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573074f58ab72b1400f9c503
Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?
on-demand human-translation services
[ "Translation\n\nWeb-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergenc...
573074f58ab72b1400f9c504
Who purchases the services of translation agencies?
businesses, individuals, and enterprises
[ "Translation\n\nWeb-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergenc...
57307593396df91900096122
Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?
context-embedded
[ "Translation\n\nRelying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-gener...
57307593396df91900096123
What does it take a person to be able to do?
comprehend the context of the original text
[ "Translation\n\nRelying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-gener...
57307593396df91900096124
What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?
error
[ "Translation\n\nRelying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-gener...
57307593396df91900096125
How must machine translations be transformed by a human?
reviewed and edited
[ "Translation\n\nRelying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-gener...
573076138ab72b1400f9c50a
Where did Buddhism spread?
Asia
[ "Translation\n\nIn Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describ...
573076138ab72b1400f9c50b
Buddhism's spread led to what large-scale effort?
translation
[ "Translation\n\nIn Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describ...
573076138ab72b1400f9c50c
How long did the translation effort take?
well over a thousand years
[ "Translation\n\nIn Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describ...
573076138ab72b1400f9c50d
What Empire was especially good at translation?
The Tangut Empire
[ "Translation\n\nIn Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describ...
573076138ab72b1400f9c50e
What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries?
translate volumes
[ "Translation\n\nIn Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describ...
5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51c
Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?
Arabs
[ "Translation\n\nThe Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sa...
5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51d
What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?
philosophical and scientific works
[ "Translation\n\nThe Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sa...
5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51e
When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?
Middle Ages
[ "Translation\n\nThe Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sa...
5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51f
What is Schola Traductorum in English?
School of Translation
[ "Translation\n\nThe Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sa...
5730772b8ab72b1400f9c520
Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?
European
[ "Translation\n\nThe Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sa...
573078db396df91900096140
What was the first great English translation?
Wycliffe Bible
[ "Translation\n\nThe first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so...
573078db396df91900096141
When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?
1382
[ "Translation\n\nThe first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so...
573078db396df91900096142
When did the age of great English prose translation begin?
end of the 15th century
[ "Translation\n\nThe first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so...
573078db396df91900096143
What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?
Le Morte Darthur
[ "Translation\n\nThe first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so...
573078db396df91900096144
The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?
Tudor
[ "Translation\n\nThe first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so...
57307a82069b53140083210b
Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?
Cosimo de' Medici
[ "Translation\n\nMeanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's work...
57307a82069b53140083210c
What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?
Byzantine scholar
[ "Translation\n\nMeanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's work...
57307a82069b53140083210d
When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?
1453
[ "Translation\n\nMeanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's work...
57307a82069b53140083210e
Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?
Marsilio Ficino
[ "Translation\n\nMeanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's work...
57307a82069b53140083210f
What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?
the exact words
[ "Translation\n\nMeanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's work...
57307b852461fd1900a9ce4f
What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century?
ease of reading
[ "Translation\n\nThroughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translati...
57307b852461fd1900a9ce50
If a translator didn't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers, what did they do with it?
omitted
[ "Translation\n\nThroughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translati...
57307b852461fd1900a9ce51
What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating?
their own style of expression
[ "Translation\n\nThroughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translati...
57307b852461fd1900a9ce52
How much did the translators care about scholarship?
no more than had their predecessors
[ "Translation\n\nThroughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translati...
57307b852461fd1900a9ce53
What did James Macpherson "translate" from?
own composition
[ "Translation\n\nThroughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translati...
5730807e069b531400832129
What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?
accuracy and style
[ "Translation\n\nThe 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim...
5730807e069b53140083212a
Who observed that the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text"?
J.M. Cohen
[ "Translation\n\nThe 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim...
5730807e069b53140083212b
What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed "whole" text?
bawdy
[ "Translation\n\nThe 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim...
5730807e069b53140083212c
What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?
that they were reading a foreign classic
[ "Translation\n\nThe 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim...
5730807e069b53140083212d
How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?
by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes
[ "Translation\n\nThe 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim...
573082488ab72b1400f9c530
What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?
poetry
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called \"singing translation\"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with...
573082488ab72b1400f9c531
What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?
verse
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called \"singing translation\"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with...
573082488ab72b1400f9c532
What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?
stanzaic
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called \"singing translation\"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with...
573082488ab72b1400f9c533
What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?
church hymns
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called \"singing translation\"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with...
573082488ab72b1400f9c534
Who translated German chorales into English?
Catherine Winkworth
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called \"singing translation\"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with...
573082f4396df9190009615e
How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?
more restrictive
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but t...
573082f4396df9190009615f
Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?
little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but t...
573082f4396df91900096160
What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?
assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but t...
573082f4396df91900096161
How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?
by subdividing or combining notes
[ "Translation\n\nTranslation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but t...
573083d58ab72b1400f9c53a
Who can translations of a sung text aid?
audiences, singers and conductors
[ "Translation\n\nTranslations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtit...
573083d58ab72b1400f9c53b
What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?
subtitles or surtitles
[ "Translation\n\nTranslations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtit...
573083d58ab72b1400f9c53c
What do professional and amateur singers often sing?
works in languages they do not know
[ "Translation\n\nTranslations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtit...
573083d58ab72b1400f9c53d
Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?
understand the meaning of the words they are singing.
[ "Translation\n\nTranslations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtit...
5730846a069b531400832147
What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?
rendering of the Old Testament into Greek
[ "Translation\n\nOne of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate th...
5730846a069b531400832148
When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?
3rd century BCE
[ "Translation\n\nOne of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate th...
5730846a069b531400832149
Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?
seventy translators
[ "Translation\n\nOne of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate th...
5730846a069b53140083214a
How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?
in solitary confinement
[ "Translation\n\nOne of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate th...
5730846a069b53140083214b
According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?
identical
[ "Translation\n\nOne of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate th...
57308553069b531400832151
During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?
European
[ "Translation\n\nThe period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions o...
57308553069b531400832152
Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?
Roman Catholicism and Protestantism
[ "Translation\n\nThe period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions o...
57308553069b531400832153
Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?
religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries
[ "Translation\n\nThe period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions o...
57308553069b531400832154
Who translated the Bible to German?
Martin Luther
[ "Translation\n\nThe period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions o...
57308553069b531400832155
What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?
religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day
[ "Translation\n\nThe period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions o...
573084572461fd1900a9ce77
What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?
airport
[ "Airport\n\nAn airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface su...
573084572461fd1900a9ce78
What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?
landing area
[ "Airport\n\nAn airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface su...
573084572461fd1900a9ce79
What is an airport?
aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land
[ "Airport\n\nAn airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface su...
573084ab396df91900096167
What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
traffic pattern
[ "Airport\n\nThe majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, thoug...
573084ab396df91900096168
What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?
Air safety
[ "Airport\n\nThe majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, thoug...
57308546396df9190009616c
How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?
eight
[ "Airport\n\nMost of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major c...
57308546396df9190009616d
What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?
Spanish Ferrovial consortium
[ "Airport\n\nMost of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major c...
57308546396df9190009616e
What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?
Fraport
[ "Airport\n\nMost of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major c...
57308546396df9190009616f
Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?
GMR Group
[ "Airport\n\nMost of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major c...
573086f82461fd1900a9ce7d
Airports are divided into what two areas?
landside and airside
[ "Airport\n\nAirports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly control...
573086f82461fd1900a9ce7e
What do landside areas include?
parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads
[ "Airport\n\nAirports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly control...
573086f82461fd1900a9ce7f
What do airside areas include?
all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons
[ "Airport\n\nAirports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly control...
573086f82461fd1900a9ce80
Where can passengers purchase tickets?
terminals
[ "Airport\n\nAirports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly control...
573086f82461fd1900a9ce81
What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?
concourses
[ "Airport\n\nAirports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly control...
5730877a2461fd1900a9ce87
Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?
products and services
[ "Airport\n\nMost major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher...
5730877a2461fd1900a9ce88
Where are most of these companies located in an airport?
within the departure areas
[ "Airport\n\nMost major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher...
5730877a2461fd1900a9ce89
Some of these companies include what type of businesses?
clothing boutiques and restaurants
[ "Airport\n\nMost major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher...
5730877a2461fd1900a9ce8a
Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?
higher
[ "Airport\n\nMost major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher...
573087f5396df91900096184
What are some services that are offered by VIP services?
express check-in and dedicated check-in counters
[ "Airport\n\nAirports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may so...
573087f5396df91900096185
These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?
First and Business class
[ "Airport\n\nAirports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may so...
573087f5396df91900096186
What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?
Premium services
[ "Airport\n\nAirports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may so...
5730888c069b531400832165
For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?
near railway trunk routes
[ "Airport\n\nMany large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapi...
5730888c069b531400832166
What does MBTA stand for?
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
[ "Airport\n\nMany large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapi...
5730888c069b531400832167
It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?
rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems
[ "Airport\n\nMany large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapi...
573088d7396df9190009618a
It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?
buses
[ "Airport\n\nThe distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one t...
573088d7396df9190009618b
What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
[ "Airport\n\nThe distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one t...
573088d7396df9190009618c
Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.
Mexico City International Airport
[ "Airport\n\nThe distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one t...
573089508ab72b1400f9c556
What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?
College Park Airport
[ "Airport\n\nThe title of \"world's oldest airport\" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Ariz...
573089508ab72b1400f9c557
In what year was the College Park Airport established?
1909
[ "Airport\n\nThe title of \"world's oldest airport\" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Ariz...
573089508ab72b1400f9c558
Who established the College Park Airport?
Wilbur Wright
[ "Airport\n\nThe title of \"world's oldest airport\" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Ariz...
573089508ab72b1400f9c559
How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?
35,000,000
[ "Airport\n\nThe title of \"world's oldest airport\" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Ariz...
573089508ab72b1400f9c55a
In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?
1916
[ "Airport\n\nThe title of \"world's oldest airport\" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Ariz...
57308a07396df9190009619a
Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?
for handling passenger traffic
[ "Airport\n\nFollowing the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in Au...
57308a07396df9190009619b
Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?
Le Bourget Airport
[ "Airport\n\nFollowing the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in Au...
57308a07396df9190009619c
What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?
Hounslow Heath Aerodrome
[ "Airport\n\nFollowing the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in Au...
57308a07396df9190009619d
When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?
August 1919
[ "Airport\n\nFollowing the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in Au...
57308a07396df9190009619e
What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?
a paved "apron"
[ "Airport\n\nFollowing the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in Au...
57309019396df919000961ae
When was the first lighting used on an airport?
latter part of the 1920s
[ "Airport\n\nThe first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization ...
57309019396df919000961af
When did approach lighting come into use?
1930s
[ "Airport\n\nThe first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization ...
57309019396df919000961b0
What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?
approach lighting
[ "Airport\n\nThe first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization ...
57309019396df919000961b1
When was the slope-line approach system introduced?
1940s
[ "Airport\n\nThe first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization ...