id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57292674af94a219006aa10e | Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published? | the American Journal of Human Genetics | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Cont... |
57292674af94a219006aa10f | Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what? | self | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Cont... |
57292674af94a219006aa110 | What is a problematic category in addition to race? | sex | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Cont... |
57292674af94a219006aa111 | What may self-identification not correlate with precisely? | biology | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Cont... |
572927316aef051400154ad4 | What country was race "Biologized" in? | Brazil | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nBasically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States.... |
572927316aef051400154ad5 | What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil? | rigid descent rule | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nBasically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States.... |
572927316aef051400154ad6 | What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of? | racial | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nBasically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States.... |
572927316aef051400154ad7 | What may full siblings belong to? | different racial groups | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nBasically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States.... |
572927316aef051400154ad8 | What determines genotype? | ancestry | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nBasically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States.... |
572928253f37b31900478095 | How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features? | Over a dozen | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOver a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the r... |
572928253f37b31900478096 | What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other? | like the colors of the spectrum | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOver a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the r... |
572928253f37b31900478097 | What did race refer to instead of heredity? | appearance | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOver a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the r... |
572928253f37b31900478098 | What is appearance a poor indication of? | ancestry | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOver a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the r... |
572928253f37b31900478099 | Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications? | Brazil | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOver a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the r... |
5729295d1d046914007790e9 | What categories have an aspect of fluidity? | racial | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFluidity of racial categories aside, the \"biologification\" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's c... |
5729295d1d046914007790ea | What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as? | caboclos | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFluidity of racial categories aside, the \"biologification\" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's c... |
5729295d1d046914007790eb | What's a rough translation of "pardos"? | hillbilly | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFluidity of racial categories aside, the \"biologification\" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's c... |
5729295d1d046914007790ec | What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with? | Afro-Brazilians | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFluidity of racial categories aside, the \"biologification\" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's c... |
5729295d1d046914007790ed | What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African? | 50% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nFluidity of racial categories aside, the \"biologification\" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's c... |
57292a336aef051400154b12 | What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered? | white | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIf a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin Americ... |
57292a336aef051400154b13 | What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as? | mixed | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIf a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin Americ... |
57292a336aef051400154b14 | How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010? | 42.4% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIf a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin Americ... |
57292a336aef051400154b15 | Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry? | 65 and 80% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIf a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin Americ... |
57292a336aef051400154b16 | Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA? | 95% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIf a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin Americ... |
57292ae1af94a219006aa141 | What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil? | 3.5 million | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThis is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time invol... |
57292ae1af94a219006aa142 | What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in? | miserable | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThis is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time invol... |
57292ae1af94a219006aa143 | Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress? | relations between white masters and female slaves | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThis is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time invol... |
57292ae1af94a219006aa144 | Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants? | 1821 and 1932 | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThis is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time invol... |
57292ae1af94a219006aa145 | Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil? | 700.000 | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThis is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time invol... |
57292b8e6aef051400154b26 | Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? | The European Union | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it \"the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories\".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using \"r... |
57292b8e6aef051400154b27 | What does using race as a category within the law legitimize? | its existence | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it \"the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories\".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using \"r... |
57292b8e6aef051400154b28 | In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature? | European | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it \"the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories\".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using \"r... |
57292b8e6aef051400154b29 | Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments? | Fascist | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it \"the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories\".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using \"r... |
57292b8e6aef051400154b2a | In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts? | 1996 | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it \"the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories\".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using \"r... |
57292cb21d04691400779115 | What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races? | The concept of racial origin | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intol... |
57292cb21d04691400779116 | What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races? | scientific | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intol... |
57292cb21d04691400779117 | Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races? | all human beings belong to the same species | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intol... |
57292cb21d04691400779118 | What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes? | excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intol... |
57292cb21d04691400779119 | The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what? | race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intol... |
57292d7f1d0469140077911f | France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war? | Second World War | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on... |
57292d7f1d04691400779120 | What percentage of the French population today is non-European? | approximately five percent | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on... |
57292d7f1d04691400779121 | What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States? | roughly 28–37% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on... |
57292d7f1d04691400779122 | What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas? | ethnic diversity | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on... |
57292d7f1d04691400779123 | What type of model of public policy does France maintain? | color-blind | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on... |
57292e273f37b319004780b5 | Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history? | early | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membe... |
57292e273f37b319004780b6 | What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to? | a proliferation of categories | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membe... |
57292e273f37b319004780b7 | When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge? | in the late 19th century | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membe... |
57292e273f37b319004780b8 | When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of "Black blood" to be Black? | During Reconstruction | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membe... |
57292e273f37b319004780b9 | What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States? | The one-drop rule | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nSince the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membe... |
57292f37af94a219006aa167 | When did the term "Hispanic" begin being used? | the 20th century | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are... |
57292f37af94a219006aa168 | What is the word "Latino" often used as a synonym for? | Hispanic | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are... |
57292f37af94a219006aa169 | How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific? | non-race specific | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are... |
57292f37af94a219006aa16a | What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are? | races | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are... |
57292f37af94a219006aa16b | Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what? | of English descent | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are... |
5729307e6aef051400154b54 | What is the name of China's only anthropology journal? | Acta Anthropologica Sinica | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 revie... |
5729307e6aef051400154b55 | Who is the race concept widely used by? | Chinese anthropologists | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 revie... |
5729307e6aef051400154b56 | What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China? | social cohesion | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 revie... |
5729307f6aef051400154b57 | Why does race undermine social cohesion in America? | sensitive issue | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 revie... |
5729307f6aef051400154b58 | What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not? | racial categories | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nWang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 revie... |
5729315c3f37b319004780d1 | What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists' opinions toward the biological race concept? | 2002–2003 | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nKaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002–2003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physic... |
5729315c3f37b319004780d2 | How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists? | Three | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nKaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002–2003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physic... |
5729315c3f37b319004780d3 | What did the people educated in Western Europe reject more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe? | race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nKaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002–2003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physic... |
5729315c3f37b319004780d4 | How are views on race influenced? | ideologically | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nKaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002–2003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physic... |
5729315c3f37b319004780d5 | What are views on race highly dependent on? | education | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nKaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002–2003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physic... |
572931f26aef051400154b64 | What does the current literature regarding human variation lack? | consensus | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOne result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies ... |
572931f26aef051400154b65 | What do some studies use the word race in the sense of? | taxonomic | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOne result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies ... |
572931f26aef051400154b66 | What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup? | race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOne result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies ... |
572931f26aef051400154b67 | What do some eschew altogether? | the concept of race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOne result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies ... |
572931f26aef051400154b68 | What is a less problematic unit of analysis? | concept of population | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nOne result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies ... |
572932863f37b319004780ed | Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor? | Duke University | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, \"I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racia... |
572932863f37b319004780ee | What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else? | group power | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, \"I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racia... |
572932863f37b319004780ef | Who does Bonilla-Silva think is the dominant racial group? | whites | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, \"I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racia... |
572932863f37b319004780f0 | What idea does color-blind racism thrive on? | that race is no longer an issue | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, \"I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racia... |
572932863f37b319004780f1 | What exists between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a system of inequality? | contradictions | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nEduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, \"I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racia... |
572933831d04691400779159 | What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century? | biological race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing nu... |
572933831d0469140077915a | The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races? | physical anthropologists | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing nu... |
572933831d0469140077915b | What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932? | college | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing nu... |
572933831d0469140077915c | How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race? | thirteen | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing nu... |
572933831d0469140077915d | What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm? | 28 percent | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing nu... |
5729347aaf94a219006aa18f | What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races? | forensic | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nAccording to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race... |
5729347aaf94a219006aa190 | What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep? | simply not true | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nAccording to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race... |
5729347aaf94a219006aa191 | What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races? | selective forces of climate | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nAccording to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race... |
5729347aaf94a219006aa192 | What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from? | socio-political motivation | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nAccording to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race... |
5729347aaf94a219006aa193 | What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to? | politically motivated censorship | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nAccording to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race... |
5729355b1d0469140077916d | What type of anthropology is "race" sometimes still used within? | forensic | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\n\"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they ... |
5729355b1d0469140077916e | What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use? | regional ancestry | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\n\"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they ... |
5729355b1d0469140077916f | What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains? | specific region | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\n\"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they ... |
5729355b1d04691400779170 | What does Brace feel the term "black" in meaningful in? | particular context | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\n\"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they ... |
5729355b1d04691400779171 | Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed? | is not itself scientifically valid | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\n\"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they ... |
57293627af94a219006aa199 | How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine? | 77 | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biolo... |
57293627af94a219006aa19a | Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist? | the 1970s | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biolo... |
57293627af94a219006aa19b | What did biology textbooks drop altogether? | their discussion of race | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biolo... |
57293627af94a219006aa19c | What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of? | racial classifications | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biolo... |
57293627af94a219006aa19d | What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well? | biologically indefensible | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nThe authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biolo... |
57293a28af94a219006aa1bf | What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period? | similar pattern | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nMorning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and... |
57293a28af94a219006aa1c0 | How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race? | 35% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nMorning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and... |
57293a28af94a219006aa1c1 | After 1992, what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to? | 43% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nMorning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and... |
57293a28af94a219006aa1c2 | What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to? | 93% | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nMorning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and... |
57293a28af94a219006aa1c3 | What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races? | changed little | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nMorning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and... |
57293bbeaf94a219006aa1c9 | Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States? | federal government | [
"Race_(human_categorization)\n\nIn the United States, federal government policy promotes the use of racially categorized data to identify and address health disparities between racial or ethnic groups. In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Doc... |
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