Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5731cd7fe17f3d1400422429	Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?	rex sacrorum	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence o...
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242a	What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?	civil	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence o...
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242b	What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?	Republican pontifices	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence o...
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242c	What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?	pontifex maximus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence o...
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242d	By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?	rex sacrorum	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence o...
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d0	What group selected public priests in Rome?	collegia	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an ...
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d1	What was the term of office for a priest in Rome?	lifetime	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an ...
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d2	What limited an individual's access to religious offices?	law	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an ...
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d3	Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest?	costly	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an ...
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d4	What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial?	Roman citizenship	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an ...
5731d079e99e3014001e62da	How many Vestals were there in Rome?	six	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable politica...
5731d079e99e3014001e62db	Of what was Vesta the goddess?	hearth	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable politica...
5731d079e99e3014001e62dc	Of what were the Vestals protectors?	vital flame	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable politica...
5731d079e99e3014001e62dd	What was the benefit of being a Vestal?	political influence	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable politica...
5731d079e99e3014001e62de	To whom did the Vestal answer?	Pontifex Maximus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable politica...
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f6	What vow was required of Vestals?	chastity	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were ...
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f7	What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?	buried alive	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were ...
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f8	What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?	devoted	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were ...
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f9	How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?	essential	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were ...
5731d21ae99e3014001e62fa	What was the honor granted a Vestal ?	religious	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were ...
5731d3b3e17f3d140042245d	Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?	Vesta's flame	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in e...
5731d3b3e17f3d140042245e	For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?	Lares and Penates	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in e...
5731d3b3e17f3d140042245f	What was the Vestal festival called?	Vestalia	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in e...
5731d3b3e17f3d1400422460	To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?	mola salsa	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in e...
5731d3b3e17f3d1400422461	What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?	Indirect	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in e...
5731d546e99e3014001e6312	What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms?	Vestals	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAugustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their relig...
5731d546e99e3014001e6313	What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games?	seating	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAugustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their relig...
5731d546e99e3014001e6314	For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses?	Livia	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAugustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their relig...
5731d546e99e3014001e6315	Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions?	4th century	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAugustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their relig...
5731d546e99e3014001e6316	Which emperor disbanded the Vestals?	Theodosius I	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAugustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their relig...
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631c	In what area did public rites take place in Rome?	sacred precinct	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) ...
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631d	What person marked the religious area ritually?	augur	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) ...
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631e	What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin?	sacred space	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) ...
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631f	Who designated the first boundary of Rome?	Romulus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) ...
5731d6d4e99e3014001e6320	What did augers seek to understand through observances?	divine will	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nPublic religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) ...
5731d97fe99e3014001e632e	What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?	examination of entrails	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHaruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated th...
5731d97fe99e3014001e632f	Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?	liver	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHaruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated th...
5731d97fe99e3014001e6330	To which group can haruspicy to traced?	Etruscan	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHaruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated th...
5731d97fe99e3014001e6331	What type of private individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?	diviners	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHaruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated th...
5731d97fe99e3014001e6332	What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?	public haruspices	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHaruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated th...
5731daede99e3014001e6342	What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?	Prodigies	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nProdigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public pries...
5731daede99e3014001e6343	What did prodigies show the Romans?	divine anger	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nProdigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public pries...
5731daede99e3014001e6344	Of what were prodigies predictors?	conflict and misfortune	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nProdigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public pries...
5731daede99e3014001e6345	What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?	dedicated rites	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nProdigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public pries...
5731daede99e3014001e6346	What group determined the truth of a prodigy?	Senate	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nProdigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public pries...
5731e68eb9d445190005e63d	What author wrote of disaster prodigies?	Livy	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLivy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on...
5731e68eb9d445190005e63e	Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?	greater victims	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLivy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on...
5731e68eb9d445190005e63f	What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?	lesser victims	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLivy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on...
5731e68eb9d445190005e640	What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?	Rome's victory	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLivy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on...
5731e68eb9d445190005e641	Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?	widespread failure	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLivy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on...
5731e806b9d445190005e651	From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?	educated elite	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices...
5731e806b9d445190005e652	What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?	archaic	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices...
5731e806b9d445190005e653	What did the ancient Romans expect after death?	afterlife	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices...
5731e806b9d445190005e654	With whom did the early Romans expect to associate?	gods	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices...
5731e806b9d445190005e655	What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?	monumental endowments	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices...
5731ea07b9d445190005e679	What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?	Funeral and commemorative	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFuneral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, ...
5731ea07b9d445190005e67a	What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?	sow	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFuneral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, ...
5731ea07b9d445190005e67b	What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?	less well-off	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFuneral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, ...
5731ea07b9d445190005e67c	What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead?	Parentalia	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFuneral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, ...
5731ea07b9d445190005e67d	What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living?	Ceres	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFuneral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, ...
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a1	What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?	Christian	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apost...
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a2	What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?	Tombs	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apost...
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a3	What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?	alms of food	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apost...
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a4	When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?	AD 567	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apost...
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a5	How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?	ritual pollution	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apost...
5731ed92e99e3014001e63d8	How were Roman camps laid out?	standard pattern	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in r...
5731ed92e99e3014001e63d9	For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?	defense and religious ritual	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in r...
5731ed92e99e3014001e63da	Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?	Rome	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in r...
5731ed92e99e3014001e63db	What was in the center of each Roman camp?	commander's headquarters	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in r...
5731ed92e99e3014001e63dc	What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?	divine templum	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in r...
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6675	What type of personnel did every camp have?	religious	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nEach camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system o...
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6676	What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp?	senior magistrate-commander	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nEach camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system o...
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6677	In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow?	emperor	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nEach camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system o...
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6678	Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?	Rome's official festivals	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nEach camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system o...
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6679	What person was considered to be "Mother of the camp''?	Empress	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nEach camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system o...
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ec	What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?	devotio	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son a...
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ed	What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?	Decius Mus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son a...
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ee	With what does the devotio link to military ethics?	Roman gladiator	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son a...
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ef	By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?	disastrous consequences	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son a...
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63f0	Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?	Livy	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son a...
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d3	What general was consul in 249 BC?	Publius Claudius Pulcher	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign \"though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the au...
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d4	What type of campaign did Publius fight?	sea	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign \"though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the au...
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d5	What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?	defiance of the omen	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign \"though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the au...
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d6	How did Publius fare in his battle?	defeated	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign \"though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the au...
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d7	What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?	impiety	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign \"though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the au...
5731f389e99e3014001e6414	What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?	limited	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the p...
5731f389e99e3014001e6415	What religious act did women not perform?	animal sacrifice	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the p...
5731f389e99e3014001e6416	What priesthood was reserved solely for women?	Vestals	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the p...
5731f389e99e3014001e6417	What Roman rites excluded men?	Bona Dea	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the p...
5731f389e99e3014001e6418	With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions?	motherhood	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the p...
5731f519e17f3d1400422577	What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?	superstitio	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExcessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of \"doing or believing more than was necessary\", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous...
5731f519e17f3d1400422578	Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?	more than was necessary	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExcessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of \"doing or believing more than was necessary\", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous...
5731f519e17f3d1400422579	What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?	superstition	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExcessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of \"doing or believing more than was necessary\", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous...
5731f519e17f3d140042257a	What was the basis of Roman religion?	knowledge	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExcessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of \"doing or believing more than was necessary\", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous...
5731f519e17f3d140042257b	What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?	inappropriate	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExcessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of \"doing or believing more than was necessary\", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous...
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a7	What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?	private diviners	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from \"private\" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foret...
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a8	What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?	will of the gods	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from \"private\" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foret...
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a9	What action was not to be sought by state diviners?	foretelling the future	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from \"private\" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foret...
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66aa	What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?	Astrologers and magicians	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from \"private\" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foret...
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66ab	What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?	death	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from \"private\" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foret...

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