Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bb	What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?	magi	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a \"foreign\" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as \"in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because o...
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bc	To what did the term magi originally refer?	Persian priests	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a \"foreign\" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as \"in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because o...
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bd	Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?	Pliny the Elder	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a \"foreign\" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as \"in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because o...
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66be	What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?	"History of magical arts"	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a \"foreign\" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as \"in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because o...
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bf	Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?	Apollonius of Tyana	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a \"foreign\" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as \"in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because o...
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b1	Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?	Sextus Pompeius	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced \"the gods of heaven knew too little\" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses...
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b2	What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?	Erichtho	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced \"the gods of heaven knew too little\" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses...
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b3	What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?	order of gods	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced \"the gods of heaven knew too little\" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses...
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b4	How was Erichtho portrayed?	stereotypical witch	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced \"the gods of heaven knew too little\" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses...
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b5	From what country did Erichtho come?	Thessaly	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nLucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced \"the gods of heaven knew too little\" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses...
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c5	What forbid harmful incantations?	Twelve Tables	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the \"charming of crops from one field to another\" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's div...
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c6	What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community?	Chthonic	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the \"charming of crops from one field to another\" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's div...
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c7	What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?	public gaze	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the \"charming of crops from one field to another\" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's div...
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c8	What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?	indistinguishable	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the \"charming of crops from one field to another\" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's div...
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c9	Where was magic conducted in Rome?	outside the sacred boundary	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the \"charming of crops from one field to another\" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's div...
573200880fdd8d15006c66cf	What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?	Archaeology	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nArchaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called \"voodoo dolls\" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome r...
573200880fdd8d15006c66d0	What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?	defixiones	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nArchaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called \"voodoo dolls\" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome r...
573200880fdd8d15006c66d1	What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?	law and justice	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nArchaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called \"voodoo dolls\" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome r...
573200880fdd8d15006c66d2	Until what era did spells persist in the empire?	7th century AD	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nArchaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called \"voodoo dolls\" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome r...
573200880fdd8d15006c66d3	What era produced a decline in the use of spells?	Christian era	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nArchaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called \"voodoo dolls\" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome r...
573201d7b9d445190005e713	What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?	aristocracy	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had vot...
573201d7b9d445190005e714	Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?	slave or free non-citizens	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had vot...
573201d7b9d445190005e715	What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?	plebeians	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had vot...
573201d7b9d445190005e716	How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?	Less than a quarter	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had vot...
573201d7b9d445190005e717	What organization was Rome's official caretaker?	the senate	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had vot...
573203aae99e3014001e644c	The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?	religious and political	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: king...
573203aae99e3014001e644d	Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?	patrician elite	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: king...
573203aae99e3014001e644e	What group was excluded from high offices ?	plebeians	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: king...
573203aae99e3014001e644f	Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?	Camillus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: king...
573203aae99e3014001e6450	To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?	Concordia	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: king...
573207f5e17f3d14004225d9	What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility?	political traditions and religious cults	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nWhile the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Diony...
573207f5e17f3d14004225da	What cult arrived from southern Italy?	Dionysus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nWhile the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Diony...
573207f5e17f3d14004225db	During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?	Punic crisis	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nWhile the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Diony...
573207f5e17f3d14004225dc	To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?	Bacchus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nWhile the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Diony...
573207f5e17f3d14004225dd	With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?	divine hierarchy	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nWhile the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Diony...
57320a29e99e3014001e6456	What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise?	pontifex maximus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed ...
57320a29e99e3014001e6457	What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes?	cultural shift	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed ...
57320a29e99e3014001e6458	What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals?	divinely inspired	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed ...
57320a29e99e3014001e6459	In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus?	63 BC	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed ...
57320a29e99e3014001e645a	How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome?	by law	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed ...
57320ba7e99e3014001e6478	At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?	plebeian	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nBy the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan co...
57320ba7e99e3014001e6479	With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?	neighbours	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nBy the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan co...
57320ba7e99e3014001e647a	What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?	Minerva	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nBy the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan co...
57320ba7e99e3014001e647b	In what style was the temple to Minerva built?	Etruscan	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nBy the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan co...
57320ba7e99e3014001e647c	What gods were in the Capitoline triad?	Jupiter, Juno and Minerva	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nBy the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan co...
57320d61b9d445190005e791	Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?	Diana	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built o...
57320d61b9d445190005e792	To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?	Jupiter Latiaris	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built o...
57320d61b9d445190005e793	What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?	Hercules	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built o...
57320d61b9d445190005e794	For what group was Castor a patron?	cavalry	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built o...
57320d61b9d445190005e795	From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?	Sicily	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the \"commune Latinorum Dianae templum\": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built o...
57320eef0fdd8d15006c6729	What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?	Magna Mater	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. ...
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672a	What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?	Bacchus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. ...
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672b	In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?	186 BC	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. ...
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672c	In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium?	179 BC	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. ...
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672d	What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?	Mars	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. ...
5732113b0fdd8d15006c6747	The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?	model	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the...
5732113b0fdd8d15006c6748	What writer defined the development of the gods?	Euhemerus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the...
5732113b0fdd8d15006c6749	At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?	literate elite	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the...
5732113b0fdd8d15006c674a	What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?	devotion and cult.	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the...
5732113b0fdd8d15006c674b	What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?	Euhemerus' theory	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the...
573212f70fdd8d15006c675d	What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?	divine ancestor	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nJust as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a shar...
573212f70fdd8d15006c675e	What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?	personal claim	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nJust as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a shar...
573212f70fdd8d15006c675f	What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?	Venus Genetrix	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nJust as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a shar...
573212f70fdd8d15006c6760	Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?	Imperial cult	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nJust as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a shar...
573212f70fdd8d15006c6761	What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood?	Vergil	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nJust as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a shar...
573214afe99e3014001e64e2	By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?	religious and political	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nTowards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temp...
573214afe99e3014001e64e3	What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?	Augustus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nTowards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temp...
573214afe99e3014001e64e4	How many priesthoods was Augustus given?	unprecedented number	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nTowards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temp...
573214afe99e3014001e64e5	How were Augustus's reforms viewed?	adaptive, restorative and regulatory	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nTowards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temp...
573214afe99e3014001e64e6	As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?	Roman morality	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nTowards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temp...
573217f50fdd8d15006c678b	From what were countries in the empire free?	Roman religious law	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and r...
573217f50fdd8d15006c678c	What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?	inclusionist policies	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and r...
573217f50fdd8d15006c678d	What was Rome's policy towards government?	Autonomy and concord	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and r...
573217f50fdd8d15006c678e	What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults?	Romanised	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and r...
573217f50fdd8d15006c678f	What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?	centralised legal requirement	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and r...
57321b19b9d445190005e7fb	To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?	traditional gods	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nMilitary settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis...
57321b19b9d445190005e7fc	What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?	diis deabusque omnibus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nMilitary settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis...
57321b19b9d445190005e7fd	What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?	domestic	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nMilitary settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis...
57321b19b9d445190005e7fe	What act of provincials brought new gods into the military?	conscription	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nMilitary settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis...
57321b19b9d445190005e7ff	What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?	citizenship	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nMilitary settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis...
57321ccfb9d445190005e80f	What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?	Julius Caesar	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accep...
57321ccfb9d445190005e810	What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?	divine monarchy	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accep...
57321ccfb9d445190005e811	To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult?	Augustus	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accep...
57321ccfb9d445190005e812	For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?	integrated	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accep...
57321ccfb9d445190005e813	By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?	Imperial cult	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accep...
57321f30b9d445190005e823	What was the emperor's rule in Rome?	divinely approved	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (...
57321f30b9d445190005e824	As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?	traditional	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (...
57321f30b9d445190005e825	As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?	father of his country	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (...
57321f30b9d445190005e826	After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?	vote in the Senate	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (...
57321f30b9d445190005e827	What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion?	traditional cults	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (...
573220fce99e3014001e653a	What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?	treaty	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFor at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Earl...
573220fce99e3014001e653b	What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?	synagogues	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFor at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Earl...
573220fce99e3014001e653c	When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?	63 BC	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFor at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Earl...
573220fce99e3014001e653d	Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?	Julius Caesar	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFor at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Earl...
573220fce99e3014001e653e	In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?	Christianity	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nFor at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Earl...
573222f30fdd8d15006c67eb	What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?	Christians	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAfter the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “c...
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ec	Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?	Emperor Nero	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAfter the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “c...
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ed	What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce?	persecution	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAfter the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “c...
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ee	What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?	official policy	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAfter the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “c...
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ef	How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?	ungodly practices	[ "Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAfter the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “c...

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