Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5731bedce99e3014001e6241	What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?	Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the stat...
5731bedce99e3014001e6242	When was the case of v. Grumet?	1994	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the stat...
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6252	What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?	Establishment Clause	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJefferson's concept of \"separation of church and state\" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the...
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6253	What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?	Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJefferson's concept of \"separation of church and state\" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the...
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6254	What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?	freedom	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJefferson's concept of \"separation of church and state\" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the...
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6255	What word is not defined in the Constitution?	religion	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJefferson's concept of \"separation of church and state\" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the...
5731c1e2e99e3014001e6256	Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?	the Danbury Baptists	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJefferson's concept of \"separation of church and state\" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the...
5731c3a2b9d445190005e51f	When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?	1947	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of stud...
5731c3a2b9d445190005e520	What case was the concept relevant?	Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of stud...
5731c3a2b9d445190005e521	What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?	government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of stud...
5731c3a2b9d445190005e522	What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?	court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of stud...
5731c3a2b9d445190005e523	How must the wall separating church and state be kept?	high and impregnable	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of stud...
5731ca39e99e3014001e6278	What did the decision ultimately uphold?	state law	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nWhile the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Just...
5731ca39e99e3014001e6279	What was the state allowed to continue to fund?	transportation of students to religious schools	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nWhile the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Just...
5731ca39e99e3014001e627a	What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?	that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nWhile the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Just...
5731ca39e99e3014001e627b	What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?	that wall	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nWhile the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Just...
5731ca39e99e3014001e627c	What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?	the present legislation	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nWhile the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Just...
5731cae1b9d445190005e563	When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?	1962	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an off...
5731cae1b9d445190005e564	What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?	Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an off...
5731cae1b9d445190005e565	By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?	6-1	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an off...
5731cae1b9d445190005e566	Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?	unconstitutional	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an off...
5731cb92e99e3014001e628c	What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?	governmentally composed prayers for religious services	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe court noted that it \"is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in Ameri...
5731cb92e99e3014001e628d	Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?	Justice Potter Stewart	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe court noted that it \"is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in Ameri...
5731cb92e99e3014001e628e	What did Stewart object to?	the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe court noted that it \"is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in Ameri...
5731cb92e99e3014001e628f	Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?	metaphors	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe court noted that it \"is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in Ameri...
5731cb92e99e3014001e6290	Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was nowhere to be found in what?	the Constitution	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe court noted that it \"is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in Ameri...
5731cc95e99e3014001e62aa	When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?	1968	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime \"to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,\" or \"to adopt or use in any such institution a ...
5731cc95e99e3014001e62ab	What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?	that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime \"to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,\" or \"to adopt or use in any such institution a ...
5731cc95e99e3014001e62ac	Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?	Justice Abe Fortas	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime \"to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,\" or \"to adopt or use in any such institution a ...
5731cc95e99e3014001e62ad	What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?	an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime \"to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,\" or \"to adopt or use in any such institution a ...
5731cc95e99e3014001e62ae	What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?	views distasteful to them	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime \"to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,\" or \"to adopt or use in any such institution a ...
5731cd38e17f3d1400422419	When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?	1971	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision ...
5731cd38e17f3d140042241a	What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?	Pennsylvania	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision ...
5731cd38e17f3d140042241b	Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?	teachers of secular subjects	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision ...
5731cd38e17f3d140042241c	What did the state's policy violate?	the Establishment Clause	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision ...
5731cd38e17f3d140042241d	What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?	absolute	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision ...
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62be	How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?	three	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSubsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the \"Lemon Test\". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-re...
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62bf	What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?	"Lemon Test"	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSubsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the \"Lemon Test\". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-re...
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c0	To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?	non-religious	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSubsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the \"Lemon Test\". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-re...
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c1	What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?	religion	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSubsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the \"Lemon Test\". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-re...
5731ce3ee99e3014001e62c2	Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?	government with religion	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSubsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the \"Lemon Test\". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-re...
5731d073b9d445190005e589	How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?	three	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the ph...
5731d073b9d445190005e58a	When did the three judge panel make their ruling?	2002	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the ph...
5731d073b9d445190005e58b	What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?	the Pledge of Allegiance	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the ph...
5731d073b9d445190005e58c	Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?	procedural grounds	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the ph...
5731d073b9d445190005e58d	What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?	standing to sue	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the ph...
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ec	When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?	December 20, 2005	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nOn December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was a...
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ed	What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?	the Ten Commandments	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nOn December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was a...
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ee	Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?	secular in nature	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nOn December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was a...
5731d14ee99e3014001e62ef	When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?	May 3, 2006	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nOn December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was a...
5731d14ee99e3014001e62f0	What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?	the cross	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nOn December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was a...
5731d483b9d445190005e59d	What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?	Town of Greece v. Galloway	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christi...
5731d483b9d445190005e59e	When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?	May 5, 2014	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christi...
5731d483b9d445190005e59f	What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?	5-4	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christi...
5731d483b9d445190005e5a0	Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?	Town of Greece	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christi...
5731d483b9d445190005e5a1	What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?	sectarian prayers	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nIn what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christi...
5731d5eee17f3d140042247b	What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?	separation of church and state	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSome scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of \"separation of church and state\", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents th...
5731d5eee17f3d140042247c	What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?	constitutional limitation on religious establishment	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSome scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of \"separation of church and state\", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents th...
5731d5eee17f3d140042247d	What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?	the textual requirements of the Constitution	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSome scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of \"separation of church and state\", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents th...
5731d5eee17f3d140042247e	What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?	many aspects of church and state	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSome scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of \"separation of church and state\", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents th...
5731d5eee17f3d140042247f	What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?	prevalent degree of separation of church and state	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSome scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of \"separation of church and state\", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents th...
5731d701e17f3d140042248b	Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?	religion	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThese critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes ...
5731d701e17f3d140042248c	When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?	1868	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThese critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes ...
5731d701e17f3d140042248d	What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?	first amendment's application to the state government	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThese critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes ...
5731d701e17f3d140042248e	What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?	progressivist	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThese critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes ...
5731d701e17f3d140042248f	What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?	legal precedence	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThese critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes ...
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6326	What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?	religious test	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe \"religious test\" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with...
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6327	What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?	Religious	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe \"religious test\" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with...
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6328	How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?	Seven	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe \"religious test\" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with...
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6329	What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?	particular religious beliefs	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe \"religious test\" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with...
5731d900b9d445190005e5af	What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?	a Supreme Being	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office inclu...
5731d900b9d445190005e5b0	What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?	Article IX, Section 2	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office inclu...
5731d900b9d445190005e5b1	What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?	so help me God	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office inclu...
5731d900b9d445190005e5b2	Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?	federal First Amendment	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office inclu...
5731d900b9d445190005e5b3	Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?	unconstitutional and unenforceable	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nThe required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office inclu...
5731da10e17f3d140042249f	Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?	beneficial arrangements for the society	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nRelaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in decidi...
5731da10e17f3d14004224a0	What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as?	ceremonial deism	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nRelaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in decidi...
5731da10e17f3d14004224a1	What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?	not religious in nature	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nRelaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in decidi...
5731da10e17f3d14004224a2	What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?	Ohio	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nRelaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in decidi...
5731da10e17f3d14004224a3	Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?	because it displayed no preference for a particular religion	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nRelaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in decidi...
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635c	When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?	mid-twentieth century	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a ...
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635d	What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?	constitutional ban against aid to religious schools	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a ...
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635e	What was later banned in public education?	religious observance	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a ...
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635f	How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?	two	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a ...
5731dd32e17f3d14004224b9	What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?	no-aid	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was \"the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life,\" which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ...
5731dd32e17f3d14004224ba	What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?	pervasive	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was \"the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life,\" which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ...
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bb	Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?	most Protestants (and most Jews)	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was \"the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life,\" which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ...
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bc	What diminished after 1980?	anti-Catholic sentiment	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was \"the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life,\" which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ...
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bd	What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?	strict separationism	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was \"the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life,\" which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ...
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d7	What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?	anything in the text of the constitution	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nCritics of the modern concept of the \"separation of church and state\" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia La...
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d8	What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?	professor	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nCritics of the modern concept of the \"separation of church and state\" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia La...
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d9	What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?	Columbia Law school	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nCritics of the modern concept of the \"separation of church and state\" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia La...
5731ddefb9d445190005e5da	What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?	American anti-Catholicism	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nCritics of the modern concept of the \"separation of church and state\" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia La...
5731ddefb9d445190005e5db	What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?	Blaine Amendments	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nCritics of the modern concept of the \"separation of church and state\" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia La...
5731dee2e17f3d14004224cd	Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?	J. Brent Walker	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJ. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; \"The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn...
5731dee2e17f3d14004224ce	What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?	supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJ. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; \"The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn...
5731dee2e17f3d14004224cf	Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?	Champions of religious liberty	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJ. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; \"The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn...
5731dee2e17f3d14004224d0	Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?	tap into the public till to support its parochial schools	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJ. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; \"The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn...
5731dee2e17f3d14004224d1	What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?	religious bigotry	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nJ. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; \"The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn...
5731df48e99e3014001e6378	What did evangelicals want to keep apart?	the spiritual and secular worlds	[ "Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States\n\nSteven Waldman notes that; \"The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart.\" \"Religiou...

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