wit... |
57282b9b3acd2414000df61a | What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation? | circulation within the coelom | [
"Annelid\n\nThe fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport wit... |
57282c162ca10214002d9fdc | What type of annelids are very different from others? | leeches and their closest relatives | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occ... |
57282c162ca10214002d9fdd | What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech? | connective tissue layer of the body wall | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occ... |
57282c162ca10214002d9fde | How many coelomata do leeches have? | two | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occ... |
57282c162ca10214002d9fdf | What lines the coelomata of leeches? | mesothelium | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occ... |
57282c162ca10214002d9fe0 | What do leeches use to move? | suckers at their front and rear ends | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occ... |
57282c833acd2414000df63d | What does 'everted' mean? | turned inside out to extend | [
"Annelid\n\nFeeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments ... |
57282c833acd2414000df63e | What part of a polychaete can be everted? | pharynx | [
"Annelid\n\nFeeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments ... |
57282c833acd2414000df63f | What types of annelids have evolved jaws? | Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae | [
"Annelid\n\nFeeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments ... |
57282c833acd2414000df640 | What do annelids use jaws for? | seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter | [
"Annelid\n\nFeeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments ... |
57282c833acd2414000df641 | What do some annelids have 'crowns' of? | palps covered in cilia | [
"Annelid\n\nFeeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments ... |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8e | What type of annelids are tube-dwelling? | Siboglinidae | [
"Annelid\n\nThe gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, wh... |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8f | What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut? | a swollen lining | [
"Annelid\n\nThe gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, wh... |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e90 | How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria? | 15% | [
"Annelid\n\nThe gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, wh... |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e91 | What gases come from hydrothermal vents? | hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide | [
"Annelid\n\nThe gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, wh... |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e92 | What gases come from seeps? | methane | [
"Annelid\n\nThe gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, wh... |
57282ddd3acd2414000df663 | What do metanephridia remove? | soluble waste products | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while ... |
57282ddd3acd2414000df664 | What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste? | protonephridia | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while ... |
57282ddd3acd2414000df665 | How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration? | two | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while ... |
57282ddd3acd2414000df666 | What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ? | protonephridia | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while ... |
57282e373acd2414000df66b | How many sexes of annelids were there originally? | two | [
"Annelid\n\nIt is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of ... |
57282e373acd2414000df66c | What releases sperm from annelids? | nephridia | [
"Annelid\n\nIt is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of ... |
57282e373acd2414000df66d | What do annelid eggs become? | trochophore larvae | [
"Annelid\n\nIt is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of ... |
57282e373acd2414000df66e | What do annelids' larvae live like? | plankton | [
"Annelid\n\nIt is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of ... |
57282e373acd2414000df66f | What does the trochophore become when annelids mature? | the prostomium (head) | [
"Annelid\n\nIt is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of ... |
57282ee62ca10214002da010 | How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles? | about 25% | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to... |
57282ee62ca10214002da011 | What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs? | 14% | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to... |
57282ee62ca10214002da012 | What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs? | reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to... |
57282ee62ca10214002da013 | What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in? | jelly | [
"Annelid\n\nHowever, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to... |
57282f6c2ca10214002da018 | What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do? | change sex | [
"Annelid\n\nSome polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose repr... |
57282f6c2ca10214002da019 | What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction? | permanent gonads | [
"Annelid\n\nSome polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose repr... |
57282f6c2ca10214002da01a | How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot? | the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual | [
"Annelid\n\nSome polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose repr... |
57282fdf3acd2414000df693 | What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms? | clitellates | [
"Annelid\n\nMost mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae (\"sp... |
57282fdf3acd2414000df694 | What type of sex are most earthworms? | hermaphrodites | [
"Annelid\n\nMost mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae (\"sp... |
57282fdf3acd2414000df695 | Where are leeches' eggs fertilized? | in the ovaries | [
"Annelid\n\nMost mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae (\"sp... |
57282fdf3acd2414000df696 | Where do leeches move their eggs to? | the cocoon | [
"Annelid\n\nMost mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae (\"sp... |
57282fdf3acd2414000df697 | What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults? | clitellates | [
"Annelid\n\nMost mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae (\"sp... |
572830622ca10214002da032 | Who published a book about worms in 1881? | Charles Darwin | [
"Annelid\n\nCharles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that o... |
572830622ca10214002da033 | What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil? | The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms | [
"Annelid\n\nCharles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that o... |
572830622ca10214002da034 | Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface? | generally in moist leaf litter | [
"Annelid\n\nCharles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that o... |
572830622ca10214002da035 | How does burrowers' loosening help the soil? | oxygen and water can penetrate it | [
"Annelid\n\nCharles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that o... |
572830622ca10214002da036 | What is the largest bird that eats earthworms? | storks | [
"Annelid\n\nCharles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that o... |
572830df2ca10214002da03c | Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers? | glaciated areas of North America | [
"Annelid\n\nTerrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more r... |
572830df2ca10214002da03d | Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from? | Europe | [
"Annelid\n\nTerrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more r... |
572830df2ca10214002da03e | What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms? | Northern hardwood forests | [
"Annelid\n\nTerrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more r... |
5728318bff5b5019007d9ece | What type of annelid tunnels through coral? | Palolo worm | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effect... |
5728318bff5b5019007d9ecf | What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat? | Palolo worm | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effect... |
5728318bff5b5019007d9ed0 | What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer? | spawning modules | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effect... |
5728318bff5b5019007d9ed1 | What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems? | molluscs | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effect... |
5728318bff5b5019007d9ed2 | What type of worm have there been proposals to farm? | Ragworms | [
"Annelid\n\nEarthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effect... |
572831fa2ca10214002da05c | When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting? | 30 AD | [
"Annelid\n\nAccounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other re... |
572831fa2ca10214002da05d | Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting? | China | [
"Annelid\n\nAccounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other re... |
572831fa2ca10214002da05e | When did Rome begin using leeches? | 50 AD | [
"Annelid\n\nAccounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other re... |
572831fa2ca10214002da05f | When did India begin using leeches? | 200 AD | [
"Annelid\n\nAccounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other re... |
572831fa2ca10214002da060 | Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered? | IUCN and CITES | [
"Annelid\n\nAccounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other re... |
572832dc4b864d19001646f0 | When did Cloudina exist? | 549 to 542 million years ago | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fo... |
572832dc4b864d19001646f1 | What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid? | cnidarian | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fo... |
572832dc4b864d19001646f2 | How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada? | 505 million years | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fo... |
572832dc4b864d19001646f3 | What era was underway 505 million years ago? | early Cambrian | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fo... |
572832dc4b864d19001646f4 | Where was Myoscolex found? | Australia | [
"Annelid\n\nSince annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fo... |
572833674b864d1900164704 | When did the Tertiary period begin? | 65 million years ago | [
"Annelid\n\nThe earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted ... |
572833674b864d1900164705 | What era did oligochaetes evolve in? | early Cretaceous | [
"Annelid\n\nThe earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted ... |
572833674b864d1900164706 | What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period? | oligochaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nThe earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted ... |
572833674b864d1900164707 | When were the earliest annelid fossils found? | 472 to 461 million years ago | [
"Annelid\n\nThe earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted ... |
572833dd2ca10214002da0a0 | What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among? | polychaetes and clitellates | [
"Annelid\n\nTraditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximat... |
572833dd2ca10214002da0a1 | What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms? | oligochaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nTraditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximat... |
572833dd2ca10214002da0a2 | What subtype of clitellates contains leeches? | hirudinomorphs | [
"Annelid\n\nTraditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximat... |
572833dd2ca10214002da0a3 | How many polychaete families are there? | approximately 80 | [
"Annelid\n\nTraditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximat... |
572833dd2ca10214002da0a4 | When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes? | 1997 | [
"Annelid\n\nTraditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximat... |
572834aeff5b5019007d9f08 | Who compared annelid genes in 2007? | Torsten Struck and colleagues | [
"Annelid\n\nIn 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysi... |
572834aeff5b5019007d9f09 | How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare? | 3 | [
"Annelid\n\nIn 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysi... |
572834aeff5b5019007d9f0a | How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check? | 11 | [
"Annelid\n\nIn 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysi... |
572834aeff5b5019007d9f0b | What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study? | Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata | [
"Annelid\n\nIn 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysi... |
572834aeff5b5019007d9f0c | What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of? | oligochaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nIn 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysi... |
572835282ca10214002da0c6 | How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify? | 3 | [
"Annelid\n\nIn addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses fo... |
572835282ca10214002da0c7 | What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids? | Polychaetes | [
"Annelid\n\nIn addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses fo... |
572835282ca10214002da0c8 | What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented? | echiurans and sipunculan | [
"Annelid\n\nIn addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses fo... |
572835282ca10214002da0c9 | What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear? | pogonophores | [
"Annelid\n\nIn addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses fo... |
572835282ca10214002da0ca | What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007? | ladder-like | [
"Annelid\n\nIn addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses fo... |
57283593ff5b5019007d9f24 | What superphylum are annelids in? | protostomes | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata (\"jointed animals\"), as segmentation is obvi... |
57283593ff5b5019007d9f25 | What is the other superphylum besides protostomes? | deuterostomes | [
"Annelid\n\nAnnelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata (\"jointed animals\"), as segmentation is obvi... |
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