id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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573016ea04bcaa1900d77160 | What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board? | a connection | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nSince it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire i... |
573016ea04bcaa1900d77161 | Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on? | crosstalk | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nSince it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire i... |
573016ea04bcaa1900d77162 | What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed? | cost | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nSince it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire i... |
573016ea04bcaa1900d77163 | In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix? | wires | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nSince it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire i... |
57301cee947a6a140053d11e | What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully? | Cordwood | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nCordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leade... |
57301cee947a6a140053d11f | What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction? | axial-leaded components | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nCordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leade... |
57301cee947a6a140053d120 | What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers? | shorting | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nCordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leade... |
57301cee947a6a140053d121 | What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment? | nickel-leaded | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nCordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leade... |
57301cee947a6a140053d122 | What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program? | Differential thermal expansion | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nCordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leade... |
57301ef4a23a5019007fcdcf | Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board? | Albert Hanson | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDevelopment of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating co... |
57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd0 | What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it? | linen paper | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDevelopment of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating co... |
57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd1 | What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method? | 1913 | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDevelopment of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating co... |
57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd2 | In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board? | a patterned mask | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDevelopment of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating co... |
57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd3 | Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns? | Charles Ducas | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDevelopment of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating co... |
57302051947a6a140053d14c | What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit? | a radio set | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the inventi... |
57302051947a6a140053d14d | What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses? | World War II | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the inventi... |
57302051947a6a140053d14e | When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.? | 1948 | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the inventi... |
57302051947a6a140053d14f | Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s? | Geoffrey Dummer | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the inventi... |
57302051947a6a140053d150 | What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics? | Auto-Sembly | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nThe Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the inventi... |
5730221db2c2fd1400568909 | What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun? | Globe Union | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDuring World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate wou... |
5730221db2c2fd140056890a | What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of? | ceramic | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDuring World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate wou... |
5730221db2c2fd140056890b | Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented? | Harry W. Rubinstein | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDuring World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate wou... |
5730221db2c2fd140056890c | What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions? | Cledo Brunetti Award | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDuring World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate wou... |
5730221db2c2fd140056890d | Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college? | University of Wisconsin-Madison | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nDuring World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate wou... |
57302364b2c2fd1400568927 | What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components? | through-hole | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nOriginally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson a... |
57302364b2c2fd1400568928 | In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created? | 1949 | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nOriginally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson a... |
57302364b2c2fd1400568929 | Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted? | U.S. Army | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nOriginally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson a... |
57302364b2c2fd140056892a | What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted? | 1956 | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nOriginally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson a... |
57302364b2c2fd140056892b | Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly? | drilling holes | [
"Printed_circuit_board\n\nOriginally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson a... |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b53 | Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ? | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea | [
"Greeks\n\nGreek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks wer... |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b54 | Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ? | Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas | [
"Greeks\n\nGreek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks wer... |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b55 | When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ? | the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. | [
"Greeks\n\nGreek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks wer... |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b56 | Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ? | The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. | [
"Greeks\n\nGreek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks wer... |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b57 | What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ? | these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century | [
"Greeks\n\nGreek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks wer... |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b6f | What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? | Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. | [
"Greeks\n\nThe evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by th... |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b70 | What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ? | The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels | [
"Greeks\n\nThe evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by th... |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b71 | What other language has this same trait ? | word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language | [
"Greeks\n\nThe evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by th... |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b72 | What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ? | phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian | [
"Greeks\n\nThe evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by th... |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b73 | How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ? | linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant. | [
"Greeks\n\nThe evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by th... |
572fab80947a6a140053cb44 | What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual region between Greece and Albania ? | the Dorians | [
"Greeks\n\nAround 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Me... |
572fab80947a6a140053cb45 | When did these groups make the migration ? | Around 1200 BC | [
"Greeks\n\nAround 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Me... |
572fab80947a6a140053cb46 | What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ? | the Mycenaean civilization, | [
"Greeks\n\nAround 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Me... |
572fab80947a6a140053cb47 | Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? | it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) | [
"Greeks\n\nAround 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Me... |
572fab80947a6a140053cb48 | What areas were being explored by others in by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived ? | seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC | [
"Greeks\n\nAround 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Me... |
572faeefa23a5019007fc891 | How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ? | Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th ... |
572faeefa23a5019007fc892 | How did they believe their forebears lived ? | Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th ... |
572faeefa23a5019007fc893 | What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ? | The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th ... |
572faeefa23a5019007fc894 | Who was the author of these tales ? | Homer | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th ... |
572faeefa23a5019007fc895 | What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? | Zeus, Poseidon and Hades | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th ... |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ab | What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society? | The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism | [
"Greeks\n\nThe ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience a... |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ac | When did this event occur ? | development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. | [
"Greeks\n\nThe ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience a... |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ad | What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ? | the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, | [
"Greeks\n\nThe ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience a... |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ae | What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? | The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) | [
"Greeks\n\nThe ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience a... |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8af | What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ? | Oracle of Apollo at Delphi | [
"Greeks\n\nThe ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience a... |
572fb308b2c2fd1400568377 | The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ? | classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC | [
"Greeks\n\nThe classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the ... |
572fb308b2c2fd1400568378 | Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ? | this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander | [
"Greeks\n\nThe classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the ... |
572fb308b2c2fd1400568379 | What is so well known about this period ? | It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras | [
"Greeks\n\nThe classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the ... |
572fb308b2c2fd140056837a | What shiny other name is this time also called ? | The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization | [
"Greeks\n\nThe classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the ... |
572fb308b2c2fd140056837b | What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ? | civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture. | [
"Greeks\n\nThe classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the ... |
572fb550a23a5019007fc8d1 | What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ? | Alexander | [
"Greeks\n\nIn any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. W... |
572fb550a23a5019007fc8d2 | How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ? | provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way | [
"Greeks\n\nIn any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. W... |
572fb550a23a5019007fc8d3 | What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ? | Hellenistic cities | [
"Greeks\n\nIn any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. W... |
572fb550a23a5019007fc8d4 | Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ? | there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers. | [
"Greeks\n\nIn any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. W... |
572fb550a23a5019007fc8d5 | Name a city that the Greeks nested in ? | cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. | [
"Greeks\n\nIn any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. W... |
572fb70e947a6a140053cbd4 | With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ? | the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. | [
"Greeks\n\nThis age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An... |
572fb70e947a6a140053cbd5 | The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ? | larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. | [
"Greeks\n\nThis age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An... |
572fb70e947a6a140053cbd6 | How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ? | Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. | [
"Greeks\n\nThis age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An... |
572fb70e947a6a140053cbd7 | What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ? | the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. | [
"Greeks\n\nThis age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An... |
572fb70e947a6a140053cbd8 | What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ? | Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period. | [
"Greeks\n\nThis age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An... |
572fb85804bcaa1900d76c31 | When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ? | decline beginning in the 3rd century BC | [
"Greeks\n\nIn the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithr... |
572fb85804bcaa1900d76c32 | What encouraged the change of faith ? | with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. | [
"Greeks\n\nIn the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithr... |
572fb85804bcaa1900d76c33 | What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ? | The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world. | [
"Greeks\n\nIn the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithr... |
572fb85804bcaa1900d76c34 | What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ? | Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity | [
"Greeks\n\nIn the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithr... |
572fb85804bcaa1900d76c35 | What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ? | Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking | [
"Greeks\n\nIn the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithr... |
572fba31947a6a140053cbee | What alternative name were the Greeks known by ? | the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans") | [
"Greeks\n\nOf the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they... |
572fba31947a6a140053cbef | What did the label of Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ? | the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans | [
"Greeks\n\nOf the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they... |
572fba31947a6a140053cbf0 | Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ? | secondary to religious considerations | [
"Greeks\n\nOf the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they... |
572fba31947a6a140053cbf1 | What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ? | Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn. | [
"Greeks\n\nOf the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they... |
572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c41 | When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks. | influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, bu... |
572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c42 | Who ruled Rome during this time period ? | Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, bu... |
572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c43 | What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ? | decided to make Greek the empire's official language. | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, bu... |
572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c44 | What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ? | Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, bu... |
572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c45 | Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ? | the Latin West started to favour the Franks | [
"Greeks\n\nThe Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, bu... |
572fbf48a23a5019007fc941 | What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ? | the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 | [
"Greeks\n\nA distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of n... |
572fbf48a23a5019007fc942 | When did the nation reestablish itself ? | empire was revived in 1261 | [
"Greeks\n\nA distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of n... |
572fbf48a23a5019007fc943 | What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ? | philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. | [
"Greeks\n\nA distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of n... |
572fbf48a23a5019007fc944 | What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ? | interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity | [
"Greeks\n\nA distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of n... |
572fbf48a23a5019007fc945 | Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ? | second Russo-Turkish War | [
"Greeks\n\nA distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of n... |
572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e5 | When did the emperor Constantine lose rule over in 1453 ? | Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 | [
"Greeks\n\nFollowing the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-... |
572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e6 | What did the populace do in response to the loss ? | many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West | [
"Greeks\n\nFollowing the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-... |
572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e7 | What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ? | in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia | [
"Greeks\n\nFollowing the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-... |
572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e8 | Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ? | men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy | [
"Greeks\n\nFollowing the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-... |
572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e9 | What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ? | levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. | [
"Greeks\n\nFollowing the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-... |
572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c8d | How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ? | religion was the defining characteristic of national groups | [
"Greeks\n\nFor those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym \"Greeks\" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic ori... |
572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c8e | What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ? | was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin. | [
"Greeks\n\nFor those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym \"Greeks\" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic ori... |
572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c8f | What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ? | The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi | [
"Greeks\n\nFor those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym \"Greeks\" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic ori... |
572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c90 | What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ? | those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic | [
"Greeks\n\nFor those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym \"Greeks\" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic ori... |
572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c91 | Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ? | second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system | [
"Greeks\n\nFor those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym \"Greeks\" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic ori... |
572fc3b7a23a5019007fc9b9 | What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ? | the Greek tradition of education and commerce | [
"Greeks\n\nThe roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leadin... |
572fc3b7a23a5019007fc9ba | Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ? | the wealth of the extensive merchant class | [
"Greeks\n\nThe roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leadin... |
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