Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
572fd628a23a5019007fca6a	If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?	amphitrichous	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the...
572fd628a23a5019007fca6b	When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?	peritrichous	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the...
572fd628a23a5019007fca6c	How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?	20 proteins	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the...
572fd628a23a5019007fca6d	How does flagellum function within the cell?	uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the...
572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbb	How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?	grouping organisms based on similarities	[ "Bacteria\n\nClassification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. Whi...
572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbc	Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?	unclear	[ "Bacteria\n\nClassification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. Whi...
572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbd	What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?	lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,	[ "Bacteria\n\nClassification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. Whi...
572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbe	What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?	different morphologies and metabolisms	[ "Bacteria\n\nClassification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. Whi...
572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbf	What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?	emphasizes molecular systematics	[ "Bacteria\n\nClassification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. Whi...
572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568503	What would original term "bacteria" determine?	all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe term \"bacteria\" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an...
572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568504	What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?	Eubacteria and Archaebacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe term \"bacteria\" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an...
572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568505	What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?	archaea and eukaryotes	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe term \"bacteria\" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an...
572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568506	What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?	three-domain system	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe term \"bacteria\" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an...
572fdb47947a6a140053cd56	What was developed by Hans Christian Gram?	The Gram stain	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the \"Gram-positive\" cell wall stain purple, while the thin \"Gram-negative\" cell wall appears pink. By combining morpholo...
572fdb47947a6a140053cd57	What year was the Grahm stain was developed?	1884	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the \"Gram-positive\" cell wall stain purple, while the thin \"Gram-negative\" cell wall appears pink. By combining morpholo...
572fdb47947a6a140053cd58	What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained?	purple	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the \"Gram-positive\" cell wall stain purple, while the thin \"Gram-negative\" cell wall appears pink. By combining morpholo...
572fdb47947a6a140053cd59	What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining?	pink	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the \"Gram-positive\" cell wall stain purple, while the thin \"Gram-negative\" cell wall appears pink. By combining morpholo...
572fdb47947a6a140053cd5a	What stain shows better test results on Norcadia bacteria?	Ziehl–Neelsen	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the \"Gram-positive\" cell wall stain purple, while the thin \"Gram-negative\" cell wall appears pink. By combining morpholo...
572fde67947a6a140053cd84	What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?	molecular methods	[ "Bacteria\n\nAs with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detect...
572fde67947a6a140053cd85	What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?	polymerase chain reaction	[ "Bacteria\n\nAs with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detect...
572fde67947a6a140053cd86	What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?	identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells	[ "Bacteria\n\nAs with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detect...
572fde67947a6a140053cd87	Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?	cannot even be estimated with any certainty	[ "Bacteria\n\nAs with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detect...
572fdfbda23a5019007fcab1	Why are certain bacteria called predatory?	bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in or...
572fdfbda23a5019007fcab2	Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?	attach to their prey in order to digest them	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in or...
572fdfbda23a5019007fcab3	What technique do Daptobacter use in order to kill other microorganism?	invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in or...
572fdfbda23a5019007fcab4	Where do Daptobacter bacteria come from?	saprophages	[ "Bacteria\n\nSome species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in or...
572fe0c2b2c2fd140056854d	What helps bacteria to survive?	close spatial associations	[ "Bacteria\n\nCertain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and me...
572fe0c2b2c2fd140056854e	What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?	anaerobic bacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nCertain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and me...
572fe0c2b2c2fd140056854f	What do anaerobic bacteria consume?	butyric acid or propionic acid	[ "Bacteria\n\nCertain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and me...
572fe23504bcaa1900d76e41	Where do bacteria stay in soil?	rhizosphere	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many ...
572fe23504bcaa1900d76e42	What do bacteria do in soil?	converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many ...
572fe23504bcaa1900d76e43	How does the conversion help the vegetation?	provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many ...
572fe23504bcaa1900d76e44	What is the amount of bacteria in human intestines?	over 1,000 bacterial species	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many ...
572fe23504bcaa1900d76e45	How does gut flora prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria?	through competitive exclusion	[ "Bacteria\n\nIn soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many ...
572fe3adb2c2fd1400568571	What are the pathogenes?	bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms	[ "Bacteria\n\nIf bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic ca...
572fe3adb2c2fd1400568572	What can pathogenes cause?	human death and disease	[ "Bacteria\n\nIf bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic ca...
572fe3adb2c2fd1400568573	Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?	may only be discovered many years after	[ "Bacteria\n\nIf bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic ca...
572fe57704bcaa1900d76e73	How pathogenes interact with it's human host?	pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions	[ "Bacteria\n\nEach species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and...
572fe57704bcaa1900d76e74	Can all bacteria in human body be harmful?	exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease	[ "Bacteria\n\nEach species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and...
572fe57704bcaa1900d76e75	Which bacteria cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever disiease?	species of Rickettsia	[ "Bacteria\n\nEach species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and...
572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e79	What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?	if they kill bacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host...
572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7a	What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth	bacteriostatic	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host...
572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7b	Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?	in intensive farming to promote animal growth	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host...
572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7c	What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?	rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host...
572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7d	What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?	sterilizing	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host...
572fe8d0b2c2fd14005685b9	What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?	ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Soun...
572fe8d0b2c2fd14005685ba	What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?	Bacteria	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Soun...
572fe8d0b2c2fd14005685bb	What other way is bacteria aiding to nature?	used for the bioremediation	[ "Bacteria\n\nThe ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Soun...
572fea3d04bcaa1900d76ea7	What sciences use bacteria?	molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry	[ "Bacteria\n\nBecause of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the functi...
572febaaa23a5019007fcb3f	When was the first time bacteria were observed?	1676	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They wer...
572febaaa23a5019007fcb40	Who discovered bacteria?	Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They wer...
572febaaa23a5019007fcb41	How was he able to see bacteria?	using a single-lens microscope of his own design	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They wer...
572febaaa23a5019007fcb42	How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?	over a century	[ "Bacteria\n\nBacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They wer...
572fed76a23a5019007fcb47	When was the first antibiotic discovered?	In 1910	[ "Bacteria\n\nThough it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — i...
572fed76a23a5019007fcb48	Who was the creator of antibiotic?	Paul Ehrlich	[ "Bacteria\n\nThough it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — i...
572fed76a23a5019007fcb49	What bacteria did he treat first?	Treponema pallidum	[ "Bacteria\n\nThough it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — i...
572fed76a23a5019007fcb4a	How was his discovery aknowledged?	had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize	[ "Bacteria\n\nThough it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — i...
572fed76a23a5019007fcb4b	Who based their research on Enrlich's stains works?	Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen	[ "Bacteria\n\nThough it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — i...
572f8d4da23a5019007fc72b	What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components?	printed wiring board	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nWhen the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit b...
572f8d4da23a5019007fc72c	What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?	PWB	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nWhen the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit b...
572f8d4da23a5019007fc72d	What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics, abbreviated PCA?	printed circuit assembly	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nWhen the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit b...
572f8d4da23a5019007fc72e	What organization likes the term "circuit card assembly" for boards that have already been assembled?	IPC	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nWhen the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit b...
572f8d4da23a5019007fc72f	What abbreviation would the IPC use for an assembled circuit board?	CCA	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nWhen the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit b...
572f8ec5947a6a140053ca5e	What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?	photomask	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nInitially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of c...
572f8ec5947a6a140053ca5f	In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?	traces	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nInitially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of c...
572f8ec5947a6a140053ca60	What were traces originally made out of?	self-adhesive tape	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nInitially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of c...
572f8ec5947a6a140053ca61	Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?	common component footprints	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nInitially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of c...
572f8ec5947a6a140053ca62	What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?	copper	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nInitially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of c...
572f9268a23a5019007fc785	What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?	Panelization	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nPanelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays -...
572f9268a23a5019007fc786	Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?	a single design	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nPanelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays -...
572f9268a23a5019007fc787	What type of panels can also be referred to as an "array?'	assembly panels	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nPanelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays -...
572f9268a23a5019007fc788	Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?	bare board manufacturing panels	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nPanelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays -...
572f9268a23a5019007fc789	What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?	the plating process	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nPanelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays -...
572f94e7b2c2fd140056821b	What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?	depaneling	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes les...
572f94e7b2c2fd140056821c	What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?	individual circuits	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes les...
572f94e7b2c2fd140056821d	What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?	lasers	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes les...
572f94e7b2c2fd140056821e	What does the V-shaped groove method save?	space	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes les...
572f94e7b2c2fd140056821f	What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?	circuits	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes les...
572f97ee947a6a140053caac	Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?	additive	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSubtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less was...
572f97ee947a6a140053caad	What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?	palladium	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSubtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less was...
572f97ee947a6a140053caae	What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?	mask	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSubtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less was...
572f97ee947a6a140053caaf	In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?	copper	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSubtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less was...
572f97ee947a6a140053cab0	In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?	sensitized areas	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSubtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less was...
572f9d1db2c2fd140056825f	In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?	traces	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSemi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then pl...
572f9d1db2c2fd1400568260	What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?	copper	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSemi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then pl...
572f9d1db2c2fd1400568261	After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?	etching	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSemi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then pl...
572f9d1db2c2fd1400568262	What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?	General Electric	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSemi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then pl...
572f9d1db2c2fd1400568263	What weight of plating is possible with copper?	any	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nSemi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then pl...
572f9fd104bcaa1900d76aff	What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?	hobbyists	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the...
572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b00	Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?	long	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the...
572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b01	If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?	Heat	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the...
572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b02	What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?	bubble etching	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the...
572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b03	What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?	spray etching	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the...
572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b1d	If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?	four	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nMulti-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by sta...
572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b1e	What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB?	trace layers	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nMulti-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by sta...
572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b1f	Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB; what's the other thing?	heat	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nMulti-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by sta...
572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b20	What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together?	press	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nMulti-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by sta...
572fa37304bcaa1900d76b25	What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?	coated tungsten carbide	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nHoles through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain ...
572fa37304bcaa1900d76b26	What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?	high-speed-steel	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nHoles through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain ...
572fa37304bcaa1900d76b27	What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?	abrasive	[ "Printed_circuit_board\n\nHoles through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain ...

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