id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7c | What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development? | Zinc | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of \"exceptional biologic and public health importance\", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children i... |
572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7d | What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth? | Zinc deficiency | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of \"exceptional biologic and public health importance\", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children i... |
572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7e | In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center? | alcohol dehydrogenase | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of \"exceptional biologic and public health importance\", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children i... |
572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7f | What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency? | excess zinc | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of \"exceptional biologic and public health importance\", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children i... |
572970803f37b319004783c5 | What color is zinc? | bluish-white | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572970803f37b319004783c6 | Is iron more dense than zinc? | It is somewhat less dense than iron | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572970803f37b319004783c7 | At what temperature does the metal become malleable? | 100 and 150 °C | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572970803f37b319004783c8 | At what temperature to zinc become brittle? | 210 °C | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572970803f37b319004783c9 | What is the boiling point of zinc? | 907 °C | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572b4db9111d821400f38e3e | In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc? | bluish-white | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572b4db9111d821400f38e3f | What is the crystalline structure of sync? | hexagonal | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572b4db9111d821400f38e40 | What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius? | becomes malleable | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
572b4db9111d821400f38e41 | At what temperature can zinc be pulverized? | 210 °C | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) ... |
5729710a6aef051400154ece | How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered? | Several dozen | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
5729710a6aef051400154ecf | What is the longest half life of the isotopes? | 243.66 | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
5729710a6aef051400154ed0 | What does the superscript m represent? | metastable isotope | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
5729710a6aef051400154ed1 | How many excited states does 61Zn have? | three | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
5729710a6aef051400154ed2 | How many excited states does 73Zn have? | two | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
572b5109111d821400f38e5a | What is the most long lived radio isotope? | 65Zn | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
572b5109111d821400f38e5b | What is the half life of 72Zn? | 46.5 hours | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
572b5109111d821400f38e5c | How many nuclear isomers does zinc have? | 10 | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
572b5109111d821400f38e5d | What does the superscript "m" indicate? | metastable isotope | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
572b5109111d821400f38e5e | What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state? | emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray | [
"Zinc\n\nSeveral dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The... |
5729717d6aef051400154ed8 | What oxidation state dominates zinc? | +2 | [
"Zinc\n\nThe chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H\n2O)6]2+ is the predominant species... |
5729717d6aef051400154ed9 | What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl? | The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C | [
"Zinc\n\nThe chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H\n2O)6]2+ is the predominant species... |
5729717d6aef051400154eda | what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc? | +1 or +2 | [
"Zinc\n\nThe chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H\n2O)6]2+ is the predominant species... |
572b520df75d5e190021fd84 | What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc? | +2 | [
"Zinc\n\nThe chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H\n2O)6]2+ is the predominant species... |
572b520df75d5e190021fd87 | What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds? | +1 or +2 | [
"Zinc\n\nThe chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H\n2O)6]2+ is the predominant species... |
572b5334111d821400f38e64 | Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what? | diamagnetic and mostly colorless. | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same... |
572b5334111d821400f38e65 | The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical? | zinc and magnesium | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same... |
572b5334111d821400f38e66 | What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically? | ionic radius | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same... |
572b5334111d821400f38e67 | Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes? | N- and S- | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same... |
572b5405be1ee31400cb832b | What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds? | bulky ligands | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first... |
572b5405be1ee31400cb832c | What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain? | [Zn2]2+ | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first... |
572b5405be1ee31400cb832d | What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound? | diamagnetic nature of the ion | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first... |
572b5405be1ee31400cb832e | When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed? | yellow glass | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first... |
572b550a34ae481900dead8f | What is not known for binary compounds of zinc? | noble gases | [
"Zinc\n\nBinary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and... |
572b550a34ae481900dead90 | ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions? | strong basic and acidic solutions | [
"Zinc\n\nBinary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and... |
572b550a34ae481900dead91 | What applications do chalcogenides have? | electronics and optics. | [
"Zinc\n\nBinary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and... |
572b55d7be1ee31400cb8334 | Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions? | zincates | [
"Zinc\n\nIn weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)\n2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3)\n2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)\n2, sulfate ZnSO\n4, phosphate Zn\n3(PO4)\n2, molybdate ZnMoO\n4, cyanide... |
572b56cd34ae481900dead99 | Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text? | The Charaka Samhita | [
"Zinc\n\nThe Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have... |
572b56cd34ae481900dead9a | Active zinc mines in India date back to what period? | Mauryan period | [
"Zinc\n\nThe Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have... |
572b56cd34ae481900dead9b | What process occurred around the 12th century? | smelting of metallic zinc | [
"Zinc\n\nThe Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have... |
572b56cd34ae481900dead9c | When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written? | 13th century AD, | [
"Zinc\n\nThe Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have... |
572b56cd34ae481900dead9d | What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya? | metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes | [
"Zinc\n\nThe Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have... |
572b581a34ae481900deada9 | Who is attributed as first documenting zinc? | Paracelsus | [
"Zinc\n\nThe name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as \"zincum\" or \"zinken\" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant \"tooth-like, pointed or jag... |
572b581a34ae481900deadaa | Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke? | metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance | [
"Zinc\n\nThe name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as \"zincum\" or \"zinken\" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant \"tooth-like, pointed or jag... |
572b581a34ae481900deadab | Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn? | imply "tin-like" | [
"Zinc\n\nThe name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as \"zincum\" or \"zinken\" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant \"tooth-like, pointed or jag... |
572b581a34ae481900deadac | What are some of the other terms for zinc? | Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter. | [
"Zinc\n\nThe name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as \"zincum\" or \"zinken\" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant \"tooth-like, pointed or jag... |
572b5939f75d5e190021fd92 | Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process? | William Champion's brother, John, | [
"Zinc\n\nWilliam Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. ... |
572b5939f75d5e190021fd93 | Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc? | calamine | [
"Zinc\n\nWilliam Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. ... |
572b5939f75d5e190021fd94 | Who built the first horizontal retort smelter? | Johann Christian Ruberg | [
"Zinc\n\nWilliam Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. ... |
572b5939f75d5e190021fd95 | What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch? | animal electricity | [
"Zinc\n\nWilliam Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. ... |
572b5939f75d5e190021fd96 | The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things? | electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection. | [
"Zinc\n\nWilliam Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. ... |
572b5a02111d821400f38e72 | What is used to produce the metal zinc? | extractive metallurgy. | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur... |
572b5a02111d821400f38e73 | What is froth flotation used for? | get an ore concentrate | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur... |
572b5a02111d821400f38e74 | What is the first step in zinc metal production? | grinding the ore | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur... |
572b5a02111d821400f38e75 | What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc? | 50% | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur... |
572b5afd34ae481900deadbd | Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what? | The production for sulfidic zinc ores | [
"Zinc\n\nThe production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian town... |
572b5afd34ae481900deadbe | Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what? | heavy metals | [
"Zinc\n\nThe production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian town... |
572b5afd34ae481900deadbf | Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount? | mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium | [
"Zinc\n\nThe production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian town... |
572b5afd34ae481900deadc0 | What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at? | 20 to 1 | [
"Zinc\n\nThe production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian town... |
572b5bab34ae481900deadc5 | What two compounds is zinc more reactive than? | iron or steel | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn\n5(OH)\n6(CO\n3)\n2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades throu... |
572b5bab34ae481900deadc6 | What forms as zinc corrodes? | protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn\n5(OH)\n6(CO\n3)\n2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades throu... |
572b5bab34ae481900deadc7 | How is zinc applied? | electrochemically or as molten zinc | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn\n5(OH)\n6(CO\n3)\n2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades throu... |
572b5bab34ae481900deadc8 | What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences? | Galvanization | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn\n5(OH)\n6(CO\n3)\n2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades throu... |
572b5c93111d821400f38e7a | What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode? | relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation | [
"Zinc\n\nThe relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminu... |
572b5c93111d821400f38e7b | Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what? | cathodic protection | [
"Zinc\n\nThe relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminu... |
572b5c93111d821400f38e7c | What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do? | protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion | [
"Zinc\n\nThe relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminu... |
572b5c93111d821400f38e7d | Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding? | will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked | [
"Zinc\n\nThe relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminu... |
572b5d6634ae481900deadcd | What has zinc replaced in pipe organs? | lead/tin alloy | [
"Zinc\n\nOther widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limit... |
572b5d6634ae481900deadce | Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery? | machine bearings | [
"Zinc\n\nOther widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limit... |
572b5d6634ae481900deadcf | Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency? | one cent coins | [
"Zinc\n\nOther widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limit... |
572b5d6634ae481900deadd0 | What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies? | thin layer of copper | [
"Zinc\n\nOther widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limit... |
572b7b86be1ee31400cb83db | Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for? | spin casting | [
"Zinc\n\nAlloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point t... |
572b7b86be1ee31400cb83dc | Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what? | Zamak | [
"Zinc\n\nAlloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point t... |
572b7b86be1ee31400cb83dd | What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy? | small and intricate shapes | [
"Zinc\n\nAlloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point t... |
572b7b86be1ee31400cb83de | What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic? | Prestal | [
"Zinc\n\nAlloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point t... |
572b7b86be1ee31400cb83df | What is used to mold Prestal? | die casts made of ceramics and cement. | [
"Zinc\n\nAlloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point t... |
572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e5 | What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys? | cold-rolled into sheets | [
"Zinc\n\nSimilar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which z... |
572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e6 | What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc? | stamping dies | [
"Zinc\n\nSimilar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which z... |
572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e7 | Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal? | too expensive | [
"Zinc\n\nSimilar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which z... |
572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e8 | Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications? | too brittle | [
"Zinc\n\nSimilar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which z... |
572b7d1b111d821400f38eb0 | In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US? | zinc compounds | [
"Zinc\n\nRoughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber... |
572b7d1b111d821400f38eb1 | What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber? | Zinc oxide | [
"Zinc\n\nRoughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber... |
572b7d1b111d821400f38eb2 | What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation? | Zinc oxide | [
"Zinc\n\nRoughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber... |
572b7d1b111d821400f38eb3 | Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products? | semiconductor | [
"Zinc\n\nRoughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber... |
572b7d1b111d821400f38eb4 | What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle? | thermochemical | [
"Zinc\n\nRoughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber... |
572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0a | What is added to wood in order to preserve it? | Zinc chloride | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)\n2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and televis... |
572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0b | What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens? | luminescent pigments | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)\n2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and televis... |
572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0c | What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in? | mid-infrared | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)\n2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and televis... |
572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0d | Where is zinc pyrithion used? | antifouling paints. | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)\n2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and televis... |
572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ed | What is the most abundant zinc isotope? | 64Zn | [
"Zinc\n\n64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn ... |
572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ee | What does 65Zn produce? | intense gamma radiation | [
"Zinc\n\n64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn ... |
572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ef | Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors? | anti-corrosion agent | [
"Zinc\n\n64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn ... |
572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83f0 | What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out? | 65Zn | [
"Zinc\n\n64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn ... |
572b7f6434ae481900deae47 | What consumable product is zinc included in? | vitamin and mineral supplements | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ... |
572b7f6434ae481900deae48 | What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging? | antioxidant | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ... |
572b7f6434ae481900deae49 | What is the benefit of zinc after injury? | speed up the healing | [
"Zinc\n\nZinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ... |
572b80e034ae481900deae4d | What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill? | prostate | [
"Zinc\n\nAlthough not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agen... |
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