id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a8 | The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what? | available energy | [
"Energy\n\nFor \"closed systems\" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy ener... |
5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a9 | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas? | heat | [
"Energy\n\nFor \"closed systems\" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy ener... |
5729e3feaf94a219006aa6aa | What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat? | second law of thermodynamics | [
"Energy\n\nFor \"closed systems\" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy ener... |
5729e46baf94a219006aa6af | Give one example of energy transformation. | generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine | [
"Energy\n\nExamples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the ob... |
5729e46baf94a219006aa6b0 | What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy? | Sun | [
"Energy\n\nExamples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the ob... |
5729e46baf94a219006aa6b1 | What is another example of energy transformation? | lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor | [
"Energy\n\nExamples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the ob... |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a3 | What is determined by an object's movement through space? | kinetic energy | [
"Energy\n\nThe total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may al... |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a4 | What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy? | thermal energy | [
"Energy\n\nThe total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may al... |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a5 | What is a function of the position of an object within a field? | potential energy | [
"Energy\n\nThe total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may al... |
5729e5501d0469140077965b | What is dependent upon electrical potential energy? | Elastic energy in materials | [
"Energy\n\nSome types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as i... |
5729e5501d0469140077965c | Where is chemical energy stored and released? | from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons | [
"Energy\n\nSome types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as i... |
5729e5501d0469140077965d | Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy? | kinetic | [
"Energy\n\nSome types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as i... |
5729e5f76aef0514001550de | What is a term for living force? | vis viva | [
"Energy\n\nIn the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal ener... |
5729e5f76aef0514001550df | What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared? | vis viva | [
"Energy\n\nIn the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal ener... |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e0 | Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva? | Gottfried Leibniz | [
"Energy\n\nIn the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal ener... |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e1 | In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva? | late 17th century | [
"Energy\n\nIn the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal ener... |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e2 | Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | Isaac Newton | [
"Energy\n\nIn the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal ener... |
5729e6923f37b319004785b3 | Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | Thomas Young | [
"Energy\n\nIn 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was als... |
5729e6923f37b319004785b4 | When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | 1807 | [
"Energy\n\nIn 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was als... |
5729e6923f37b319004785b5 | Who coined the term "potential energy?" | William Rankine | [
"Energy\n\nIn 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was als... |
5729e6923f37b319004785b6 | Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat? | James Prescott Joule | [
"Energy\n\nIn 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was als... |
5729e6923f37b319004785b7 | When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated? | 19th century | [
"Energy\n\nIn 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was als... |
5729e73c6aef0514001550e8 | Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy? | William Thomson | [
"Energy\n\nThese developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to... |
5729e73c6aef0514001550e9 | What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | Thermodynamics | [
"Energy\n\nThese developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to... |
5729e73c6aef0514001550ea | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy? | Jožef Stefan | [
"Energy\n\nThese developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to... |
5729e73c6aef0514001550eb | What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time? | Noether's theorem | [
"Energy\n\nThese developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to... |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f0 | What is another energy-related concept? | Lagrangian | [
"Energy\n\nAnother energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in mode... |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f1 | Who is the Lagrangian named after? | Joseph-Louis Lagrange | [
"Energy\n\nAnother energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in mode... |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f2 | What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy? | Lagrangian | [
"Energy\n\nAnother energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in mode... |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f3 | Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems? | Lagrange formalism | [
"Energy\n\nAnother energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in mode... |
5729e83f6aef0514001550f8 | When was Noether's theorem created? | 1918 | [
"Energy\n\nNoether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants... |
5729e83f6aef0514001550f9 | What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law? | Noether's theorem | [
"Energy\n\nNoether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants... |
5729e83f6aef0514001550fa | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations? | Noether's theorem | [
"Energy\n\nNoether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants... |
5729f2b16aef05140015513a | In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure? | energy | [
"Energy\n\nIn the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of ... |
5729f2b16aef05140015513b | What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy? | Chemical reactions | [
"Energy\n\nIn the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of ... |
5729f2b16aef05140015513c | What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T? | e−E/kT | [
"Energy\n\nIn the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of ... |
5729f2b16aef05140015513d | Who created the population factor e-E/kT? | Boltzmann's | [
"Energy\n\nIn the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of ... |
5729f2b16aef05140015513e | What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature? | Arrhenius equation | [
"Energy\n\nIn the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of ... |
5729f3426aef051400155144 | In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism? | energy | [
"Energy\n\nIn biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures... |
5729f3426aef051400155145 | What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? | Energy | [
"Energy\n\nIn biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures... |
5729f3426aef051400155146 | What does H-e stand for? | Human energy conversion | [
"Energy\n\nIn biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures... |
5729f3426aef051400155147 | How many watts is in one official horsepower? | 746 watts | [
"Energy\n\nIn biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures... |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e7 | What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | Sunlight | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living orga... |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e8 | What do plants release during photosynthesis? | oxygen | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living orga... |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e9 | What may be triggered suddenly by a spark? | Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living orga... |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6ea | What are two low-energy compounds? | carbon dioxide and water | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living orga... |
5729f4331d04691400779685 | What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce? | an external source of energy | [
"Energy\n\nAny living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and... |
5729f4331d04691400779686 | How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult? | 1500–2000 | [
"Energy\n\nAny living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and... |
5729f4331d04691400779687 | Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water? | mitochondria | [
"Energy\n\nAny living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and... |
5729f51d6aef051400155160 | What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe? | The second law of thermodynamics | [
"Energy\n\nIt would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purp... |
5729f51e6aef051400155161 | What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive? | living organisms | [
"Energy\n\nIt would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purp... |
5729f51e6aef051400155162 | Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern? | ecological niches | [
"Energy\n\nIt would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purp... |
5729f6063f37b3190047860f | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy? | after it strikes the Earth | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also dri... |
5729f6063f37b31900478610 | This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. | Sunlight | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also dri... |
5729f6063f37b31900478611 | What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event? | hurricane | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also dri... |
5729f6063f37b31900478612 | What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement? | hurricane | [
"Energy\n\nSunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also dri... |
5729f6b13f37b31900478617 | What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks? | Earthquakes | [
"Energy\n\nIn a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to ac... |
5729f6b13f37b31900478618 | What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release? | heat | [
"Energy\n\nIn a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to ac... |
5729f6b13f37b31900478619 | What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis? | thermal energy | [
"Energy\n\nIn a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to ac... |
5729f6b13f37b3190047861a | What is mechanical potential energy? | elastic strain | [
"Energy\n\nIn a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to ac... |
5729f781af94a219006aa6ff | What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations? | stellar phenomena | [
"Energy\n\nIn cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is ei... |
5729f781af94a219006aa700 | What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang? | nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun | [
"Energy\n\nIn cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is ei... |
5729f781af94a219006aa701 | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | Big Bang | [
"Energy\n\nIn cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is ei... |
5729f781af94a219006aa702 | Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what? | fusion | [
"Energy\n\nIn cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is ei... |
5729f80c6aef051400155166 | In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function? | energy | [
"Energy\n\nIn quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics... |
5729f80c6aef051400155167 | What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system? | The Schrödinger equation | [
"Energy\n\nIn quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics... |
5729f80c6aef051400155168 | What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems? | The Schrödinger equation | [
"Energy\n\nIn quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics... |
5729f8db6aef051400155174 | What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains? | electron–positron annihilation | [
"Energy\n\nFor example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by p... |
5729f8db6aef051400155175 | What is the inverse process called? | pair creation | [
"Energy\n\nFor example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by p... |
5729f8db6aef051400155176 | What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons? | pair creation | [
"Energy\n\nFor example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by p... |
5729f9511d04691400779695 | What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process? | Carnot's theorem | [
"Energy\n\nThere are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind ... |
5729f9511d04691400779696 | What is the direction of transformations in energy? | what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind | [
"Energy\n\nThere are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind ... |
5729f9511d04691400779697 | What is often determined by entropy considerations? | direction of transformations in energy | [
"Energy\n\nThere are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind ... |
5729f9511d04691400779698 | Why are certain larger transformations not permitted? | because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces | [
"Energy\n\nThere are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind ... |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa71d | Name an example of a heavy isotope? | uranium | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being \"released\" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar exa... |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa71e | Name another example of a heavy isotope. | thorium | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being \"released\" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar exa... |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa71f | What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth? | nucleosynthesis | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being \"released\" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar exa... |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa720 | In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time? | chemical potential energy | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being \"released\" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar exa... |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa725 | When does energy give rise to weight? | when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-en... |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa726 | Mass is also equivalent to what? | certain amount of energy | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-en... |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa727 | Who created the formula E = mc2? | Albert Einstein | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-en... |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa728 | In what year did Einstein create E = mc2? | 1905 | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-en... |
5729fcffaf94a219006aa729 | What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity? | E = mc² | [
"Energy\n\nEnergy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-en... |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517a | Matter may be converted to what? | energy | [
"Energy\n\nMatter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, t... |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517b | Energy may be converted to what? | Matter | [
"Energy\n\nMatter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, t... |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517c | Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight? | mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule | [
"Energy\n\nMatter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, t... |
5729fd8e6aef05140015517d | Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found? | high-energy nuclear physics | [
"Energy\n\nMatter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, t... |
5729fe926aef051400155182 | Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds? | reversible processes and irreversible processes | [
"Energy\n\nThermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum... |
5729fe926aef051400155183 | What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes? | Thermodynamics | [
"Energy\n\nThermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum... |
5729fe926aef051400155184 | A reversible process is one in which this does not happen. | dissipation | [
"Energy\n\nThermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum... |
5729ff176aef051400155192 | As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what? | irreversible states | [
"Energy\n\nAs the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change,... |
5729ff176aef051400155193 | What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states? | inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe | [
"Energy\n\nAs the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change,... |
5729ff176aef051400155194 | In this heat death of energy, what does not change? | energy of the universe | [
"Energy\n\nAs the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change,... |
5729ffedaf94a219006aa743 | According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself? | conservation of energy | [
"Energy\n\nAccording to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject ... |
5729ffedaf94a219006aa744 | The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what? | total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system | [
"Energy\n\nAccording to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject ... |
5729ffedaf94a219006aa745 | What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed? | energy | [
"Energy\n\nAccording to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject ... |
572a0071af94a219006aa749 | What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time? | Noether's theorem | [
"Energy\n\nThis law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. ... |
572a0071af94a219006aa74a | What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time? | energy | [
"Energy\n\nThis law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. ... |
572a0071af94a219006aa74b | This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what? | the uncertainty principle | [
"Energy\n\nThis law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. ... |
572a0071af94a219006aa74c | What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval? | uncertainty principle | [
"Energy\n\nThis law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. ... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.