Split (2)

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572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdce	What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?	metaphysical and epistemological	[ "Idealism\n\nPlato's theory of forms or \"ideas\" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine \"the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcend...
572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcf	What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?	quantum	[ "Idealism\n\nPlato's theory of forms or \"ideas\" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine \"the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcend...
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837d	What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?	neoplatonist	[ "Idealism\n\nWith the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; \"there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...\". Similarly,...
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837e	According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?	Plotinus	[ "Idealism\n\nWith the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; \"there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...\". Similarly,...
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837f	What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?	whether we know external objects	[ "Idealism\n\nWith the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; \"there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...\". Similarly,...
572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb8380	What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?	Time	[ "Idealism\n\nWith the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; \"there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...\". Similarly,...
572b6d7934ae481900deae01	Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?	immaterialism	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or \"bundles\" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he ...
572b6d7934ae481900deae02	Of what see was Berkeley bishop?	Cloyne	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or \"bundles\" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he ...
572b6d7934ae481900deae03	What was Berkeley's ethnicity?	Anglo-Irish	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or \"bundles\" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he ...
572b6d7934ae481900deae04	What does esse est percipi mean?	to be is to be perceived	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or \"bundles\" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he ...
572b6d7934ae481900deae05	What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?	abstractions	[ "Idealism\n\nSubjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or \"bundles\" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he ...
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8385	Who was known as the "Cambridge Platonist"?	John Norris	[ "Idealism\n\nArthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as abso...
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8386	Who was notably influenced by John Norris?	Arthur Collier	[ "Idealism\n\nArthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as abso...
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8387	When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written?	1701	[ "Idealism\n\nArthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as abso...
572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8388	What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable?	represented image of an external object	[ "Idealism\n\nArthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as abso...
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0b	Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"?	Immanuel Kant	[ "Idealism\n\nand proliferation of hyphenated entities such as \"thing-in-itself\" (Immanuel Kant), \"things-as-interacted-by-us\" (Arthur Fine), \"table-of-commonsense\" and \"table-of-physics\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are \"warning signs\" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly d...
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0c	Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"?	Sir Arthur Eddington	[ "Idealism\n\nand proliferation of hyphenated entities such as \"thing-in-itself\" (Immanuel Kant), \"things-as-interacted-by-us\" (Arthur Fine), \"table-of-commonsense\" and \"table-of-physics\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are \"warning signs\" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly d...
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0d	Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"?	Arthur Fine	[ "Idealism\n\nand proliferation of hyphenated entities such as \"thing-in-itself\" (Immanuel Kant), \"things-as-interacted-by-us\" (Arthur Fine), \"table-of-commonsense\" and \"table-of-physics\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are \"warning signs\" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly d...
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0e	Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism?	Musgrave	[ "Idealism\n\nand proliferation of hyphenated entities such as \"thing-in-itself\" (Immanuel Kant), \"things-as-interacted-by-us\" (Arthur Fine), \"table-of-commonsense\" and \"table-of-physics\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are \"warning signs\" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly d...
572b6eeb34ae481900deae0f	What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?	Postmodernist	[ "Idealism\n\nand proliferation of hyphenated entities such as \"thing-in-itself\" (Immanuel Kant), \"things-as-interacted-by-us\" (Arthur Fine), \"table-of-commonsense\" and \"table-of-physics\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are \"warning signs\" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly d...
572b6f49111d821400f38e9c	What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?	subjectivists	[ "Idealism\n\nA. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's ...
572b6f49111d821400f38e9d	What book was written by A.A. Luce?	Sense without Matter	[ "Idealism\n\nA. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's ...
572b6f49111d821400f38e9e	What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?	1954	[ "Idealism\n\nA. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's ...
572b6f49111d821400f38e9f	Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism?	Foster	[ "Idealism\n\nA. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's ...
572b6f49111d821400f38ea0	Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating?	Berkeley	[ "Idealism\n\nA. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's ...
572b720e34ae481900deae1b	What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?	Subjective Idealism	[ "Idealism\n\nThe 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is...
572b720e34ae481900deae1c	What sort of idealist was Descartes?	Sceptical	[ "Idealism\n\nThe 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is...
572b720e34ae481900deae1d	In what section was Descartes criticized?	Paralogisms of Pure Reason	[ "Idealism\n\nThe 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is...
572b720e34ae481900deae1e	In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?	2nd	[ "Idealism\n\nThe 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is...
572b720e34ae481900deae1f	When was the second edition published?	1787	[ "Idealism\n\nThe 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is...
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd4	Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?	Schopenhauer	[ "Idealism\n\nIn the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images i...
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd5	According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?	our own minds	[ "Idealism\n\nIn the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images i...
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd6	What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?	our own consciousness	[ "Idealism\n\nIn the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images i...
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd7	What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?	representations	[ "Idealism\n\nIn the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images i...
572b7268f75d5e190021fdd8	What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?	subjective	[ "Idealism\n\nIn the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images i...
572b734bf75d5e190021fde6	Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?	Friedrich Nietzsche	[ "Idealism\n\nFriedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling \"the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysic...
572b734bf75d5e190021fde7	Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?	Descartes	[ "Idealism\n\nFriedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling \"the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysic...
572b734bf75d5e190021fde8	Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?	Descartes	[ "Idealism\n\nFriedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling \"the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysic...
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ab	According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?	transcendental	[ "Idealism\n\nAbsolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy \"absolute\" idealism in contrast to the \"subjective idealism\" of Berkeley and the \"transcendental idealism\" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique...
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ac	Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?	Berkeley	[ "Idealism\n\nAbsolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy \"absolute\" idealism in contrast to the \"subjective idealism\" of Berkeley and the \"transcendental idealism\" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique...
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ad	What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?	Absolute	[ "Idealism\n\nAbsolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy \"absolute\" idealism in contrast to the \"subjective idealism\" of Berkeley and the \"transcendental idealism\" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique...
572b749abe1ee31400cb83ae	How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher?	exercise of reason and intellect	[ "Idealism\n\nAbsolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy \"absolute\" idealism in contrast to the \"subjective idealism\" of Berkeley and the \"transcendental idealism\" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique...
572b755a34ae481900deae25	When was Science of Logic written?	1812–1814	[ "Idealism\n\nIn his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully \"real\" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less \"re...
572b755a34ae481900deae26	Who was the author of Science of Logic?	Hegel	[ "Idealism\n\nIn his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully \"real\" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less \"re...
572b755a34ae481900deae27	Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?	less self-determining	[ "Idealism\n\nIn his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully \"real\" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less \"re...
572b755a34ae481900deae28	Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?	ethical communities	[ "Idealism\n\nIn his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully \"real\" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less \"re...
572b755a34ae481900deae29	What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?	materialism	[ "Idealism\n\nIn his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully \"real\" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less \"re...
572b764d111d821400f38ea6	In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?	Spirit	[ "Idealism\n\nHegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the \"subject\" (any human observer)) to be able to know any ob...
572b764d111d821400f38ea7	What is another term for Hegel's "subject"?	any human observer	[ "Idealism\n\nHegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the \"subject\" (any human observer)) to be able to know any ob...
572b764d111d821400f38ea8	What does Hegel mean by "object"?	any external entity	[ "Idealism\n\nHegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the \"subject\" (any human observer)) to be able to know any ob...
572b764d111d821400f38ea9	What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?	Absolute Spirit	[ "Idealism\n\nHegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the \"subject\" (any human observer)) to be able to know any ob...
572b764d111d821400f38eaa	Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?	self	[ "Idealism\n\nHegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the \"subject\" (any human observer)) to be able to know any ob...
572b76f734ae481900deae2f	Who was a notable critic of Hegel?	Kierkegaard	[ "Idealism\n\nKierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of G...
572b76f734ae481900deae30	For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system?	human	[ "Idealism\n\nKierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of G...
572b76f734ae481900deae31	According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system for human beings?	humans are incomplete	[ "Idealism\n\nKierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of G...
572b76f734ae481900deae32	Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality, what sort of system can exist?	logical	[ "Idealism\n\nKierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of G...
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b3	Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?	Hegel	[ "Idealism\n\nA major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of \"mutual recognition.\" However, what Climacus means by...
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b4	When was Phenomenology of Spirit published?	1807	[ "Idealism\n\nA major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of \"mutual recognition.\" However, what Climacus means by...
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b5	What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed?	individuality	[ "Idealism\n\nA major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of \"mutual recognition.\" However, what Climacus means by...
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b6	Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual?	State	[ "Idealism\n\nA major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of \"mutual recognition.\" However, what Climacus means by...
572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b7	What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed?	bourgeois	[ "Idealism\n\nA major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of \"mutual recognition.\" However, what Climacus means by...
572b7822f75d5e190021fdec	What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?	ultimate	[ "Idealism\n\nIn addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is ...
572b7822f75d5e190021fded	Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?	Kierkegaard	[ "Idealism\n\nIn addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is ...
572b7822f75d5e190021fdee	According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take?	abstraction	[ "Idealism\n\nIn addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is ...
572b7822f75d5e190021fdef	Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God?	we are finite beings	[ "Idealism\n\nIn addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is ...
572b7822f75d5e190021fdf0	If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend?	human understanding	[ "Idealism\n\nIn addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is ...
572b78f434ae481900deae37	Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism?	Moore	[ "Idealism\n\nBradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or n...
572b78f434ae481900deae38	In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?	Bradley	[ "Idealism\n\nBradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or n...
572b78f434ae481900deae39	Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?	Berkeley	[ "Idealism\n\nBradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or n...
572b7982be1ee31400cb83bd	Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?	Gottfried Leibniz	[ "Idealism\n\nPluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of...
572b7982be1ee31400cb83be	What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?	Panpsychism	[ "Idealism\n\nPluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of...
572b7982be1ee31400cb83bf	What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?	monads	[ "Idealism\n\nPluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of...
572b7982be1ee31400cb83c0	Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?	James Ward	[ "Idealism\n\nPluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of...
572b7982be1ee31400cb83c1	What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?	self- betterment	[ "Idealism\n\nPluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of...
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c7	Who was an exponent of so-called "Boston Personalism"?	Bowne	[ "Idealism\n\nHowison's personal idealism was also called \"California Personalism\" by others to distinguish it from the \"Boston Personalism\" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue t...
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c8	What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?	California Personalism	[ "Idealism\n\nHowison's personal idealism was also called \"California Personalism\" by others to distinguish it from the \"Boston Personalism\" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue t...
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c9	Who is a notable realistic personal theist?	Saint Thomas Aquinas	[ "Idealism\n\nHowison's personal idealism was also called \"California Personalism\" by others to distinguish it from the \"Boston Personalism\" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue t...
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83ca	What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?	dependence upon an infinite personal God	[ "Idealism\n\nHowison's personal idealism was also called \"California Personalism\" by others to distinguish it from the \"Boston Personalism\" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue t...
572b7a07be1ee31400cb83cb	What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?	moral	[ "Idealism\n\nHowison's personal idealism was also called \"California Personalism\" by others to distinguish it from the \"Boston Personalism\" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue t...
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf6	With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?	Cambridge	[ "Idealism\n\nJ. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. ...
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf7	In what year was The Nature of Existence published?	1927	[ "Idealism\n\nJ. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. ...
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf8	According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?	minds	[ "Idealism\n\nJ. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. ...
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf9	How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?	love	[ "Idealism\n\nJ. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. ...
572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdfa	What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?	unreal	[ "Idealism\n\nJ. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. ...
572b7afb34ae481900deae3d	What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson?	apeirotheism	[ "Idealism\n\nThomas Davidson taught a philosophy called \"apeirotheism\", a \"form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism\" which he defined as \"a theory of Gods infinite in number.\" The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of ...
572b7afb34ae481900deae3e	What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy?	pluralistic	[ "Idealism\n\nThomas Davidson taught a philosophy called \"apeirotheism\", a \"form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism\" which he defined as \"a theory of Gods infinite in number.\" The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of ...
572b7afb34ae481900deae3f	According to Davidson, how many gods are there?	infinite	[ "Idealism\n\nThomas Davidson taught a philosophy called \"apeirotheism\", a \"form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism\" which he defined as \"a theory of Gods infinite in number.\" The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of ...
572b7afb34ae481900deae40	By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced?	Aristotle	[ "Idealism\n\nThomas Davidson taught a philosophy called \"apeirotheism\", a \"form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism\" which he defined as \"a theory of Gods infinite in number.\" The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of ...
572b7afb34ae481900deae41	What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with?	rational thought	[ "Idealism\n\nThomas Davidson taught a philosophy called \"apeirotheism\", a \"form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism\" which he defined as \"a theory of Gods infinite in number.\" The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of ...
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d1	Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?	physicists	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing...
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d2	Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?	relativity	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing...
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d3	In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?	1900	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing...
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d4	What did Pearson claim that science classifies?	contents of the mind	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing...
572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d5	Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?	Einstein	[ "Idealism\n\nIdealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing...
572b7c07f75d5e190021fe00	How do receive information from the physical world?	messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness	[ "Idealism\n\n\"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environm...
572b7c07f75d5e190021fe01	What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?	subconsciousness	[ "Idealism\n\n\"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environm...
572b7c07f75d5e190021fe02	What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality?	mental	[ "Idealism\n\n\"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environm...
572b7c07f75d5e190021fe03	According to the author, who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental?	physicist	[ "Idealism\n\n\"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environm...
572b7c07f75d5e190021fe04	What is the main thing that we experience?	mind	[ "Idealism\n\n\"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environm...
572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc2	What was Czech formerly known as?	Bohemian	[ "Czech_language\n\nCzech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), formerly known as Bohemian (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic...

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