id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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573054f0069b531400832069 | In which locations is the Institute of Development Management? | Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland | [
"Swaziland\n\nIn addition to these institutions, Swaziland also has the Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration (SIMPA) and Institute of Development Management (IDM). SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaz... |
573054f0069b53140083206a | What service does the IDM provide? | training, consultancy, and research in management | [
"Swaziland\n\nIn addition to these institutions, Swaziland also has the Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration (SIMPA) and Institute of Development Management (IDM). SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaz... |
573054f0069b53140083206b | In what year was the Mananga Management Centre founded? | 1972 | [
"Swaziland\n\nIn addition to these institutions, Swaziland also has the Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration (SIMPA) and Institute of Development Management (IDM). SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaz... |
573055dc2461fd1900a9cd53 | In Swaziland, what is kwetfwasa? | training of the Sangoma | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called \"kwetfwasa\". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for va... |
573055dc2461fd1900a9cd54 | What is a Sangoma in Swaziland? | a traditional diviner | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called \"kwetfwasa\". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for va... |
573055dc2461fd1900a9cd55 | Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland? | the cause of sickness or even death | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called \"kwetfwasa\". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for va... |
573055dc2461fd1900a9cd56 | How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate? | kubhula | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called \"kwetfwasa\". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for va... |
573055dc2461fd1900a9cd57 | What is kushaya ematsambo used for? | to determine the cause of the sickness | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called \"kwetfwasa\". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for va... |
5730568a2461fd1900a9cd67 | What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture? | Umhlanga Reed Dance. | [
"Swaziland\n\nSwaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. T... |
5730568a2461fd1900a9cd68 | How long is the Umhlanga Reed Dance? | eight | [
"Swaziland\n\nSwaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. T... |
5730568a2461fd1900a9cd69 | During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance? | late August or early September | [
"Swaziland\n\nSwaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. T... |
5730568a2461fd1900a9cd6a | What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance? | childless, unmarried girls | [
"Swaziland\n\nSwaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. T... |
5730568a2461fd1900a9cd6b | As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance? | to preserve girls' chastity | [
"Swaziland\n\nSwaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. T... |
573057502461fd1900a9cd77 | Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho? | 19 August 2005 | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, whe... |
573057502461fd1900a9cd78 | What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland? | If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, whe... |
573057502461fd1900a9cd79 | Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland? | all young girls | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, whe... |
573057502461fd1900a9cd7a | From where did the Reed Dance originate? | the old "umchwasho" custom | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, whe... |
573057502461fd1900a9cd7b | What would the end of umchwasho be marked with? | dancing and feasting | [
"Swaziland\n\nThe Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old \"umchwasho\" custom. In \"umchwasho\", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, whe... |
573055f2069b531400832071 | What Latin word does the English word translation come from? | translatio | [
"Translation\n\nThe English word \"translation\" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning \"a carrying across\" or \"a bringing across\"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that ... |
573055f2069b531400832072 | What languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that come from the same Latin source? | Romance | [
"Translation\n\nThe English word \"translation\" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning \"a carrying across\" or \"a bringing across\"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that ... |
573055f2069b531400832073 | What does Latin's traducere mean in English? | "to lead across" | [
"Translation\n\nThe English word \"translation\" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning \"a carrying across\" or \"a bringing across\"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that ... |
573055f2069b531400832074 | Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source? | Latin | [
"Translation\n\nThe English word \"translation\" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning \"a carrying across\" or \"a bringing across\"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that ... |
573055f2069b531400832075 | What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to? | "re-language-ing" | [
"Translation\n\nThe English word \"translation\" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning \"a carrying across\" or \"a bringing across\"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that ... |
573058992461fd1900a9cd9f | How much has translation changed since antiquity? | hardly | [
"Translation\n\nDespite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators ... |
573058992461fd1900a9cda0 | What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had? | theoretical | [
"Translation\n\nDespite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators ... |
573058992461fd1900a9cda1 | When were there some extreme metaphrasers? | early Christian period and the Middle Ages | [
"Translation\n\nDespite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators ... |
573058992461fd1900a9cda2 | What have general been prudent about? | seeking equivalents | [
"Translation\n\nDespite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators ... |
573058992461fd1900a9cda3 | For crucial values, what type of values do translators use where possible? | literal | [
"Translation\n\nDespite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators ... |
57305b0b069b5314008320a7 | What have translators tried to preserve? | context itself | [
"Translation\n\nIn general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences b... |
57305b0b069b5314008320a8 | How do translators preserve context? | reproducing the original order of sememes | [
"Translation\n\nIn general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences b... |
57305b0b069b5314008320a9 | What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating? | grammatical structure | [
"Translation\n\nIn general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences b... |
57305b0b069b5314008320aa | What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed? | passive | [
"Translation\n\nIn general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences b... |
57305b0b069b5314008320ab | What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language? | syntactic requirements | [
"Translation\n\nIn general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences b... |
57305bb7069b5314008320b1 | A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages? | contact and exchange | [
"Translation\n\nGenerally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymolo... |
57305bb7069b5314008320b2 | What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as? | guide to current meaning | [
"Translation\n\nGenerally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymolo... |
57305bb7069b5314008320b3 | What does the French "actuel" mean in English? | present | [
"Translation\n\nGenerally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymolo... |
57305bb7069b5314008320b4 | How would you convey that something is "presently of importance" in Swedish? | aktuell | [
"Translation\n\nGenerally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymolo... |
57305bb7069b5314008320b5 | To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used? | aktualny | [
"Translation\n\nGenerally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymolo... |
57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b2 | How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed? | at least since Terence | [
"Translation\n\nThe translator's role as a bridge for \"carrying across\" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an arti... |
57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b3 | What did Terence adapt from the Greek's? | comedies | [
"Translation\n\nThe translator's role as a bridge for \"carrying across\" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an arti... |
57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b4 | A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what? | artist | [
"Translation\n\nThe translator's role as a bridge for \"carrying across\" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an arti... |
57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b5 | Where was the concept of parallel creation found? | Cicero | [
"Translation\n\nThe translator's role as a bridge for \"carrying across\" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an arti... |
57305fc38ab72b1400f9c4b6 | Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet? | Samuel Johnson | [
"Translation\n\nThe translator's role as a bridge for \"carrying across\" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an arti... |
5730609f396df919000960be | When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today? | earlier approaches | [
"Translation\n\nThough earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by... |
5730609f396df919000960bf | When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians? | when historians view ancient or medieval records | [
"Translation\n\nThough earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by... |
5730609f396df919000960c0 | What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments? | events | [
"Translation\n\nThough earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by... |
5730609f396df919000960c1 | What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition? | theories and philosophies | [
"Translation\n\nThough earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by... |
5730612b396df919000960c6 | When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase? | 5th century | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials... |
5730612b396df919000960c7 | What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century? | creation of Arabic script | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials... |
5730612b396df919000960c8 | What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on? | politics | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials... |
5730612b396df919000960c9 | What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic? | Greek and Persian | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials... |
5730612b396df919000960ca | What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions? | Arabic | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials... |
5730621f2461fd1900a9cded | Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions? | centuries of close contacts and exchanges | [
"Translation\n\nArabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosoph... |
5730621f2461fd1900a9cdee | When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works? | after the Renaissance | [
"Translation\n\nArabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosoph... |
5730621f2461fd1900a9cdef | What did Arabic, and to a less extent Persian, become to Europeans? | important sources of material | [
"Translation\n\nArabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosoph... |
5730621f2461fd1900a9cdf0 | What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic? | techniques | [
"Translation\n\nArabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosoph... |
5730621f2461fd1900a9cdf1 | What would Western traditions eventually do? | overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions | [
"Translation\n\nArabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosoph... |
573062ec396df919000960da | What transformed Arabic languages? | movement to translate English and European texts | [
"Translation\n\nThe movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed ske... |
573062ec396df919000960db | What came to be valued over previous convolutions? | new words, simplified syntax, and directness | [
"Translation\n\nThe movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed ske... |
573062ec396df919000960dc | Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic? | Educated Arabs and Turks | [
"Translation\n\nThe movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed ske... |
573062ec396df919000960dd | What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by? | texts in the religious schools | [
"Translation\n\nThe movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed ske... |
573062ec396df919000960de | What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation? | Darwinism | [
"Translation\n\nThe movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed ske... |
57306408069b5314008320c5 | What two countries divvied up the Middle East's countries after WWI? | Britain and France | [
"Translation\n\nAfter World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the Ho... |
57306408069b5314008320c6 | What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of? | solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy | [
"Translation\n\nAfter World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the Ho... |
57306408069b5314008320c7 | A reaction to Britain and France's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt? | Muslim Brotherhood | [
"Translation\n\nAfter World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the Ho... |
57306408069b5314008320c8 | de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst? | empire-builders | [
"Translation\n\nAfter World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the Ho... |
57306408069b5314008320c9 | What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves yielding to? | retrograde currents | [
"Translation\n\nAfter World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the Ho... |
57306625396df919000960e4 | Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts? | German Romanticism | [
"Translation\n\nMany non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods ... |
57306625396df919000960e5 | What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher? | German | [
"Translation\n\nMany non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods ... |
57306625396df919000960e6 | When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation"? | 1813 | [
"Translation\n\nMany non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods ... |
57306625396df919000960e7 | Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method? | transparency | [
"Translation\n\nMany non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods ... |
57306625396df919000960e8 | What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor? | extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text | [
"Translation\n\nMany non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods ... |
57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce01 | What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation? | Comparison of a back-translation with the original text | [
"Translation\n\nComparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as ... |
57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce02 | How are mathematical operations checked? | by reversing the operation | [
"Translation\n\nComparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as ... |
57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce03 | What operations are results from not always completely reliable? | reverse-translation operations | [
"Translation\n\nComparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as ... |
57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce04 | What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity? | linguistic | [
"Translation\n\nComparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as ... |
57306cfb2461fd1900a9ce05 | What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal? | mathematical | [
"Translation\n\nComparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as ... |
57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e4 | Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation? | Mark Twain | [
"Translation\n\nMark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with... |
57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e5 | For what language did Twain create a back-translation? | French | [
"Translation\n\nMark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with... |
57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e6 | When was Twain's back-translation published? | 1903 | [
"Translation\n\nMark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with... |
57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e7 | What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story? | "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story" | [
"Translation\n\nMark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with... |
57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e8 | What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story? | "The Athenian and the Frog" | [
"Translation\n\nMark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with... |
573070bb396df91900096100 | What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation? | the original text | [
"Translation\n\nWhen a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the... |
573070bb396df91900096101 | Who was Jan Potocki? | Polish aristocrat | [
"Translation\n\nWhen a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the... |
573070bb396df91900096102 | What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in? | French | [
"Translation\n\nWhen a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the... |
573070bb396df91900096103 | When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French? | 1847 | [
"Translation\n\nWhen a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the... |
573070bb396df91900096104 | What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on? | French-language | [
"Translation\n\nWhen a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the... |
573071d98ab72b1400f9c4ee | What has served as a school of writing for many authors? | Translation | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as ... |
573071d98ab72b1400f9c4ef | Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia? | monks | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as ... |
573071d98ab72b1400f9c4f0 | What did translators shape in the course of their work? | languages | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as ... |
573071d98ab72b1400f9c4f1 | What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures? | bridges | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as ... |
573071d98ab72b1400f9c4f2 | Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from? | source languages | [
"Translation\n\nTranslation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as ... |
573072ae396df91900096112 | What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history? | crucial | [
"Translation\n\nInterpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had bec... |
573072ae396df91900096113 | What region did La Malinche hail from? | Mexican Gulf Coast | [
"Translation\n\nInterpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had bec... |
573072ae396df91900096114 | Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from? | Xicalango | [
"Translation\n\nInterpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had bec... |
573072ae396df91900096115 | What was La Malinche essential to? | Spanish conquest of Mexico | [
"Translation\n\nInterpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had bec... |
573072ae396df91900096116 | In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hernán Cortés? | lover | [
"Translation\n\nInterpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had bec... |
573074f58ab72b1400f9c500 | What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations? | Web-based human translation | [
"Translation\n\nWeb-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergenc... |
573074f58ab72b1400f9c501 | What reputation does machine translations have? | frequent inaccuracy | [
"Translation\n\nWeb-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergenc... |
573074f58ab72b1400f9c502 | What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable? | human | [
"Translation\n\nWeb-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergenc... |
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