Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
572fab18947a6a140053cb3b	Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?	in the cytoplasm	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and ca...
572fab18947a6a140053cb3c	How does nucleoid look?	irregularly shaped body	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and ca...
572fab18947a6a140053cb3d	What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?	phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and ca...
572fab18947a6a140053cb3e	What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?	production of proteins	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and ca...
572fad2cb2c2fd1400568317	What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?	glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to...
572fad2cb2c2fd1400568318	How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?	move up or down into water layers with different light intensities	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to...
572fad2cb2c2fd1400568319	What are chromatophores used for?	photosynthesis	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to...
572fad2cb2c2fd140056831a	What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?	glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to...
572fad2cb2c2fd140056831b	What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?	to control their buoyancy	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to...
572faebea23a5019007fc887	What composes the cell envelope?	cell membrane and cell wall	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called \"murein\" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides contai...
572faebea23a5019007fc888	What is most common cell wall material?	peptidoglycan	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called \"murein\" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides contai...
572faebea23a5019007fc889	Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?	Bacterial cell walls are different	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called \"murein\" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides contai...
572faebea23a5019007fc88a	What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?	cellulose and chitin	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called \"murein\" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides contai...
572faebea23a5019007fc88b	How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?	by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called \"murein\" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides contai...
572fb096a23a5019007fc8a1	What does gram-positive bacteria have?	thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids	[ "Bacteria\n\nGram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoprot...
572fb096a23a5019007fc8a2	What can be endotoxins called?	Lipopolysaccharides	[ "Bacteria\n\nGram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoprot...
572fb096a23a5019007fc8a3	Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?	polysaccharides and lipid A	[ "Bacteria\n\nGram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoprot...
572fb096a23a5019007fc8a4	What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?	differences in antibiotic susceptibility	[ "Bacteria\n\nGram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoprot...
572fb096a23a5019007fc8a5	What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?	enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears	[ "Bacteria\n\nGram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoprot...
572fb31fa23a5019007fc8bf	What helps Mycobacteria be resistant to decolorization?	high mycolic acid content	[ "Bacteria\n\nAcid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-f...
572fb31fa23a5019007fc8c0	What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria?	staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention.	[ "Bacteria\n\nAcid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-f...
572fb31fa23a5019007fc8c1	What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?	Ziehl-Neelsen stain	[ "Bacteria\n\nAcid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-f...
572fb31fa23a5019007fc8c2	What is the main pathogenic bacteria in L-form class ?	Mycoplasma	[ "Bacteria\n\nAcid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-f...
572fb448947a6a140053cbbc	What are fimbriae?	fine filaments of protein	[ "Bacteria\n\nFimbriae (sometimes called \"attachment pili\") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be inv...
572fb448947a6a140053cbbd	What is the diameter of fimbriae?	2–10 nanometres	[ "Bacteria\n\nFimbriae (sometimes called \"attachment pili\") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be inv...
572fb448947a6a140053cbbe	What are fimbriae liable for?	involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells	[ "Bacteria\n\nFimbriae (sometimes called \"attachment pili\") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be inv...
572fb448947a6a140053cbbf	What are pili?	cellular appendages	[ "Bacteria\n\nFimbriae (sometimes called \"attachment pili\") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be inv...
572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568395	What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?	endospores	[ "Bacteria\n\nCertain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can mak...
572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568396	Is creating endospore a reproductive process?	is not a reproductive process	[ "Bacteria\n\nCertain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can mak...
572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568397	What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?	cortex layer	[ "Bacteria\n\nCertain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can mak...
572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568398	What chemical compound comprises 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores?	Dipicolinic acid	[ "Bacteria\n\nCertain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can mak...
572fb798b2c2fd14005683b1	Is there a metabolism in endospores?	show no detectable metabolism	[ "Bacteria\n\nEndospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and en...
572fb798b2c2fd14005683b2	What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?	UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure	[ "Bacteria\n\nEndospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and en...
572fb798b2c2fd14005683b3	How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?	for millions of years	[ "Bacteria\n\nEndospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and en...
572fb798b2c2fd14005683b4	What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?	Clostridium tetani	[ "Bacteria\n\nEndospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and en...
572fb921947a6a140053cbde	What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?	The distribution of metabolic traits	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutr...
572fb921947a6a140053cbdf	How is bacterial metabolism determined?	nutritional groups	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutr...
572fb921947a6a140053cbe0	What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?	the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutr...
572fb921947a6a140053cbe1	What are electron acceptors accountable for?	aerobic or anaerobic respiration	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutr...
572fbb81947a6a140053cbf6	How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?	organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources	[ "Bacteria\n\nCarbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteri...
572fbb81947a6a140053cbf7	When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?	cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide	[ "Bacteria\n\nCarbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteri...
572fbb81947a6a140053cbf8	What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?	Heterotrophic bacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nCarbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteri...
572fbb81947a6a140053cbf9	Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?	autotrophic bacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nCarbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteri...
572fbb81947a6a140053cbfa	What is chemotrophy ?	the use of chemical substances for energy	[ "Bacteria\n\nCarbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteri...
572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0a	What do lithotrophs use ?	inorganic electron donors	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reaction...
572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0b	What type of electron donors organotrophs use?	organic compounds	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reaction...
572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0c	What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?	chemical compounds	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reaction...
572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0d	In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?	anaerobic organisms	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reaction...
572fbdb704bcaa1900d76c55	What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?	the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury	[ "Bacteria\n\nThese processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy...
572fbdb704bcaa1900d76c56	What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?	ethanol	[ "Bacteria\n\nThese processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy...
572fbdb704bcaa1900d76c57	How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment?	can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors	[ "Bacteria\n\nThese processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy...
572fbf5a04bcaa1900d76c6d	What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria?	Common inorganic electron donors	[ "Bacteria\n\nLithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be ...
572fbf5a04bcaa1900d76c6e	How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotrophic bacteria?	both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism	[ "Bacteria\n\nLithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be ...
572fbf5a04bcaa1900d76c6f	What is the main element for aerobic photorophy?	oxygen	[ "Bacteria\n\nLithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be ...
572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97b	How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?	in the form of relatively small molecules	[ "Bacteria\n\nRegardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in pos...
572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97c	What chemical process helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?	diffusion	[ "Bacteria\n\nRegardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in pos...
572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97d	What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?	endocytosis	[ "Bacteria\n\nRegardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in pos...
572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97e	What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?	molecular channels in cell membranes	[ "Bacteria\n\nRegardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in pos...
572fc5c004bcaa1900d76ce9	How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?	Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce	[ "Bacteria\n\nUnlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and...
572fc5c004bcaa1900d76cea	How does bacteria reproduce?	through binary fission	[ "Bacteria\n\nUnlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and...
572fc5c004bcaa1900d76ceb	If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce?	divide extremely rapidly	[ "Bacteria\n\nUnlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and...
572fc5c004bcaa1900d76cec	What are produced in cell division?	two identical clone daughter cells	[ "Bacteria\n\nUnlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and...
572fc771947a6a140053ccae	In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?	solid or liquid media	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid ...
572fc771947a6a140053ccaf	What is typical solid setting?	agar plates	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid ...
572fc771947a6a140053ccb0	Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria?	liquid growth media	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid ...
572fc771947a6a140053ccb1	Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain?	agar plates	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid ...
572fc771947a6a140053ccb2	What can help to indentify specific bacteria?	The use of selective media	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid ...
572fc90704bcaa1900d76d27	What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells?	high levels of nutrients	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This nutrient limitation has led the evolution of...
572fc90704bcaa1900d76d28	What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria?	nutrients are limited	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This nutrient limitation has led the evolution of...
572fc90704bcaa1900d76d29	What do algal bacteria if nutrients are available?	grow extremely rapidly	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This nutrient limitation has led the evolution of...
572fc90704bcaa1900d76d2a	What can create a subsequent increase of nutrients in natural environment?	biofilms	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This nutrient limitation has led the evolution of...
572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc0	How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?	four phases	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environm...
572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc1	What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?	lag phase	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environm...
572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc2	What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?	rapid exponential growth	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environm...
572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc3	What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?	stationary phase	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environm...
572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc4	The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?	nutrients	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environm...
572fcc11947a6a140053ccd2	What shape is chromosome of bacteria?	circular chromosome	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this...
572fcc11947a6a140053ccd3	What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?	Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this...
572fcc11947a6a140053ccd4	What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease?	Borrelia burgdorferi	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this...
572fcc11947a6a140053ccd5	How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like?	single linear chromosome	[ "Bacteria\n\nMost bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this...
572fcd8204bcaa1900d76d57	What makes bacteria an asexual organism?	inherit identical copies of their parent's genes	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or...
572fcd8204bcaa1900d76d58	What can cause mutation in bacteria?	changes to their genetic material DNA	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or...
572fcd8204bcaa1900d76d59	What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?	random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or...
572fcf88a23a5019007fca23	What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?	Transduction of bacterial genes	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring c...
572fcf88a23a5019007fca24	What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?	Conjugation	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring c...
572fcf88a23a5019007fca25	How does conjugation take place?	conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring c...
572fcf88a23a5019007fca26	Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?	It is seldom	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring c...
572fd132947a6a140053ccee	What does transformation of bacteria depends on?	numerous bacterial gene products	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into ...
572fd132947a6a140053ccef	How simple is the process of transformation?	this complex process	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into ...
572fd132947a6a140053ccf0	What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA	enter a special physiological state termed competence	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into ...
572fd132947a6a140053ccf1	How big can be the transformation level?	between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into ...
572fd132947a6a140053ccf2	How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?	common	[ "Bacteria\n\nTransformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into ...
572fd29ea23a5019007fca47	Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?	the same species	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of an...
572fd29ea23a5019007fca48	What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?	transfer of antibiotic resistance	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of an...
572fd29ea23a5019007fca49	What is horizontal gene transfer?	gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of an...
572fd46404bcaa1900d76d97	What are Bacteriophages?	viruses that infect bacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia...
572fd46404bcaa1900d76d98	What can viruses do to bacteria?	infect and lyse their host bacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia...
572fd46404bcaa1900d76d99	What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?	lethal pathogen	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia...
572fd46404bcaa1900d76d9a	How can bacteria resist virus DNA?	CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia...
572fd628a23a5019007fca69	What is monotrichous?	single flagellum	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the...

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