id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56ddd22366d3e219004dad01 | Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down? | Church of Scientology | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner.\" Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal ... |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0d | Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003? | Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Hea... |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0e | Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client? | Healthcare Advocates | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Hea... |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0f | Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant? | Internet Archive | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Hea... |
56ddd58e66d3e219004dad10 | What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken? | the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Hea... |
56ddd60966d3e219004dad15 | What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard? | voluntary | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nRobots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are i... |
56ddd60966d3e219004dad16 | What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard? | Robots.txt | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nRobots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are i... |
56ddd60966d3e219004dad17 | If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved? | Robots.txt | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nRobots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are i... |
56ddd65866d3e219004dad1b | Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive? | Internet Archive | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nThe Internet Archive states, however, \"Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests.\" In addition, the web site says: \"The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or o... |
56ddd8849a695914005b960c | Who sued Internet Archive in 2005? | Suzanne Shell | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Californi... |
56ddd8849a695914005b960d | What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell? | profane-justice.org | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Californi... |
56ddd8849a695914005b960f | In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed? | Northern District of California | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Californi... |
56ddd8849a695914005b9610 | In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court? | District of Colorado | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Californi... |
56ddd98d9a695914005b961a | When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end? | April 25, 2007 | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nOn April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has ... |
56ddd98d9a695914005b961b | Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights? | Internet Archive | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nOn April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has ... |
56ddd98d9a695914005b961c | Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive? | Suzanne Shell | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nOn April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has ... |
56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24 | What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down? | DMCA requests | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada."
] |
56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25 | What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions? | Federal Court of Canada | [
"Wayback_Machine\n\nIn 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada."
] |
56ddd7179a695914005b9600 | What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by? | the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata) | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when pa... |
56ddd7179a695914005b9601 | The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time? | from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when pa... |
56ddd7179a695914005b9602 | What republics did the Dutch Republic come before? | Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when pa... |
56ddd84066d3e219004dad1f | The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries? | Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nUntil the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of... |
56ddd84066d3e219004dad20 | Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire? | Flanders | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nUntil the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of... |
56dddab666d3e219004dad2f | The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses? | the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nMost of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of ... |
56dddab666d3e219004dad30 | Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction? | Holy Roman Emperor Charles V | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nMost of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of ... |
56dddab666d3e219004dad31 | In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II? | 1568 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nMost of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of ... |
56dddab666d3e219004dad32 | Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II? | high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nMost of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of ... |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad37 | In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed? | 1579 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.... |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad38 | Who signed the Union of Utrecht? | a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.... |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad39 | What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called? | the Act of Abjuration | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.... |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad3a | In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed? | 1581 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.... |
56dddb4466d3e219004dad3b | What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht? | to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.... |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad41 | In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them? | 1582 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of... |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad42 | In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands? | 1583 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of... |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad43 | When was William of Orange assassinated? | 10 July 1584 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of... |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad44 | Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England? | Elizabeth I | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of... |
56dddd6766d3e219004dad45 | In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy? | 1588 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of... |
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53 | What events created the Batavian Republic? | a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and... |
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54 | The republican forces fled to which country? | France | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and... |
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55 | The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic? | the Batavian Republic | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and... |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad59 | In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France? | 1813 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the \"Southern provinces\") to become t... |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a | What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814? | "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the \"Southern provinces\") to become t... |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b | The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries? | Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the \"Southern provinces\") to become t... |
56dddfe89a695914005b9632 | The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time? | the Dutch Golden Age | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nDuring the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the worl... |
56dddfe89a695914005b9633 | What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century? | The County of Holland | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nDuring the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the worl... |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad85 | When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands? | 1602 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in ... |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad86 | Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange? | Rotterdam | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in ... |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad87 | The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities? | six | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in ... |
56dde17c66d3e219004dad88 | Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city? | Amsterdam | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in ... |
56dde2609a695914005b964a | The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time? | 1590–1712 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nBetween 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific."
] |
56dde2609a695914005b964b | The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations? | Africa and the Pacific | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nBetween 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific."
] |
56dde2609a695914005b964c | What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy? | breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nBetween 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific."
] |
56dde4699a695914005b9666 | The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces? | seven | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in... |
56dde4699a695914005b9667 | Who were the Generality Lands governed by? | the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in... |
56dde4699a695914005b9668 | The States General was made up of what? | representatives of each of the seven provinces | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in... |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb3 | What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic? | the County of Drenthe | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the of... |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb4 | Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General? | this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the of... |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb5 | The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what? | raadspensionaris | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the of... |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb6 | Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris? | the stadtholder | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the of... |
56dde54066d3e219004dadb7 | Who commanded the army? | the stadtholder | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the of... |
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd | Who appointed the stadtholders? | the states of each province | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrech... |
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe | Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces? | the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrech... |
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf | Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland? | Zeeland and usually Utrecht | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrech... |
56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd | What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange? | Orangists | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThere was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure."
] |
56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce | Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure? | Republicans | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThere was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure."
] |
56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9 | Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what? | the Peace of Westphalia | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nAfter the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht)... |
56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda | The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what? | federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden) | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nAfter the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht)... |
56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb | What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces? | Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715) | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nAfter the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht)... |
56dde98866d3e219004daded | Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)? | The States General of the United Provinces | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland."
] |
56dde98866d3e219004dadee | Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces? | Holland and/or Zeeland | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland."
] |
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17 | Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces? | The framers of the US Constitution | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility ... |
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18 | Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." | James Madison | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility ... |
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19 | The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what? | the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nThe framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility ... |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d | What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion? | the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579 | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of... |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e | What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose? | personal religion | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of... |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f | Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union? | William of Orange | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of... |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae20 | What was forbidden in all provinces? | Catholic services | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of... |
56ddef259a695914005b96e2 | What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic? | the Reformed Church | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nDuring the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this wa... |
56ddef259a695914005b96e3 | The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what? | the time period and regional or city leaders | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nDuring the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this wa... |
56ddef259a695914005b96e4 | What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden? | fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nDuring the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this wa... |
56ddef259a695914005b96e5 | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? | personal freedom of religion | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nDuring the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this wa... |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fc | What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic? | predestination | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, whi... |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fd | The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what? | the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, whi... |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fe | What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618? | the Synod of Dort | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nIn the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, whi... |
56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b | When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance? | in the 18th century | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nBeginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches."
] |
56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c | Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule? | as long as their services took place secretly in private churches | [
"Dutch_Republic\n\nBeginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches."
] |
56ddd7499a695914005b9606 | What language does the word "symbiosis" come from? | Greek | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSymbiosis (from Greek σύν \"together\" and βίωσις \"living\") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualis... |
56ddd7499a695914005b9607 | What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to? | lichens | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSymbiosis (from Greek σύν \"together\" and βίωσις \"living\") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualis... |
56ddd7499a695914005b9608 | What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary? | German | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSymbiosis (from Greek σύν \"together\" and βίωσις \"living\") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualis... |
56ddd9109a695914005b9617 | How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis? | 130 years | [
"Symbiosis\n\nThe definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, curre... |
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29 | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other? | obligate | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSome symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other... |
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? | facultative | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSome symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other... |
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b | What is an example of an obligate relationship? | lichens | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSome symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other... |
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d | What is an example of ectosymbiosis? | mistletoe | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSymbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physic... |
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e | What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined? | disjunctive symbiosis | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSymbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physic... |
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f | What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner? | endosymbiosis | [
"Symbiosis\n\nSymbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physic... |
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0 | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | insects | [
"Symbiosis\n\nEndosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria... |
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1 | What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots? | Frankia | [
"Symbiosis\n\nEndosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria... |
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2 | What endosymbionts live in coral? | algae | [
"Symbiosis\n\nEndosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria... |
56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6 | What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales? | barnacles | [
"Symbiosis\n\nEctosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts s... |
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