Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
572fbf77b2c2fd14005683de	What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?	appointed magistrates	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nRoman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, ...
572fbf77b2c2fd14005683df	What went hand and hand with military success?	political success	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nRoman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, ...
572fc1c9a23a5019007fc98d	What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?	inter-state factors	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven...
572fc1c9a23a5019007fc98e	What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?	imperialism	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven...
572fc1c9a23a5019007fc98f	What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?	restoration of the way things were	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven...
572fc1c9a23a5019007fc990	What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?	mutual self-protection	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven...
572fc1c9a23a5019007fc991	What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?	land	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven...
572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbb	After what war did the alliances start to solidify?	Second Punic War	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThis growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While ...
572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbc	What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area?	This growing coalition	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThis growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While ...
572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbd	What towns had chosen Hannibal's side?	southern Italian	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThis growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While ...
572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbe	What did city-states hope to gain from the Roman confederacy?	membership (and protection)	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThis growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While ...
572fc931947a6a140053ccb8	What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?	destabilisation	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius,...
572fc931947a6a140053ccb9	Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?	Polybius	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius,...
572fc931947a6a140053ccba	Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east?	alliance-seeking	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius,...
572fc931947a6a140053ccbb	Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?	Greek	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius,...
572fcad3947a6a140053ccca	What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?	crisis management	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nHistorians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With ...
572fcad3947a6a140053cccb	At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?	the time of the Roman Empire	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nHistorians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With ...
572fcad3947a6a140053cccc	What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?	intentional empire-building	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nHistorians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With ...
572fcad3947a6a140053cccd	What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?	independent	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nHistorians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With ...
572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d47	In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?	the Battle of Lake Regillus	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the ...
572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d48	What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?	496 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the ...
572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d49	In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?	477 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the ...
572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d4a	What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?	the Battle of Corbione	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the ...
572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d4b	Who initially had control over the Sabines?	Etruscan control	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the ...
572fcda604bcaa1900d76d5d	When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?	387 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nBy 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and fe...
572fcda604bcaa1900d76d5e	How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?	15,000 troops	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nBy 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and fe...
572fcda604bcaa1900d76d5f	Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls?	Rome	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nBy 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and fe...
572fcda604bcaa1900d76d60	What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River?	Brennus	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nBy 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and fe...
572fcda604bcaa1900d76d61	Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies?	two Etruscan towns	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nBy 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and fe...
572fcee4b2c2fd1400568495	What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked?	Italy	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nAfter recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict f...
572fcee4b2c2fd1400568496	How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War?	two battles	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nAfter recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict f...
572fcee4b2c2fd1400568497	What caused the Romans early withdrawl in The First Samnite War?	revolt of several of their Latin allies	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nAfter recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict f...
572fcee4b2c2fd1400568498	When did The First Samnite War end?	341 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nAfter recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict f...
572fcee4b2c2fd1400568499	Who did Rome claim victory against in The Battle of Vesuvius?	Latins	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nAfter recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict f...
572fd193b2c2fd140056849f	Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army?	Pyrrhus	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nDespite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term \"Pyrrhic...
572fd193b2c2fd14005684a0	What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus?	negotiate	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nDespite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term \"Pyrrhic...
572fd193b2c2fd14005684a1	What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from?	Pyrrhus	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nDespite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term \"Pyrrhic...
572fd193b2c2fd14005684a2	What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy?	Seeing little hope for further gains	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nDespite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term \"Pyrrhic...
572fd193b2c2fd14005684a3	In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place?	275 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nDespite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term \"Pyrrhic...
572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b3	What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?	naval battles	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary g...
572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b4	What type of engine was invented by the Romans?	grappling engine	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary g...
572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b5	Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?	Xanthippus	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary g...
572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b6	Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?	The Romans	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary g...
572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b7	Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?	the Carthaginians	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary g...
572fd44fb2c2fd14005684cf	What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle?	Hasdrubal Barca	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be def...
572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d0	At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at?	Metaurus River	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be def...
572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d1	In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at?	the Battle of Zama	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be def...
572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d2	Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa?	Scipio Africanus	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be def...
572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d3	Why did the Romans send an army to Africa?	to threaten the Carthaginian capital	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be def...
572fd5f8947a6a140053cd28	What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?	Treaties	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nCarthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman...
572fd5f8947a6a140053cd29	What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?	punic colonies	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nCarthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman...
572fd5f8947a6a140053cd2a	What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans?	punic cities	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nCarthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman...
572fd5f8947a6a140053cd2b	What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down?	complete surrender	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nCarthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman...
572fd5f8947a6a140053cd2c	Who did the Numidians form an alliance with?	Rome	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nCarthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman...
572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de3	What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?	Macedonia	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nRome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies o...
572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de4	Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?	westward	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nRome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies o...
572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de5	What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?	Greek peninsula	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nRome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies o...
572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de6	Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?	Hannibal	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nRome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies o...
572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de7	At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?	Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nRome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies o...
572fddc804bcaa1900d76df3	What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated?	"Peace of the Greeks"	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the succ...
572fddc804bcaa1900d76df4	Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss?	Greece	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the succ...
572fddc804bcaa1900d76df5	What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War?	an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the succ...
572fddc804bcaa1900d76df6	In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae?	197 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the succ...
572fddc804bcaa1900d76df7	What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae?	his recent Greek conquests	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the succ...
572fe7abb2c2fd1400568595	Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?	Hannibal	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nWith Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fac...
572fe7abb2c2fd1400568596	What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?	an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nWith Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fac...
572fe7abb2c2fd1400568597	Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?	Seleucids	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nWith Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fac...
572fe7abb2c2fd1400568598	Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?	Seleucids	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nWith Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fac...
572fe7abb2c2fd1400568599	Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?	Philip	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nWith Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fac...
572fe971947a6a140053cdd6	Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?	Sicily	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nFearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after...
572fe971947a6a140053cdd7	Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans?	in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nFearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after...
572fe971947a6a140053cdd8	Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae?	the Seleucids	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nFearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after...
572fe971947a6a140053cdd9	Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece?	assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nFearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after...
572fe971947a6a140053cdda	What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire?	Battle of Magnesia	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nFearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after...
572feac7a23a5019007fcb35	In what year did Philip pass away?	179 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against ...
572feac7a23a5019007fcb36	Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death?	Perseus	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against ...
572feac7a23a5019007fcb37	In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna?	168 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against ...
572feac7a23a5019007fcb38	How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians?	by sending a stronger army	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against ...
572feac7a23a5019007fcb39	Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War?	Rome	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against ...
572fec5d947a6a140053cdfc	How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?	four client republics	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nConvinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Mace...
572fec5d947a6a140053cdfd	In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?	148 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nConvinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Mace...
572fec5d947a6a140053cdfe	Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?	a Macedonian pretender to the throne	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nConvinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Mace...
572fec5d947a6a140053cdff	What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?	destabilizing	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nConvinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Mace...
572fec5d947a6a140053ce00	Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?	The Romans	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nConvinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Mace...
572fee59b2c2fd14005685f5	What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?	The Jugurthine War	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Followi...
572fee59b2c2fd14005685f6	What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?	treachery	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Followi...
572fee59b2c2fd14005685f7	When did the Jugurthine War end?	104 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Followi...
572fee59b2c2fd14005685f8	Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?	Jugurtha	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Followi...
572fee59b2c2fd14005685f9	Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?	the Romans	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Followi...
572fefcb947a6a140053ce2e	When did the Cimbrian War end?	101 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated fro...
572fefcb947a6a140053ce2f	In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?	121 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated fro...
572fefcb947a6a140053ce30	What war began in the year 113 BC?	The Cimbrian War	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated fro...
572fefcb947a6a140053ce31	Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?	northern Europe	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nIn 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated fro...
572ff12ea23a5019007fcb77	How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?	with plunder	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in par...
572ff12ea23a5019007fcb78	Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?	their generals	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in par...
572ff12ea23a5019007fcb79	Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?	the slaves	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in par...
572ff12ea23a5019007fcb7a	Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?	twelve	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in par...
572ff12ea23a5019007fcb7b	Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?	Octavian	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nThe extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in par...
572ff287a23a5019007fcb8b	How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?	150,000	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nBetween 135 BC and 71 BC there were three \"Servile Wars\" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out ...
572ff287a23a5019007fcb8c	When was the beginning of the Social War?	91 BC	[ "Roman_Republic\n\nBetween 135 BC and 71 BC there were three \"Servile Wars\" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out ...

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