id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5731aab1b9d445190005e444 | What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do? | destabilize the country | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nRepresentatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European \"foreign power elit... |
5731aab1b9d445190005e445 | What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes? | solidarity | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nRepresentatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European \"foreign power elit... |
5731aab1b9d445190005e446 | What did the forum question about US interference? | diplomats and NGOs | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nRepresentatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European \"foreign power elit... |
5731aab1b9d445190005e447 | What was the forum suspicious of? | plots against Bolivia and other countries | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nRepresentatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European \"foreign power elit... |
5731ab71e17f3d14004222d7 | What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on? | Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. \"Y-DNA\" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while \"mtDNA\" is passed down the matrilineal line, ... |
5731ab71e17f3d14004222d8 | How is Y-DNA passed along? | patrilineal line | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. \"Y-DNA\" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while \"mtDNA\" is passed down the matrilineal line, ... |
5731ab71e17f3d14004222d9 | Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders? | mtDNA | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. \"Y-DNA\" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while \"mtDNA\" is passed down the matrilineal line, ... |
5731ab71e17f3d14004222da | What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change? | chance mutation | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. \"Y-DNA\" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while \"mtDNA\" is passed down the matrilineal line, ... |
5731ab71e17f3d14004222db | What is AtDNA generally only used to measure? | average continent-of-ancestry | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. \"Y-DNA\" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while \"mtDNA\" is passed down the matrilineal line, ... |
5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e1 | Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically? | Amerindians | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Say... |
5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e2 | What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from? | Asian population | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Say... |
5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e3 | When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population? | Middle Paleolithic | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Say... |
5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e4 | When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians? | 2012 | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Say... |
5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e5 | What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans? | mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nGenetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Say... |
5731acdeb9d445190005e461 | What did human settlement of the New World occur in? | stages | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nHuman settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate... |
5731acdeb9d445190005e462 | How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia? | 15,000 to 20,000-year | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nHuman settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate... |
5731acdeb9d445190005e463 | What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there? | isolated since the initial colonization of the region | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nHuman settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate... |
5731acdeb9d445190005e464 | What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas? | Alaskan | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nHuman settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate... |
5731acdeb9d445190005e465 | What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America? | later migrant populations | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nHuman settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate... |
5731ad73e17f3d14004222eb | When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature? | 2013 | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have \"ha... |
5731ad73e17f3d14004222ec | How old was the young boy's remains? | 24,000-year-old | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have \"ha... |
5731ad73e17f3d14004222ed | What culture was the boy from? | Mal'ta-Buret' | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have \"ha... |
5731ad73e17f3d14004222ee | What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to? | western Eurasians | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have \"ha... |
5731ad73e17f3d14004222ef | What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population? | 14 to 38 percent | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have \"ha... |
5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6447 | What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis? | route through Beringia | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that \"The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-In... |
5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6448 | What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians? | similarities in ages and geographical distributions | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that \"The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-In... |
5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6449 | What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of? | the mtDNA phylogeny | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that \"The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-In... |
5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c644a | When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions? | 2012 | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that \"The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-In... |
5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c644b | Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed? | an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America | [
"Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\n\nA route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that \"The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-In... |
57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc85 | What spectrum of light is red within? | visible light | [
"Red\n\nRed is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are ... |
57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc86 | Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum? | violet | [
"Red\n\nRed is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are ... |
57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc87 | On the spectrum of light, where is red found? | 620–740 nanometres | [
"Red\n\nRed is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are ... |
57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc88 | What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light? | orange | [
"Red\n\nRed is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are ... |
57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc89 | Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors? | subtractive primary colors | [
"Red\n\nRed is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are ... |
57312435497a881900248ba1 | From where does the color red in blood come from? | hemoglobin | [
"Red\n\nIn nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars.... |
57312435497a881900248ba2 | What does hemoglobin contain? | iron | [
"Red\n\nIn nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars.... |
57312435497a881900248ba3 | What causes the color of hematite and red ochre? | iron oxide | [
"Red\n\nIn nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars.... |
57312435497a881900248ba4 | Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes? | Rayleigh scattering | [
"Red\n\nIn nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars.... |
57312435497a881900248ba5 | What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall? | anthocyanins | [
"Red\n\nIn nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars.... |
5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca3 | During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye? | Neolithic Period | [
"Red\n\nA red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of ker... |
5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca4 | What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive? | the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees | [
"Red\n\nA red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of ker... |
5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca5 | From where did Romans acquire Kermes? | Spain | [
"Red\n\nA red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of ker... |
5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca6 | What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône? | Neolithic cave-burial | [
"Red\n\nA red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of ker... |
5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca7 | What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal? | 8th century BC | [
"Red\n\nA red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of ker... |
57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcb7 | In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet? | the Book of Exodus | [
"Red\n\nKermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth \"of blue, and purple, and scarlet.\" The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning \"col... |
57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcb8 | What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english? | colored twice with coccus | [
"Red\n\nKermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth \"of blue, and purple, and scarlet.\" The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning \"col... |
57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcb9 | In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as? | Kokkos | [
"Red\n\nKermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth \"of blue, and purple, and scarlet.\" The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning \"col... |
57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcba | What does Kokkos mean in english? | a tiny grain | [
"Red\n\nKermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth \"of blue, and purple, and scarlet.\" The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning \"col... |
57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcbb | In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum? | 4th century | [
"Red\n\nKermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth \"of blue, and purple, and scarlet.\" The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning \"col... |
57312a8e05b4da19006bce18 | When did Egyptians start to make red pigment? | 4000 BC | [
"Red\n\nBut, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particu... |
57312a8e05b4da19006bce19 | What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art? | Red ochre | [
"Red\n\nBut, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particu... |
57312a8e05b4da19006bce1a | What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin? | the rubia | [
"Red\n\nBut, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particu... |
57312a8e05b4da19006bce1b | What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb? | ivory painter's palette | [
"Red\n\nBut, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particu... |
57312a8e05b4da19006bce1c | What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant? | alizarin | [
"Red\n\nBut, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particu... |
57312bcd05b4da19006bce2c | Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome? | Tyrian purple | [
"Red\n\nIn Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associat... |
57312bcd05b4da19006bce2d | At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans? | holidays | [
"Red\n\nIn Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associat... |
57312bcd05b4da19006bce2e | What is a flammeum? | a red shawl | [
"Red\n\nIn Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associat... |
57312bcd05b4da19006bce2f | What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome? | Red | [
"Red\n\nIn Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associat... |
57312bcd05b4da19006bce30 | After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red? | triumph | [
"Red\n\nIn Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associat... |
57312c6005b4da19006bce36 | What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome? | vermilion | [
"Red\n\nThe Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightn... |
57312c6005b4da19006bce37 | From where did vermilion originate? | the mineral cinnabar | [
"Red\n\nThe Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightn... |
57312c6005b4da19006bce38 | Cinnabar is an ore of what metal? | mercury | [
"Red\n\nThe Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightn... |
57312c6005b4da19006bce39 | What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar? | Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain | [
"Red\n\nThe Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightn... |
57312c6005b4da19006bce3a | Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome? | prisoners | [
"Red\n\nThe Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightn... |
57312d2a05b4da19006bce4a | Which European emperor painted their palace red? | Emperor Charlemagne | [
"Red\n\nRed was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suge... |
57312d2a05b4da19006bce4b | In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red? | 1295 | [
"Red\n\nRed was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suge... |
57312d2a05b4da19006bce4c | When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt? | 12th century | [
"Red\n\nRed was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suge... |
57312d2a05b4da19006bce4d | Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis? | Abbe Suger | [
"Red\n\nRed was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suge... |
57312d2a05b4da19006bce4e | Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting? | Virgin Mary | [
"Red\n\nRed was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suge... |
57312dde05b4da19006bce54 | What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent? | wealth | [
"Red\n\nRed clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color... |
57312dde05b4da19006bce55 | On what occasion would townspeople wear red? | holidays | [
"Red\n\nRed clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color... |
57312dde05b4da19006bce56 | What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners? | rubia tinctorum | [
"Red\n\nRed clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color... |
57312dde05b4da19006bce57 | Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade? | during washing | [
"Red\n\nRed clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color... |
57312dde05b4da19006bce58 | What was carmine made from? | the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects | [
"Red\n\nRed clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color... |
5731314305b4da19006bce74 | How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of? | five | [
"Red\n\nRed played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and go... |
5731314305b4da19006bce75 | What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy? | fire | [
"Red\n\nRed played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and go... |
5731314305b4da19006bce76 | At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red? | all court ceremonies | [
"Red\n\nRed played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and go... |
5731314305b4da19006bce77 | In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings? | Red | [
"Red\n\nRed played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and go... |
5731314305b4da19006bce78 | Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from? | metal, wood, water | [
"Red\n\nRed played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and go... |
5731322905b4da19006bce8e | During what years did the Song dynasty occur? | 906–1279 | [
"Red\n\nRed was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the c... |
5731322905b4da19006bce8f | Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty? | three | [
"Red\n\nRed was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the c... |
5731322905b4da19006bce90 | What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear? | green | [
"Red\n\nRed was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the c... |
5731322905b4da19006bce91 | What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue? | eighth and ninth | [
"Red\n\nRed was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the c... |
573132d505b4da19006bce96 | Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties? | nobles | [
"Red\n\nRed was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of ... |
573132d505b4da19006bce97 | who wrote A dream of Red Mansions? | Cao Xueqin | [
"Red\n\nRed was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of ... |
573132d505b4da19006bce98 | During what years was Cao Xueqin alive? | 1715–1763 | [
"Red\n\nRed was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of ... |
573132d505b4da19006bce99 | Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty? | Qing Dynasty | [
"Red\n\nRed was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of ... |
573132d505b4da19006bce9a | In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture? | temples and imperial residences | [
"Red\n\nRed was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of ... |
5731343b05b4da19006bceb0 | What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice? | Rubia | [
"Red\n\nThere were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale... |
5731343b05b4da19006bceb1 | Which group in Europe used Kermes dye? | the wealthy | [
"Red\n\nThere were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale... |
5731343b05b4da19006bceb2 | The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye? | Polish Cochineal | [
"Red\n\nThere were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale... |
5731343b05b4da19006bceb3 | What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John? | Kermes vermilio | [
"Red\n\nThere were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale... |
5731343b05b4da19006bceb4 | The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one? | Margodes polonicus | [
"Red\n\nThere were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale... |
573135b605b4da19006bcecc | In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire? | 16th | [
"Red\n\nBut early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale inse... |
573135b605b4da19006bcecd | Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire? | Hernán Cortés | [
"Red\n\nBut early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale inse... |
573135b605b4da19006bcece | During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered? | 1519-1521 | [
"Red\n\nBut early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale inse... |
573135b605b4da19006bcecf | How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested? | several times a year | [
"Red\n\nBut early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale inse... |
573135b605b4da19006bced0 | In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain? | 1523 | [
"Red\n\nBut early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale inse... |
5731366ea5e9cc1400cdbcf1 | What was kermes lake made from? | kermes insects | [
"Red\n\nThe painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, tho... |
5731366ea5e9cc1400cdbcf2 | What was madder lake made from? | rubia tinctorum plant | [
"Red\n\nThe painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, tho... |
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