id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57299ff56aef051400155047 | Many insects are what to the environment? | beneficial | [
"Insect\n\nAlthough pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different p... |
57299ff56aef051400155048 | What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers? | pollinate | [
"Insect\n\nAlthough pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different p... |
57299ff56aef051400155049 | What do insects gather from plants? | nectar | [
"Insect\n\nAlthough pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different p... |
57299ff56aef05140015504a | What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination? | serious | [
"Insect\n\nAlthough pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different p... |
5729a1066aef051400155050 | What insects feed on other insects? | Insectivorous | [
"Insect\n\nInsectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get si... |
5729a1066aef051400155051 | Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans? | beneficial | [
"Insect\n\nInsectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get si... |
5729a1066aef051400155052 | What insect feeds on aphids? | ladybugs | [
"Insect\n\nInsectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get si... |
5729a1066aef051400155053 | What are the most visible predators of insects? | birds | [
"Insect\n\nInsectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get si... |
5729a1066aef051400155054 | What is the largest consumer of insects? | insects themselves | [
"Insect\n\nInsectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get si... |
5729a26f3f37b3190047852b | Insects play prominent roles in what? | biological research | [
"Insect\n\nInsects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies i... |
5729a26f3f37b3190047852c | What is a common insect used for research purposes? | fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster | [
"Insect\n\nInsects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies i... |
5729a26f3f37b3190047852d | Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage? | genetic | [
"Insect\n\nInsects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies i... |
5729a26f3f37b3190047852e | Genetic systems are conserved among what? | eukaryotes | [
"Insect\n\nInsects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies i... |
5729a26f3f37b3190047852f | What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome | 70% | [
"Insect\n\nInsects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies i... |
5729a3d56aef051400155074 | Insects are considered as what in some cultures? | delicacies | [
"Insect\n\nIn some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most f... |
5729a3d56aef051400155075 | What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures? | cicadas | [
"Insect\n\nIn some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most f... |
5729a3d56aef051400155076 | Insects have what kind of protein content? | high | [
"Insect\n\nIn some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most f... |
5729a3d56aef051400155077 | What is the term for eating insects? | entomophagy | [
"Insect\n\nIn some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most f... |
5729a3d56aef051400155078 | Where is eating insects considered taboo? | first-world countries | [
"Insect\n\nIn some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most f... |
5729a5f51d046914007795a3 | What ancient world insect is considered symbolic? | Scarab beetles | [
"Insect\n\nScarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of ... |
5729a5f51d046914007795a4 | Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture? | Chinese | [
"Insect\n\nScarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of ... |
5729a5f51d046914007795a5 | What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines? | honey ants | [
"Insect\n\nScarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of ... |
5729a5f51d046914007795a6 | The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else? | creation | [
"Insect\n\nScarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of ... |
5729a5f51d046914007795a7 | Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country? | Australia | [
"Insect\n\nScarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of ... |
5728ad892ca10214002da5a6 | What do all living humans belong to? | the same species | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEven though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers some... |
5728ad892ca10214002da5a7 | What species are all humans? | Homo sapiens | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEven though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers some... |
5728ad892ca10214002da5a8 | Race has no taxonomic significance among whom? | humans | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEven though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers some... |
5728ad892ca10214002da5a9 | What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among? | fuzzy | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEven though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers some... |
5728ad892ca10214002da5aa | How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race? | in widely differing ways | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEven though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers some... |
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c6 | What type of group can't be biologically defined? | racial | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThere is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) ... |
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c7 | What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct? | racial | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThere is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) ... |
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c8 | What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with? | biological traits | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThere is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) ... |
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c9 | Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations? | human | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThere is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) ... |
5728c94a2ca10214002da7ca | What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? | no current consensus | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThere is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) ... |
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e68 | How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved? | define and talk about a particular conception of race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWhen people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts... |
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e69 | What can be said to be a social construct? | races | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWhen people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts... |
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6a | What contexts do racial social constructs develop within? | legal, economic, and sociopolitical | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWhen people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts... |
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6b | Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what? | major social situations | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWhen people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts... |
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6c | What effect does race have in the lives of people? | real material | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWhen people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts... |
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e86 | Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups? | considerable suffering | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSocioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the mem... |
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e87 | What is discrimination often paired with? | racist mindsets | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSocioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the mem... |
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e88 | What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as? | inferior | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSocioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the mem... |
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e89 | What do groups with less power often find themselves? | excluded or oppressed | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSocioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the mem... |
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e8a | What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide? | Racism | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSocioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the mem... |
5728cf173acd2414000dff09 | What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects? | race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely ... |
5728cf173acd2414000dff0a | Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? | perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely ... |
5728cf173acd2414000dff0b | What promotes stereotypes? | use of racial categories | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely ... |
5728cf173acd2414000dff0c | Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality? | social scientists | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely ... |
5728cf173acd2414000dff0d | What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? | sociological factors | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely ... |
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0001 | What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups? | distinct | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nGroups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the i... |
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0002 | What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being? | natural, immutable and global | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nGroups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the i... |
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0003 | During which process did our current idea of race come about? | exploration and conquest | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nGroups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the i... |
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0004 | Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups? | different continents | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nGroups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the i... |
5728d7ba3acd2414000e0005 | What ideaology is found in the natural sciences? | classification and typology | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nGroups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the i... |
5728d9162ca10214002da964 | When did many of the ideas associated with the term "race" arise? | time of the scientific revolution | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European concept of \"race\", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political re... |
5728d9162ca10214002da965 | What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures? | colonization | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European concept of \"race\", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political re... |
5728d9162ca10214002da966 | Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans? | Europeans | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European concept of \"race\", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political re... |
5728d9162ca10214002da967 | Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups? | African slaves | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European concept of \"race\", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political re... |
5728d9162ca10214002da968 | What groups has there always been brutal conflict between? | ethnic | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European concept of \"race\", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political re... |
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8c | Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races? | François Bernier | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent (\"New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it\"), published in... |
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8d | In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science? | 18th century | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent (\"New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it\"), published in... |
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8e | What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features? | White | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent (\"New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it\"), published in... |
5728d9f14b864d1900164f8f | How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as? | active, acute, and adventurous | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent (\"New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it\"), published in... |
5728d9f14b864d1900164f90 | What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer? | crafty, lazy, and careless | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent (\"New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it\"), published in... |
5728daea3acd2414000e0053 | What year was Blumenbach's treatise published? | 1775 | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe 1775 treatise \"The Natural Varieties of Mankind\", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan r... |
5728daea3acd2414000e0054 | How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify? | five | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe 1775 treatise \"The Natural Varieties of Mankind\", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan r... |
5728daea3acd2414000e0055 | What race was later renamed to Negroid? | Ethiopian | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe 1775 treatise \"The Natural Varieties of Mankind\", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan r... |
5728daea3acd2414000e0056 | What type of transition was noted from one group to the next? | graded | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe 1775 treatise \"The Natural Varieties of Mankind\", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan r... |
5728daea3acd2414000e0057 | What can one not mark between the variety of mankind? | limits | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe 1775 treatise \"The Natural Varieties of Mankind\", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan r... |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da842 | What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce? | an "ideology of race" | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFrom the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an \"ideology of race\". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. ... |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da843 | What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race? | primordial, natural, enduring and distinct | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFrom the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an \"ideology of race\". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. ... |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da844 | How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology? | mixture between formerly distinct populations | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFrom the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an \"ideology of race\". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. ... |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da845 | What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans? | Negros | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFrom the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an \"ideology of race\". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. ... |
5728dbc5ff5b5019007da846 | Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans? | Thomas Jefferson | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFrom the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an \"ideology of race\". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. ... |
572903331d04691400778f69 | What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent? | polygenism | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Ch... |
572903331d04691400778f6a | What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in? | England | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Ch... |
572903331d04691400778f6b | What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster? | ethnographers | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Ch... |
572903331d04691400778f6c | In what century was polygenism most widespread? | 19th century | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Ch... |
572903331d04691400778f6d | The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause? | abolitionist | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Ch... |
572904223f37b31900477f83 | What species do all living humans today belong to? | Homo sapiens | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nToday, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ag... |
572904223f37b31900477f84 | When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa? | 2 million years ago | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nToday, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ag... |
572904223f37b31900477f85 | How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia? | 1.5 | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nToday, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ag... |
572904223f37b31900477f86 | Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time? | Homo habilis | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nToday, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ag... |
572904223f37b31900477f87 | What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of? | African Homo erectus | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nToday, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ag... |
5729052baf94a219006a9f5f | Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic? | many anthropologists | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is... |
5729052baf94a219006a9f60 | What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups? | scientific racism | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is... |
5729052baf94a219006a9f61 | What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? | lost widespread popularity | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is... |
5729052baf94a219006a9f62 | What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise? | sources of phenotypic variation | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is... |
5729052baf94a219006a9f63 | What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as? | invalid | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is... |
57290635af94a219006a9f85 | What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race? | Population | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nPopulation geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Altho... |
57290635af94a219006a9f86 | What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population? | biologists | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nPopulation geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Altho... |
57290635af94a219006a9f87 | What do most definitions of population rely on? | qualitative descriptions | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nPopulation geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Altho... |
57290635af94a219006a9f88 | What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of? | definitions for populations | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nPopulation geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Altho... |
57290635af94a219006a9f89 | What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of? | paradigm | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nPopulation geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Altho... |
572907263f37b31900477f97 | What are traditionally geographically isolated? | subspecies | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nTraditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, \"the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence\" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degr... |
572907263f37b31900477f98 | What is "subspecies" used to indicate an objective degree of? | microevolutionary divergence | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nTraditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, \"the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence\" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degr... |
572907263f37b31900477f99 | What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this? | degree of differentiation | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nTraditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, \"the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence\" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degr... |
572907263f37b31900477f9a | What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies? | biologically different | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nTraditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, \"the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence\" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degr... |
572907263f37b31900477f9b | What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies? | level of difference | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nTraditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, \"the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence\" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degr... |
572908426aef0514001549d2 | What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies? | difference | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThis effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a populatio... |
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