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5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6417 | To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods? | Jupiter | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSeveral versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and \"the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested\... |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6418 | What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices? | divine authority | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSeveral versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and \"the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested\... |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6419 | What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice? | Mars and Quirinus | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSeveral versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and \"the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested\... |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641a | From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come? | Greek in origin | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSeveral versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and \"the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested\... |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641b | Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? | heritage | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSeveral versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and \"the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested\... |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a4 | What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances? | commonplace | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communitie... |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a5 | To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain? | lawful Roman | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communitie... |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a6 | What were the characteristics of state religious observances? | impressive, costly, and centralised | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communitie... |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a7 | Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? | individual | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communitie... |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a8 | What type of deities did Roman communities have? | patron | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communitie... |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c3 | How many religious celebrations did Rome have? | forty | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered \"non-sacred\" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organi... |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c4 | What type of day were there more of in Rome? | sacred days | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered \"non-sacred\" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organi... |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c5 | With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance? | seasonal | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered \"non-sacred\" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organi... |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c6 | What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate? | local | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered \"non-sacred\" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organi... |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c7 | Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require? | particular groups | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRoman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered \"non-sacred\" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organi... |
5731a97bb9d445190005e439 | What type of festivals happened when events warranted them? | fulfillment of religious vows | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOther public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic,... |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43a | What is an example of an event organized religious celebration? | The triumph | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOther public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic,... |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43b | In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other? | public display | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOther public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic,... |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43c | Under what auspices did public displays come during the Principate? | Imperial | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOther public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic,... |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43d | Who paid for the most lavish of festival events? | emperors | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOther public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic,... |
5731ab21b9d445190005e44d | What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do? | reinterpretation | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic ... |
5731ab21b9d445190005e44e | What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion? | reform | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic ... |
5731ab21b9d445190005e44f | What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays? | Ovid | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic ... |
5731ab21b9d445190005e450 | What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome? | authoritative calendar | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic ... |
5731ab21b9d445190005e451 | Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays? | Christian | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic ... |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61be | Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space? | ritual | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: \"The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual.\" The Roman architect Vitruvius alwa... |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61bf | What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual? | augury | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: \"The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual.\" The Roman architect Vitruvius alwa... |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61c0 | What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct? | templum | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: \"The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual.\" The Roman architect Vitruvius alwa... |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61c1 | What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building? | aedes, delubrum, or fanum | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: \"The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual.\" The Roman architect Vitruvius alwa... |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61c2 | What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture? | temples | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: \"The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual.\" The Roman architect Vitruvius alwa... |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c643d | What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion? | prayer | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAll sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that \"a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods.\" Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the s... |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c643e | What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was? | useless | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAll sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that \"a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods.\" Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the s... |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c643f | What act alone had power in Roman thought? | Prayer | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAll sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that \"a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods.\" Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the s... |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c6440 | What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer? | correct verbal formulas | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAll sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that \"a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods.\" Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the s... |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c6441 | What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome? | personal expression | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nAll sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that \"a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods.\" Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the s... |
5731af92e99e3014001e61c8 | When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? | daylight | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, \"gods above\") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for ... |
5731af92e99e3014001e61c9 | What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities? | white | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, \"gods above\") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for ... |
5731af92e99e3014001e61ca | What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections? | fertile | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, \"gods above\") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for ... |
5731af92e99e3014001e61cb | What event was held after the sacrifice? | banquet | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, \"gods above\") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for ... |
5731af92e99e3014001e61cc | Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet? | officials and priests | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nSacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, \"gods above\") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for ... |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645b | When were the gods below and the dead celebrated? | nighttime | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nChthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi (\"gods below\"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as \"the... |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645c | What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered? | dark, fertile | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nChthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi (\"gods below\"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as \"the... |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645d | How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled? | burnt offering | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nChthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi (\"gods below\"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as \"the... |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645e | What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice? | shared banquet | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nChthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi (\"gods below\"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as \"the... |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645f | What feature had importance in sacrifices? | Color | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nChthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi (\"gods below\"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as \"the... |
5731b729b9d445190005e4a7 | What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion? | divine agencies | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be render... |
5731b729b9d445190005e4a8 | What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters? | Divine | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be render... |
5731b729b9d445190005e4a9 | What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron? | gratitude | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be render... |
5731b729b9d445190005e4aa | What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome? | public rites | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be render... |
5731b729b9d445190005e4ab | What was the point of public procession to the god's temples? | supplicating the gods | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be render... |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231b | What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties? | Extraordinary | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExtraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The \"cont... |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231c | What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War? | every animal born | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExtraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The \"cont... |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231d | From whom was Rome asking for protection? | Hannibal | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExtraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The \"cont... |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231e | What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement? | withheld | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExtraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The \"cont... |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231f | What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii? | bull | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nExtraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The \"cont... |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6204 | What were the exta of a sacrifice? | entrails | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were \"read\" in the context of the disciplin... |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6205 | How were the exta read in Roman religious practice? | disciplina Etrusca | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were \"read\" in the context of the disciplin... |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6206 | What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods? | exta and blood | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were \"read\" in the context of the disciplin... |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6207 | What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans? | meat | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were \"read\" in the context of the disciplin... |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6208 | Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed? | fire on the altar | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were \"read\" in the context of the disciplin... |
5731bb00e99e3014001e6218 | What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome? | Human | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHuman sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber \"which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman ... |
5731bb00e99e3014001e6219 | What act was repulsive to Romans? | Human sacrifice | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHuman sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber \"which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman ... |
5731bb00e99e3014001e621a | How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome? | buried | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHuman sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber \"which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman ... |
5731bb00e99e3014001e621b | Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out? | Gaul | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHuman sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber \"which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman ... |
5731bb00e99e3014001e621c | When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome? | 113 BC | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nHuman sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber \"which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman ... |
5731bc54e17f3d1400422349 | During what war was the first gladiator munus held? | First Punic War | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was no... |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234a | How was the gladiatorial combat described? | funeral blood-rite | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was no... |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234b | What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites? | death | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was no... |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234c | In what way was gladiatorial combat considered? | as an offering | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was no... |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234d | How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats? | human sacrifice | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nIn the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was no... |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4ed | Who was the founder of the Roman Republic? | L. Junius Brutus | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first c... |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4ee | What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania? | woolen dolls | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first c... |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4ef | Who was Mania in Roman religion? | Mother of the Lares | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first c... |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4f0 | What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic? | L. Junius Brutus | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first c... |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4f1 | What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices? | executions | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nThe small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first c... |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e7 | What act did Romans view as obnoxious? | human sacrifice | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficially, human sacrifice was obnoxious \"to the laws of gods and men.\" The practice was a mark of the \"Other\", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characteris... |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e8 | To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed? | enemies | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficially, human sacrifice was obnoxious \"to the laws of gods and men.\" The practice was a mark of the \"Other\", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characteris... |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e9 | What did Rome do about human sacrifice? | banned it | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficially, human sacrifice was obnoxious \"to the laws of gods and men.\" The practice was a mark of the \"Other\", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characteris... |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64ea | As what did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice? | murder | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficially, human sacrifice was obnoxious \"to the laws of gods and men.\" The practice was a mark of the \"Other\", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characteris... |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64eb | What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide? | Hadrian | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficially, human sacrifice was obnoxious \"to the laws of gods and men.\" The practice was a mark of the \"Other\", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characteris... |
5731c01cb9d445190005e501 | Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome? | pater familias | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In... |
5731c01cb9d445190005e502 | Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult? | wife | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In... |
5731c01cb9d445190005e503 | Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome? | Aeneas | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In... |
5731c01cb9d445190005e504 | From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult? | Troy | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In... |
5731c01cb9d445190005e505 | What was put in the temple of Vesta? | Palladium | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nA pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In... |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650b | On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused? | ritualised | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nReligious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des (\"I give, that you might give\"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impu... |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650c | What form of religion was atheism considered to be? | Religious neglect | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nReligious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des (\"I give, that you might give\"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impu... |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650d | What results did proper religious practices produce? | harmony and prosperity. | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nReligious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des (\"I give, that you might give\"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impu... |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650e | What could deviations from proper religious practices cause? | divine anger | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nReligious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des (\"I give, that you might give\"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impu... |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650f | What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual? | commitment | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nReligious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des (\"I give, that you might give\"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impu... |
5731c36fb9d445190005e515 | What organization payed for the maintenance official cults? | state | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficial cults were state funded as a \"matter of public interest\" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associa... |
5731c36fb9d445190005e516 | Who funded non-official religious cults? | private individuals | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficial cults were state funded as a \"matter of public interest\" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associa... |
5731c36fb9d445190005e517 | What group benefited from non- official cults? | own communities | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficial cults were state funded as a \"matter of public interest\" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associa... |
5731c36fb9d445190005e518 | What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival? | Vestals | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficial cults were state funded as a \"matter of public interest\" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associa... |
5731c36fb9d445190005e519 | What individuals had the right to regulate all cults? | censor and pontifices | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nOfficial cults were state funded as a \"matter of public interest\" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associa... |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6537 | What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome? | separate priestly caste | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles ... |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6538 | What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? | highest | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles ... |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6539 | What type of religious participants were available for consultation? | Specialists | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles ... |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653a | Which member of a family functioned as priest? | paterfamilias | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles ... |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653b | What were the earliest priesthoods? | flamines | [
"Religion_in_ancient_Rome\n\nRome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles ... |
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