Split (2)

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572b3656be1ee31400cb82a2	What type of human knowledge is math?	relations of ideas	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. \"that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides\") are examples of the ...
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a3	What type of human knowledge is observing the world?	matters of fact	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. \"that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides\") are examples of the ...
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a4	What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"?	matters of fact	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. \"that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides\") are examples of the ...
572b3656be1ee31400cb82a5	Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?	their "impressions"	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. \"that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides\") are examples of the ...
572b36debe1ee31400cb82ab	What did Hume think our beliefs are?	a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also...
572b36debe1ee31400cb82ac	What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?	reason	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also...
572b36debe1ee31400cb82ad	What did Hume think is a circular argument?	the justification for inductive reasoning	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also...
572b36debe1ee31400cb82ae	What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?	that the sun will continue to rise in the East	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also...
572b36debe1ee31400cb82af	Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?	because it has repeatedly done so in the past	[ "Empiricism\n\nHume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also...
572b3ab4111d821400f38de4	What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?	that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable	[ "Empiricism\n\nMost of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, cus...
572b3ab4111d821400f38de5	What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?	belief in an external world	[ "Empiricism\n\nMost of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, cus...
572b3ab4111d821400f38de6	What is phenomenalism?	physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events	[ "Empiricism\n\nMost of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, cus...
572b3ab4111d821400f38de7	What is subjective idealism closely related to?	Phenomenalism	[ "Empiricism\n\nMost of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, cus...
572b3ab4111d821400f38de8	What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?	the "permanent possibility of sensation"	[ "Empiricism\n\nMost of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, cus...
572b3f4734ae481900dead45	What did Mill say knowledge comes from?	an inductive inference from direct experience	[ "Empiricism\n\nMill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes...
572b3f4734ae481900dead46	What sensations did Mill differentiate?	actual and possible sensations	[ "Empiricism\n\nMill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes...
572b3f4734ae481900dead47	When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?	God	[ "Empiricism\n\nMill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes...
572b3f4734ae481900dead48	What did Mill say might not actually exist?	gap-filling entities	[ "Empiricism\n\nMill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes...
572b3f4734ae481900dead49	What did Mill misrepresent about math?	the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures	[ "Empiricism\n\nMill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes...
572b40d0111d821400f38df6	What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?	phenomenalist	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data state...
572b40d0111d821400f38df7	How can't a finite set of statements be described?	in purely sensory terms	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data state...
572b40d0111d821400f38df8	What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?	a second doctor	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data state...
572b415834ae481900dead4f	What are other terms for logical empiricism?	logical positivism or neopositivism	[ "Empiricism\n\nLogical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Go...
572b415834ae481900dead50	When was logical empricism formulated?	early 20th-century	[ "Empiricism\n\nLogical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Go...
572b415834ae481900dead51	What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?	British empiricism	[ "Empiricism\n\nLogical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Go...
572b415834ae481900dead52	What was Otto Neurath an important member of?	Logical empiricism	[ "Empiricism\n\nLogical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Go...
572b415834ae481900dead53	What was AJ Ayer an important member of?	Logical empiricism	[ "Empiricism\n\nLogical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Go...
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82bf	When was Bertrand Russell born?	1872	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct ...
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c0	When did Bertrand Russell die?	1970	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct ...
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c1	What did Frege say about math?	all mathematical truths are logical	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct ...
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c2	What did Wittgenstein say about logic?	all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct ...
572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c3	What are pseudoproblems?	most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems	[ "Empiricism\n\nThe neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct ...
572b429af75d5e190021fd2e	Who were extreme empiricists?	neopositivists	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomena...
572b429af75d5e190021fd2f	Who attacked logical positivism?	Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomena...
572b429af75d5e190021fd30	What position does Dummett take?	anti-realists	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomena...
572b429af75d5e190021fd31	Who abandoned phenomenalism?	Carnap and Neurath	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomena...
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d1	When did pragmatism arise?	In the late 19th and early 20th century	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term \"pragmatism\",...
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d2	Who developed pragmatism?	Charles Sanders Peirce and William James	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term \"pragmatism\",...
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d3	Where did Peirce and James meet?	Harvard	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term \"pragmatism\",...
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d4	When did Peirce and James meet?	in the 1870s	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term \"pragmatism\",...
572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d5	What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?	pragmaticism	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term \"pragmatism\",...
572b4375be1ee31400cb82db	When was Peirce born?	1839	[ "Empiricism\n\nCharles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the mai...
572b4375be1ee31400cb82dc	When did Peirce die?	1914	[ "Empiricism\n\nCharles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the mai...
572b4375be1ee31400cb82dd	What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?	the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view	[ "Empiricism\n\nCharles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the mai...
572b4375be1ee31400cb82de	Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?	Charles Peirce	[ "Empiricism\n\nCharles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the mai...
572b4375be1ee31400cb82df	Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?	Descartes	[ "Empiricism\n\nCharles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the mai...
572b441cf75d5e190021fd42	How long before Peirce did Hume write?	a century	[ "Empiricism\n\nAmong Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reason...
572b441cf75d5e190021fd43	How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?	complementary	[ "Empiricism\n\nAmong Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reason...
572b441cf75d5e190021fd44	How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?	competitive	[ "Empiricism\n\nAmong Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reason...
572b441cf75d5e190021fd45	What did fallibilism say?	the conclusions of science are always tentative	[ "Empiricism\n\nAmong Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reason...
572b441cf75d5e190021fd46	What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?	its self-corrective character	[ "Empiricism\n\nAmong Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reason...
572b449df75d5e190021fd4c	Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?	Peirce	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, ...
572b449df75d5e190021fd4d	When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?	1903	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, ...
572b449df75d5e190021fd4e	What is 'haecceity'?	unique individuality or "thisness"	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, ...
572b449df75d5e190021fd4f	What did Irvin Rock write about?	indirect perception	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, ...
572b449df75d5e190021fd50	Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?	in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research	[ "Empiricism\n\nIn his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, ...
572b4537f75d5e190021fd56	Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?	William James	[ "Empiricism\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectu...
572b4537f75d5e190021fd57	Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?	in James's published lectures	[ "Empiricism\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectu...
572b4537f75d5e190021fd58	When was William James born?	1842	[ "Empiricism\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectu...
572b4537f75d5e190021fd59	When did William James die?	1910	[ "Empiricism\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectu...
572b4537f75d5e190021fd5a	When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'?	Around the beginning of the 20th century	[ "Empiricism\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectu...
572b459134ae481900dead71	Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?	John Dewey	[ "Empiricism\n\nJohn Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empi...
572b459134ae481900dead72	What did Dewey think about reality?	reality is determined by past experience	[ "Empiricism\n\nJohn Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empi...
572b459134ae481900dead73	When was Dewey born?	1859	[ "Empiricism\n\nJohn Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empi...
572b459134ae481900dead74	When did Dewey die?	1952	[ "Empiricism\n\nJohn Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empi...
572b459134ae481900dead75	What was instrumentalism a modification of?	James' pragmatism	[ "Empiricism\n\nJohn Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empi...
572b6958be1ee31400cb8365	What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?	reality	[ "Idealism\n\nIn philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a s...
572b6958be1ee31400cb8366	What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?	mind-independent	[ "Idealism\n\nIn philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a s...
572b6958be1ee31400cb8367	Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?	dualist	[ "Idealism\n\nIn philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a s...
572b6958be1ee31400cb8368	In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?	beliefs and values	[ "Idealism\n\nIn philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a s...
572b69c0be1ee31400cb836d	What Indian thinkers were early idealists?	Hindu	[ "Idealism\n\nThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra ...
572b69c0be1ee31400cb836e	What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?	Neoplatonists	[ "Idealism\n\nThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra ...
572b69c0be1ee31400cb836f	With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?	Mahayana	[ "Idealism\n\nThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra ...
572b69c0be1ee31400cb8370	In what century did the Yogācāra school arise?	4th	[ "Idealism\n\nThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra ...
572b69c0be1ee31400cb8371	What century did George Berkeley live in?	18th	[ "Idealism\n\nThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra ...
572b6a2734ae481900deadef	What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling?	German	[ "Idealism\n\nBeginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and...
572b6a2734ae481900deadf0	In what century did Hegel write?	19th	[ "Idealism\n\nBeginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and...
572b6a2734ae481900deadf1	Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition?	phenomenalism	[ "Idealism\n\nBeginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and...
572b6a2734ae481900deadf2	Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it?	Marxism	[ "Idealism\n\nBeginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and...
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb0	What does ἰδεῖν mean in English?	to see	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning \"to see\". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values...
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb1	By what year was "idealism" a word in English?	1743	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning \"to see\". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values...
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb2	Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?	pragmatists	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning \"to see\". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values...
572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb3	What language is ἰδεῖν?	Greek	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning \"to see\". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values...
572b6b0a111d821400f38e88	What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?	idealist	[ "Idealism\n\nAny philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed \"idealist\". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on whi...
572b6b0a111d821400f38e89	What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?	Metaphysical	[ "Idealism\n\nAny philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed \"idealist\". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on whi...
572b6b0a111d821400f38e8a	What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?	Platonic	[ "Idealism\n\nAny philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed \"idealist\". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on whi...
572b6b0a111d821400f38e8b	Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?	subjective	[ "Idealism\n\nAny philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed \"idealist\". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on whi...
572b6b0a111d821400f38e8c	What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?	Epistemological	[ "Idealism\n\nAny philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed \"idealist\". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on whi...
572b6b97111d821400f38e92	Who is a notable subjective idealist?	George Berkeley	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can n...
572b6b97111d821400f38e93	What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?	Immanuel Kant	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can n...
572b6b97111d821400f38e94	Who are subjective idealists opposed to?	realists	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can n...
572b6b97111d821400f38e95	Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?	Gottfried Leibniz	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can n...
572b6b97111d821400f38e96	Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?	Leibniz	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can n...
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb8	In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?	Neoplatonism	[ "Idealism\n\nChristian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it h...
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb9	What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?	Aristotelian scholasticism	[ "Idealism\n\nChristian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it h...
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdba	In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?	12th	[ "Idealism\n\nChristian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it h...
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbb	Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?	New Thought	[ "Idealism\n\nChristian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it h...
572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbc	What notable idealist was responsible for a "world ground" theory?	Hermann Lotze	[ "Idealism\n\nChristian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it h...
572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcc	What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?	ideas	[ "Idealism\n\nPlato's theory of forms or \"ideas\" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine \"the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcend...
572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcd	Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?	Simone Klein	[ "Idealism\n\nPlato's theory of forms or \"ideas\" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine \"the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcend...

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