id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5729153baf94a219006aa059 | How much of the land did Prussia control? | 65% | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confe... |
57291636af94a219006aa065 | Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II? | Allied military governments | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nDuring the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia h... |
57291636af94a219006aa066 | No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II? | 30% | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nDuring the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia h... |
57291636af94a219006aa067 | After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany? | seven | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nDuring the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia h... |
57291636af94a219006aa068 | Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration? | Polish or Soviet administration | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nDuring the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia h... |
57291636af94a219006aa069 | How many made to establish new states in the territories lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line? | no attempts | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nDuring the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia h... |
57291a3e1d04691400779035 | How many states did West Germany have at its founding? | eleven | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nUpon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and ... |
57291a3e1d04691400779036 | What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of? | Western Allies | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nUpon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and ... |
57291a3e1d04691400779037 | Which state was West Berlin apart of? | neither a Western German state nor part of one | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nUpon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and ... |
57291a3e1d04691400779038 | When did the Saarland form? | 1957 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nUpon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and ... |
57291a3e1d04691400779039 | How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952 | 1952 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nUpon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and ... |
57291cb03f37b3190047802d | What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states? | had successfully achieved the unity of Germany | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLater, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was r... |
57291cb03f37b3190047802e | Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what? | "any other parts of Germany" to join | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLater, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was r... |
57291cb03f37b3190047802f | Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? | Saar Protectorate | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLater, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was r... |
57291cb03f37b31900478030 | The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else? | the 16 German states | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLater, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was r... |
57291d241d04691400779065 | What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949? | new delimitation of the federal territory | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nA new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (Rutz, Miegel, Ottnad etc.) and politicians (Döring, Apel, and others) made ... |
57291d241d04691400779066 | What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation? | a reduction of the number of states | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nA new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (Rutz, Miegel, Ottnad etc.) and politicians (Döring, Apel, and others) made ... |
57291d241d04691400779067 | What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers? | Territorial reform | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nA new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (Rutz, Miegel, Ottnad etc.) and politicians (Döring, Apel, and others) made ... |
57291e663f37b31900478039 | When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany? | 1919 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to oppo... |
57291e663f37b3190047803a | Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution? | Hugo Preuss | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to oppo... |
57291e663f37b3190047803b | How many states was the German Reich to divided into? | 14 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to oppo... |
57291e663f37b3190047803c | Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred? | four | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to oppo... |
57291e663f37b3190047803d | When did Pyrmont join Prussia? | 1922 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to oppo... |
57291f33af94a219006aa0a7 | When did the Nazi Party seize power? | January 1933 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAfter the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the Länder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by... |
57291f33af94a219006aa0a8 | What happened to the Länder as they lost importance during the Nazi regime? | They became administrative regions | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAfter the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the Länder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by... |
57291f33af94a219006aa0a9 | on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with which state? | Mecklenburg-Strelitz | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAfter the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the Länder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by... |
57291f33af94a219006aa0aa | When did the Greater Hamburg Act occur? | April 1, 1937 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAfter the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the Länder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by... |
57291f33af94a219006aa0ab | Which Prussian province did Lübeck become a part of? | Schleswig-Holstein | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAfter the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the Länder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by... |
57292188af94a219006aa0cf | In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory? | the Federal Territory must be revised | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAs the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (par... |
57292188af94a219006aa0d0 | How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision? | one tenth | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAs the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (par... |
57292188af94a219006aa0d1 | What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed? | a referendum | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAs the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (par... |
57292188af94a219006aa0d2 | Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force? | paragraph 6 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nAs the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (par... |
5729240c1d046914007790b9 | In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland? | Paris Agreements | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 4... |
5729240c1d046914007790ba | In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland? | 67.7% | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 4... |
5729240c1d046914007790bb | What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout? | 96.5% | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 4... |
5729240c1d046914007790bc | Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum? | Chancellor Konrad Adenauer | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 4... |
5729240c1d046914007790bd | The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what? | join the Federal Republic of Germany. | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent \"Saarland\", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 4... |
572924e26aef051400154a9c | Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years? | three | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nParagraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 195... |
572924e26aef051400154a9d | What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed? | filed a constitutional complaint | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nParagraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 195... |
572924e26aef051400154a9e | When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed? | July 1961 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nParagraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 195... |
572924e26aef051400154a9f | On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed | exclusively federal matter | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nParagraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 195... |
572926bd6aef051400154aca | What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his 28 October 1969 address? | Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst... |
572926bd6aef051400154acb | Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address? | Bonn | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst... |
572926bd6aef051400154acc | An expert commission was established under which chairman? | Werner Ernst | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst... |
572926bd6aef051400154acd | When did the expert commission deliver its report? | the district of Germersheim | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst... |
572926bd6aef051400154ace | Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of? | Baden-Württemberg | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst... |
5729281f6aef051400154ae6 | Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law"? | Article 28 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are govern... |
5729281f6aef051400154ae7 | Most states are governed by what figure? | Ministerpräsident | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are govern... |
5729281f6aef051400154ae8 | What are most state legislatures called? | Landtag | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are govern... |
5729281f6aef051400154ae9 | How is the Minister President chosen? | a majority vote among the Landtag's members | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are govern... |
5729281f6aef051400154aea | Who does Minister-President choose to run state agencies? | a cabinet | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\" (Article 28). Most of the states are govern... |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1c | What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called? | Senate | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. B... |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1d | What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia? | the State Government | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. B... |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1e | What did Bavaria's government have before 2001? | a bicameral parliament | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. B... |
57292b1f6aef051400154b1f | How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin? | eight | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. B... |
57292b1f6aef051400154b20 | The parliament in Berlin is called what? | Abgeordnetenhaus | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. B... |
57292bceaf94a219006aa155 | What are the districts of Germany considered? | administrative districts | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of \"rural districts\" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called \"urban districts\", or Stadtkreis... |
57292bceaf94a219006aa156 | Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what? | "rural districts" | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of \"rural districts\" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called \"urban districts\", or Stadtkreis... |
57292bceaf94a219006aa157 | How many urban districts are in Bremen? | two | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of \"rural districts\" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called \"urban districts\", or Stadtkreis... |
57292bceaf94a219006aa158 | Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time? | urban districts | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of \"rural districts\" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called \"urban districts\", or Stadtkreis... |
572934ad1d04691400779163 | Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what? | one or more Kreisfreie Städte | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLocal associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typica... |
572934ad1d04691400779164 | What do local associations replace? | administrative entities at the district level | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLocal associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typica... |
572934ad1d04691400779165 | What are local associations intended to implement? | simplification of administration | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLocal associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typica... |
572934ad1d04691400779166 | What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into? | Kommunalverband besonderer Art | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLocal associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typica... |
572934ad1d04691400779167 | What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require? | the issuing of special laws | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nLocal associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typica... |
5729353d3f37b31900478101 | Every rural district is subdivided into what? | municipalities | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nMunicipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and town... |
5729353d3f37b31900478102 | Every urban district is what in its own right? | municipality | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nMunicipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and town... |
5729353d3f37b31900478103 | How many municipalities are there? | 12,141 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nMunicipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and town... |
5729353d3f37b31900478104 | What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany? | a municipality | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nMunicipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and town... |
5729353d3f37b31900478105 | What are town rights called? | Stadtrechte | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nMunicipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and town... |
572936086aef051400154b78 | Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities? | local governments can justify | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities... |
572936086aef051400154b79 | What article grants the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law. | Article 28(2) | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities... |
572936086aef051400154b7a | Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what? | a wide range of activities | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities... |
572936086aef051400154b7b | What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure? | development | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities... |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff5 | What ingredient makes glass colorful? | metallic salts | [
"Glass\n\nMany applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, ... |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff6 | What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass? | organic polymer plastic | [
"Glass\n\nMany applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, ... |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff7 | What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows? | transparency | [
"Glass\n\nMany applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, ... |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff8 | What type of glass products can be used for sending information? | optical fibers | [
"Glass\n\nMany applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, ... |
5729114e3f37b31900477ff9 | In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air? | thermal insulating material | [
"Glass\n\nMany applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, ... |
572913b8af94a219006aa037 | What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot? | Iron | [
"Glass\n\nMost common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives gl... |
572913b8af94a219006aa038 | How does barium affect glass? | increases the refractive index | [
"Glass\n\nMost common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives gl... |
572913b8af94a219006aa039 | What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses? | radioactivity | [
"Glass\n\nMost common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives gl... |
572913b8af94a219006aa03a | What is another name for lead glass? | flint glass | [
"Glass\n\nMost common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives gl... |
572913b8af94a219006aa03b | What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index? | low dispersion | [
"Glass\n\nMost common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives gl... |
572914e2af94a219006aa04b | What causes glass to dissolve in water? | soda | [
"Glass\n\nFused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to sim... |
572914e2af94a219006aa04c | Why is lime often added to glass? | better chemical durability | [
"Glass\n\nFused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to sim... |
572914e2af94a219006aa04d | What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica? | 70 to 74 | [
"Glass\n\nFused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to sim... |
572914e2af94a219006aa04e | What is a benefit of fused quartz? | excellent thermal shock characteristics | [
"Glass\n\nFused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to sim... |
572914e2af94a219006aa04f | What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz? | high melting-temperature | [
"Glass\n\nFused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to sim... |
572923981d046914007790af | What happens during refining? | removal of bubbles | [
"Glass\n\nFollowing the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refini... |
572923981d046914007790b0 | What method is used for making windows? | float glass process | [
"Glass\n\nFollowing the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refini... |
572923981d046914007790b1 | What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth? | nitrogen | [
"Glass\n\nFollowing the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refini... |
572923981d046914007790b2 | What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance? | alumina and calcium oxide | [
"Glass\n\nFollowing the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refini... |
572923981d046914007790b3 | Who were the inventors of the float glass process? | Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff | [
"Glass\n\nFollowing the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refini... |
572924f66aef051400154aa4 | What can be used to make glass less refractive? | boron | [
"Glass\n\nGlass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index... |
572924f66aef051400154aa5 | What is the refraction index of typical glass? | 1.5 | [
"Glass\n\nGlass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index... |
572924f66aef051400154aa6 | What is a toxic additive that increases refraction? | lead oxide | [
"Glass\n\nGlass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index... |
572924f66aef051400154aa7 | What are high-index glasses erroneously called? | crystal | [
"Glass\n\nGlass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index... |
572924f66aef051400154aa8 | Why are high-index glasses valued? | for their diamond-like optical properties | [
"Glass\n\nGlass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index... |
572925d76aef051400154ab8 | Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past? | silicate glasses | [
"Glass\n\nThe most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are \"silicate glasses\" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as... |
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