Split (2)

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id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
57295e056aef051400154d86	Instead of an electromagnetic wave, what did the light quantum behave as in some regards?	an electrically neutral particle	[ "Planck_constant\n\nFirst recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1...
57295e056aef051400154d87	What is the simple name given to the light quantum today?	the photon	[ "Planck_constant\n\nFirst recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1...
57291f276aef051400154a68	Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what?	h	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57291f276aef051400154a69	What was realized after Planck's discovery?	that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57291f276aef051400154a6a	What is the Planck constant formerly known as?	quantum of action	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57291f276aef051400154a6b	Regarding atoms, what does the Planck constant imply?	that only certain energy levels are allowed	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57291f276aef051400154a6c	Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant?	forbidden	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57295eef6aef051400154d9e	Following Planck's discovery, what was realized about values of physical action?	physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57295eef6aef051400154d9f	The Planck constant initially was given what name?	the "quantum of action"	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57295eef6aef051400154da0	How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained?	Classical physics cannot explain this fact	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
57295eef6aef051400154da1	For certain cases of light or atoms, what does the quantum of action yield?	only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.	[ "Planck_constant\n\nClassical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of actio...
572920e0af94a219006aa0c5	What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?	the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
572920e0af94a219006aa0c6	At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?	555 nanometres	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
572920e0af94a219006aa0c7	What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?	7014540000000000000♠540 THz	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
572920e0af94a219006aa0c8	How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?	by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
572920e0af94a219006aa0c9	How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?	7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
57295f9d1d0469140077933b	What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?	555 nanometres	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
57295f9d1d0469140077933c	What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?	7014540000000000000♠540 THz	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
57295f9d1d0469140077933d	What is the energy of a photon?	6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
57295f9d1d0469140077933e	How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?	7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol	[ "Planck_constant\n\nEquivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014...
572922ae1d0469140077909b	What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?	the problem of black-body radiation	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572922ae1d0469140077909c	Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?	Kirchhoff	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572922ae1d0469140077909d	Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?	hotter	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572922ae1d0469140077909e	What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?	it absorbs all the light	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572922ae1d0469140077909f	What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?	thermal light emission	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572960a8af94a219006aa353	Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?	black-body radiation	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572960a8af94a219006aa354	If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?	its thermal light emission is maximized.	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572960a8af94a219006aa355	What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?	absorbs just as much light as it emits	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572960a8af94a219006aa356	Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?	laws of motion	[ "Planck_constant\n\nIn the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of mot...
572925caaf94a219006aa103	What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?	thermal	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
572925caaf94a219006aa104	What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?	the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
572925caaf94a219006aa105	What about a hot object changes with the temperature?	the colour of the light	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
572925caaf94a219006aa106	What color is hotter than "red hot"?	white hot	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
572925caaf94a219006aa107	What did Wilhelm Wien discover?	the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
57296189af94a219006aa361	What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?	the Stefan–Boltzmann law	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
57296189af94a219006aa362	What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?	the colour of the light given off	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
57296189af94a219006aa363	Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?	Wilhelm Wien	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
57296189af94a219006aa364	The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?	Wien's displacement law	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
57296189af94a219006aa365	Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?	at low frequencies (long wavelength)	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object chan...
572928341d046914007790e1	Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?	any	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572928341d046914007790e2	The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values?	a narrow range	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572928341d046914007790e3	What does Planck's law correctly predict?	blackbody emissions	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572928341d046914007790e4	In making Planck's law, what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used?	h	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572962c51d04691400779375	Planck's work disproved what assumption?	that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572962c51d04691400779376	What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures?	The Rayleigh–Jeans	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572962c51d04691400779377	Planck's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission?	multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572962c51d04691400779378	Changing values of n, the Boltzmann constant, or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck's law?	Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh–Jeans law could not be done	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572962c51d04691400779379	The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?	the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly a...
572929766aef051400154b00	Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905?	Rayleigh and Jeans	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
572929766aef051400154b01	Who came up with the term, "ultraviolet catastrophe"?	Paul Ehrenfest	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
572929766aef051400154b02	When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name "ultraviolet catastrophe"?	1911	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
572929766aef051400154b03	When was the first Solvay Conference held?	1911	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
572929766aef051400154b04	Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?	Max Planck	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
5729636c3f37b31900478307	What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905?	classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
5729636c3f37b31900478308	What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans?	the "ultraviolet catastrophe"	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
5729636c3f37b31900478309	When was the first Solvay Conference held?	1911	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
5729636c3f37b3190047830a	What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference?	"the theory of radiation and quanta"	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
5729636c3f37b3190047830b	In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta?	1918	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name ...
57292b05af94a219006aa14b	Who first observed the photoelectric effect?	Alexandre Edmond Becquerel	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57292b05af94a219006aa14c	When was the photoelectric effect first observed?	1839	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57292b05af94a219006aa14d	Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect?	Heinrich Hertz	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57292b05af94a219006aa14e	Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect?	Einstein	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57292b05af94a219006aa14f	What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for?	his work on the photo-electric effect	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57296497af94a219006aa373	What is the photoelectric effect?	the emission of electrons (called "photoelectrons") from a surface when light is shone on it	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57296497af94a219006aa374	Who first observed the photoelectric effect?	Alexandre Edmond Becquerel	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57296497af94a219006aa375	Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?	1921	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57296497af94a219006aa376	Einstein's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic?	relativity	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887....
57292c3b6aef051400154b3a	Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?	a wave	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
57292c3b6aef051400154b3b	What terms describe different types of radiation?	"frequency" and "wavelength"	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
57292c3b6aef051400154b3c	What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?	intensity	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
57292c3b6aef051400154b3d	What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?	sound	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
5729654daf94a219006aa37b	Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?	a wave	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
5729654daf94a219006aa37c	What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?	intensity	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
5729654daf94a219006aa37d	What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?	the energy account	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
5729654daf94a219006aa37e	What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?	gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space	[ "Planck_constant\n\nPrior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The l...
57292d756aef051400154b42	What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?	photoelectrons	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
57292d756aef051400154b43	What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?	the frequency	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
57292d756aef051400154b44	What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?	no photoelectrons are emitted at all	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
57292d756aef051400154b45	What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?	multiphoton effect	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
572969f03f37b31900478361	What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?	kinetic	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
572969f03f37b31900478362	What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?	frequency	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
572969f03f37b31900478363	When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?	no photoelectrons are emitted at all	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
572969f03f37b31900478364	If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?	more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy	[ "Planck_constant\n\nThe \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (correspo...
57292e181d04691400779129	Who introduced the first quantized model of the atom?	Niels Bohr	[ "Planck_constant\n\nNiels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a...
57292e181d0469140077912a	When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?	1913	[ "Planck_constant\n\nNiels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a...
57292e181d0469140077912b	Why was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?	to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model	[ "Planck_constant\n\nNiels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a...
57292e181d0469140077912c	In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should do what?	radiate electromagnetic radiation	[ "Planck_constant\n\nNiels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a...
57296aa66aef051400154e46	Who modeled the atom in 1913, challenging Rutherford's model?	Niels Bohr	[ "Planck_constant\n\nNiels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a...
57296aa66aef051400154e47	What was predicted to happen to a nucleus-orbiting electron under Rutherford's model?	the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus	[ "Planck_constant\n\nNiels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a...
57296aa66aef051400154e48	What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom, citing Planck's work?	an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies	[ "Planck_constant\n\nNiels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a...
57292ffa3f37b319004780bf	Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?	Bohr	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57292ffa3f37b319004780c0	What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?	the quantity	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57292ffa3f37b319004780c1	Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?	Heisenberg	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57292ffa3f37b319004780c2	Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?	Schrödinger	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57292ffa3f37b319004780c3	According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?	the fundamental quantum of angular momentum	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57296ef4af94a219006aa3f3	Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?	the reduced Planck constant	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57296ef4af94a219006aa3f4	What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?	Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57296ef4af94a219006aa3f5	What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?	Heisenberg	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
57296ef4af94a219006aa3f6	When was the Schrödinger wave equation proposed?	1926	[ "Planck_constant\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate descripti...
5729317d6aef051400154b5e	What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?	time vs. energy	[ "Planck_constant\n\nwhere the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempt...

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