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a space divided by a semipermeable membrane (your roots) due to a differential in the concentrations of solute. Osmoregulation is the homeostasis mechanism of an organism to reach balance in osmotic pressure. Osmotic potential is the opposite of water potential with the former meaning the degree to which a solvent |
(usually water) would want to stay in a liquid and not pass through the membrane.Hypertonicity is a solution that causes cells to shrink. It may or may not have a higher osmotic pressure than the cell interior since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the |
cell membrane.Hypotonicity is a solution that causes cells to swell It may or may not have a lower osmotic pressure than the cell interior, since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane.Isotonic is a solution that produces no change in cell volume. (this |
is what you want your nute solution to be) When a biological cell is in a hypotonic the cell interior accumulates water, water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand. In plant cells, the cell wall restricts the expansion, resulting in pressure on the cell |
wall from within called turgor like swollen ankles or hands, are not as productive.) If you are good at math, and want to get your nute solution perfect, the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution can be calculated using this formula i = the Van t Hoff factor M = |
This equation was derived by van 't Hoff. Now doing this calculation would be nice if there are any college math majors out there, but I use this chart, and it has worked well for me. _____________________% of Nute Load As you can see, 50-75% is very adequate, and it |
Hi Andy, welcome to Linux Mint Programming with Python is fun, at least I think so. Many programs developed by Linux Mint are actually written in Python, like the Software Manager and Update Manager for example. So I hope you do pick it up, but most important is you have |
productive as your programming skills grow (you can install it from the Software Manager; I recommend you also install geany-plugins for some extra tools). But there are plenty of other programmer's editors and IDEs suitable for use with Python. |
the concentration camp. The communist government that took control of Auschwitz after the war altered the physical complex in innumerable unmarked ways, changes that were largely made to serve the story of the Holocaust told behind the Iron Curtain. In communist eastern Europe, the central narrative of the Holocaust wa... |
communist resistance and fascist atrocity. As a result, the focus of the Auschwitz museum is the complex known as Auschwitz 1, where the bulk of Polish political prisoners were killed early in the war. In the communist incarnation of the museum, only two of the barracks in Auschwitz 1 were given over to a discussion of... |
broadened in the post-communist years, but there continues to be a very European focus on nationalism. The Dutch government was given a barrack where they tell a story of brave Dutch resistance; they do not mention that, aside from Poland, no country allowed a higher proportion of its Jews to be killed than the Netherl... |
1, however, has the unintended effect of leaving the much more massive Birkenau complex — the center of mass extermination — in a relatively unadulterated state. Few spaces convey the physical enormity of Jewish death during the Holocaust like the fields of Birkenau, with the outlines of destroyed barracks stretching o... |
the Birkenau complex, the Soviets erected an abstract granite memorial that towers over the surroundings. It represents the Soviet story, which was always one of triumph, skipping as quickly as possible over the mourning stage. This effort to create a narrative, though, is overwhelmed by the remains of the two brick bu... |
there are several other differences including different meaning for the symbols ( [ different rules for which symbols need escaping (they can't be the same as both standard posix and extended posix) you should read the full documentation for PCRE |
before chaging any posix regex to use pcre. Differences from POSIX regex As of PHP 5.3.0, the POSIX Regex extension is deprecated. There are a number of differences between POSIX regex and PCRE regex. This page lists the most notable |
ones that are necessary to know when converting to PCRE. - The PCRE functions require that the pattern is enclosed by delimiters. - Unlike POSIX, the PCRE extension does not have dedicated functions for case-insensitive matching. Instead, this is supported |
using the i (PCRE_CASELESS) pattern modifier. Other pattern modifiers are also available for changing the matching strategy. - The POSIX functions find the longest of the leftmost match, but PCRE stops on the first valid match. If the string doesn't |
match at all it makes no difference, but if it matches it may have dramatic effects on both the resulting match and the matching speed. To illustrate this difference, consider the following example from "Mastering Regular Expressions" by Jeffrey Friedl. |
Using the pattern one(self)?(selfsufficient)? on the string oneselfsufficient with PCRE will result in matching oneself, but using POSIX the result will be the full string oneselfsufficient. Both (sub)strings match the original string, but POSIX requires that the longest be the |
“Utopian” has almost become a put-down or a suggestion that one is being unrealistic, if not naive. But I would argue that socialists must be utopian, not in the sense of expecting fundamental change instantaneously, but in the sense of holding in their very being the deep desire for the |
realization of a world completely unlike our own. It is that for which generations have fought and it is that ideal that has kept many a freedom fighter going despite tremendous adversities. What is especially interesting about the history of capitalism is that with its rise there also emerged the |
impulse towards alternatives. These alternatives were not necessarily elaborated as eloquently as were the theories behind capitalism and, specifically, democratic capitalism, but they were nevertheless important. The oppressive and often criminal nature of rising capitalism brought with it revolutionary movements that... |
system. These revolts took various forms, such as the slave revolts that spanned the entire period of the African slave trade. Peter Linebaugh’s The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic offers a glimpse into the world of the North Atlantic and the developme... |
of capitalism. It was a world of significant resistance carried out by men and women; slaves and the free; mutinies and worker conspiracies. And in most cases there was a deep desire, sometimes elaborated, toward a not-always-defined freedom from the exploitation and oppression that accompanies capitalism. With this as... |
backdrop, one can see that the desire for a utopia has always been a component of progressive and revolutionary anti-capitalism. Utopia was not simply a dream, but it represented the ideological and spiritual outlines of the ideal alternative. It became something for which movements fought. For many, that utopia took |
the name “socialism.” In the 19th century, there were two diametrically opposed approaches to the question of socialism. On the one hand, there were the formations of local communities based on ideal socialist principles, such as equality and shared work. These were generally referenced as examples of “utopian socialis... |
communities attempted to live side-by-side with capitalism, hoping to demonstrate a viable alternative. Yet in their failure to tackle the system itself, these communities were strangled by the ever-growing amoral beast of capitalism. In contrast, there were revolutionary movements, initially based in Europe, that soug... |
through struggle. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels were only two of those associated with this approach. These movements also co-existed (and usually not very well) with revolutionary anarchists who envisioned the immediate end of not only capitalism, but any governmental/state system. It was also during the 19th century... |
first great experiment in the creation of a worker’s state took place during the short-lived Paris Commune of 1871. This urban uprising of the dispossessed shook the world and suggested that worker power was more than a slogan. The 20th century was the moment for the great socialist experiments, beginning |
with the Russian/Soviet Revolution in October 1917, and continuing on with China, Vietnam, Cuba and numerous other locales. Time and space do not permit anything approaching an exhaustive look at the twists and turns of the socialist experiments of the last century and the many conclusions that we could draw. |
For the purposes of this essay, let us say that revolutionary transformation proved to be far more difficult than the overthrow of a particular state structure. Among other things, capitalism is not simply about a ruling class of capitalists, but about toxic practices, many of them day-to-day, which people have |
learned over generations and, as the great Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci would say, have come to be accepted as “common sense.” These practices and expectations operate like the ghostly hands of demons in a graveyard reaching out and placing often unexpected constraints on the ability to break free of such |
haunted spaces. We also discovered that socialism was about far more than economics. It must be about the expansion of democracy and the actual control over the lives of working people by the workers themselves. This means that there will be mistakes, setbacks, and detours. But the people themselves need |
to take these on, since there is no omnipotent individual or organization that can ensure success in a process that knows no guarantees. Socialism, then, is not a utopia but a step in a process that takes us in the direction of an idea- that is, a society free of |
all exploitation and oppression, and with the elimination of all oppressing and oppressed classes. For me, it is summarized not in the text of a great socialist treatise, but, ironically perhaps, in the words of a fictional character, Captain Jean Luc Picard of the starship Enterprise, in the film Star |
Trek: First Contact. In explaining to someone from the 21st century the economics of the 24th century, he says, “The acquisition of wealth is no longer the driving force in our lives. We work to better ourselves…and the rest of humanity.” Such an era, however, is a very long way |
off, and humanity will have to earn admission to that new historical epoch through the trials and tribulations associated with transforming the way that we live our lives and the way that we treat the planet. Each day we must struggle to get one step closer. This post is also |
Correlation and Application of Statistics to Problems of Heredity 63 Oxford, and the three last were two men who committed suicide under circumstances of great disgrace and Palmer, the Rugeley murderer, who was hanged. There is possibly little knowledge to be obtained from the result for a single medical school, but co... |
Chapter V deals with Normal Variability, and Galton shows how the distribution depends only on the two constants, the median and the quartile, and further that if two individuals whose grades are known be actually measured, then the median and quartile, and so the whole distribution of variation, can be discovered (p. ... |
385). The origin of the normal distribution is illustrated mechanically by aid of the " quincunx " (see our pp. 9 and 10). Nor is Galton able to avoid becoming poetically enthusiastic in a paragraph headed The Charms of Statistics, for he writes "It is difficult to understand why statisticians commonly limit their inqu... |
in more comprehensive views. Their souls seem as dull to the charm of variety as that of the native of one of our flat English counties, whose retrospect of Switzerland was that, if its mountains could be thrown into its lakes, two nuisances would be got rid of at once. An average is but a solitary fact, whereas if a |
single other fact be added to it, an entire Normal Scheme, which nearly corresponds to the observed one, starts potentially into existence. "Some people hate the very name of statistics, but I find them full of beauty and interest. Whenever they are not brutalised, but delicately handled by the higher methods, and are ... |
complicated phenomena is extraordinary. They are the only tools by which an opening can be cut through the formidable thicket of difficulties that bars the path of those who pursue the Science of Man." (pp. 62-63.) Galton at the end of his Chapter V gives the two fundamental propositions on which his normal surface for... |
two relatives depends. He envisages it in the following manner. "(1) Bullets are fired by a man who aims at the centre of a target, which we will call its 11f, and we will suppose the marks that the bullets make to be painted red, for the sake of distinction. The system of lateral deviations of these red marks from |
the centre M will be approximately Normal, whose Q [Probable Error] we will call c. [This is the distribution of the first relative.] Then another man takes aim, not at the centre of the target, but at one or other of the red marks, selecting these at random. We will suppose his shots to be painted green. The lateral d... |
of any green shot from the red mark at which it was aimed will have a Probable Error, that we will call b. Now if the lateral distance of a particular green mark from M is given [a], what is the most probable distance from M of the red mark at which it was aimed? It is + b2 a*. |
"(2) What is the Probable Error of this determination? In other words, if estimates have been made for a great many distances founded upon the formula in (1), they would be correct on the average, though erroneous in particular cases. The errors thus made would form a normal system whose Q [Probable Error] it is desire... |
A steam kettle whistles. The steam activates an electric current causing a beaker of water to heat up and drip onto a turbine, which activates a new current and completes |
the circuit. Not the usual way to get energy from Point A to Point B, but a creative and compelling way to get to the next level in an online |
game called Electric Box. The game, hosted by Candystand.com, was recently added to the Thinking Skills Club, an after school club where in grades 3 through 8 play computer games |
that help kids develop a variety of cognitive skills. Thinking Skills Club founder Mitch Moldofsky says the game was chosen because it employs logic, the concept of cause and effect, |
planning and making mistakes in order to win. "Making mistakes is very important in learning," says Moldofsky, an educator and Cognitive Science graduate from the University of Toronto, "I do |
it all the time." Moldofsky believes the game encourages the development of executive function skills in the frontal lobes of the brain, based on another executive function training method, Tools |
of the Mind. "What they've found with Tools of the Mind is that simply modifying activities during the school day to include things like self-reflection, evaluation, planning and trial and |
error can radically shape a student's approach to activities outside the classroom as well, such as behavior," says Moldofsky. "Games like these encompass all of these skills." Unlike other brain |
training games on the web, which Moldofsky claims are often repetitive and boring, the games on the Thinking Skills Club are "fun-tested," since they are culled from gaming sites. "These |
games are already being played by the kids in this age group, without the coercion of parents or teachers. They're intrinsically rewarding," he says. There are five other types of |
games on the Thinking Skills Club aside from executive function, including attention and memory, even social skills. "There's some good new research out there about the effects of prosocial games," |
and information technology, satellite technology, wireless technology, science and technology, technology (general), identification technology, agricultural research and technology, plastic art, internet, entertainment award, entertainment (general), arts (general), arts, culture and |
entertainment, arts, culture and entertainment, entertainment (general), entertainment award, computer crime, Commonwealth Games, Winter Goodwill Games, Summer Asian Games, Winter Asian Games, Panamerican Games, African Games, Mediterranean Games, SouthEast Asiatic |
Games, PanPacific Games, SouthPacific Games, PanArabic Games, Summer Goodwill Games, World games, paralympic games, government aid, government debt, government contract, education, adult education, further education, religious education, government health care, |
government, national government, government departments, non government organizations (NGO), family, family planning, market research, research and development, medical research, science and technology, applied science, material science, human science, natural science, |
It’s a fact. Men are better than women … at sweating. Yep, we do it more frequently and more effectively. Congrats guys. Researchers at Osaka International University in Japan measured |
the perspiration rates of men and women while they biked for an hour under controlled conditions. The researchers had 37 subjects cycle for an hour at increasing intensities—active subjects had |
participated in endurance sports for more than six years, while inactive subjects had, for the most part, not performed regular physical activity in the previous three years. The scientists measured |
the subjects’ temperature, sweat rate and activated sweat glands for a number of sites on the body, including the forehead and thigh. The information was used to calculate sweat gland |
output and measure performance. The study revealed that physically fit men sweat more than anyone else. In general, men sweat more than women, and that has its advantages. Sweating is |
how our body cools off. So, by sweating more than women, men are able to exercise for a longer time. ‘”It appears that women are at a disadvantage when they |
need to sweat a lot during exercise,” said Yoshimitsu Inoue, the study’s coordinator. “Especially in hot conditions.” Previous physical training increased sweating in both men and women, but the increase |
was greater with men. As the workouts got more intense, the difference in sweating between the sexes increased. Interestingly enough, fit women sweat more than unfit men, but by an |
insignificant margin. The researchers believe that testosterone could explain why men sweat better than women. Prior research has shown a link between the male sex-hormone testosterone, physical training and an |
increase in sweat rate. Although they did not measure the hormone among their subjects, the researchers suggest the hormone may play a role in their results. So guys, the next |
A.J. NesteBatteries at a station on a Philadelphia commuter line capture excess current when trains brake and store the power for use when a train accelerates. A giant battery bank installed by the side of the Southeast Pennsylvania Transit Authority’s subway tracks a little over a month ago is saving |
about nine megawatt-hours of power a week, its manufacturer says, which is more electricity than the typical apartment-dweller uses in a year. The battery system, which I wrote about last year, is allowing the trains to run a bit like Prius hybrids. When they slow down at a station, their |
motors turn into generators, converting torque into current. Before the battery bank was installed, some of that current was returned to the third rail; but if the voltage got too high, it was shunted instead into a giant electric heater under the train, which simply dissipated the energy as heat. |
Now the battery captures excess current, about 3.5 to 4 kilowatt-hours per train that stops, and puts it back on the line when a train is accelerating. Sometimes it does this for several trains at once. The battery bank is also receiving signals every four seconds from the regional grid |
operator and either absorbing energy or giving it back to the grid to help balance supply and demand. Until very recently, the solar industry was mainly concerned with getting a toehold in the production of electricity at a utility-level scale. Now a New Jersey company is looking for its niche |
in a different field — how to handle a system that is saturated with solar energy, sometimes enough to destabilize the electric grid. The company, Petra Solar, has a highly visible product: it is under contract to supply 200,000 panels that Public Service Electric & Gas will attached to utility |
poles around New Jersey. Around 75,000 are already up. About six feet wide and four feet high, the panels make 200 watts when in full sun, and newer models will make 225 watts, the company says. On a mild day, one could almost meet the needs of an entire house |
in the daytime; on a hot day, four or five would run a window air conditioner. On the top side of the panel, the side angled toward the sun, is the obvious attention-getter, the polycrystalline solar cell. What is different is the electronics bolted to the bottom, which are meant |
Vedic Art: Indian Miniature Painting, Part 14 BY: SUN STAFF Ahmadnagar, c. 1595 Dec 26, 2011 CANADA (SUN) A serial presentation of India's artistic legacy in paintings, sculpture and temple architecture. THE DECCANI SCHOOLS 16th to 18th Centuries Like the group of Bikaner paintings featured in yesterday's segment, of G... |
to be found among the Deccan Miniatures. Today we take a brief look at paintings from the Ahmednagar School, a sub-category of the Deccan School. In the Ahmednagar Miniatures, Vaisnava themes are overshadowed by the Persian influence, no doubt because the earliest examples of this school are no longer in existence. Ahm... |
Mumbai, was an Islamic kingdom during the Sixteenth Century. During the late Iron Age it was part of the territory of the Sattavahanas and during the 1st Millennium A.D. it was ruled by the Yadavas, until it fell to the Muslim intruders. Ragamala, Ahmednagar, 17th c. Nearly all the early examples of Ahmednagar painting... |
influence seen not only in themes, but also in the richly brilliant colors, high horizons, golden skies and landscapes, and gilt scripts framing the wide borders of manuscript illustrations. This style is equally evident in Ahmednagar School Ragamala illustrations of the period. In the Ragamala illustration of Vasanta ... |
verse in Devanagari script vas (anta). Not shown is an additional caption above that, in Arabic characters, which mislabels the painting as Hindola Raga and Vasant Ragini. The raga depicted is actually the Vasanta, and it was no doubt the introduction of the swing (hindola) that led to the confusion of titles. The Sans... |
Vasanta (the male personification of Spring, or Kamadeva) is sprayed with holi colors by young maids in a mango grove, on a Kashmiri mountain. Praised by strings of bees, he disports himself on a swing. Like a blue lotus (dark complexioned) and dressed in a tawny garment, he holds in his fingers the shoots of the fresh... |
painting, the young male Spring wears a four-pointed coat, a fashionable style worn during the reign of Akbar. This aspect of the figure may have been adopted by the artist from a Malwa influence. The distinctive feature of the women's costumes are the projecting transparent veils, a style also found in the Nimat Namah... |
it to the Chaurapanchasika Group of Miniatures, perhaps developed in its classical form in Malwa or south Rajasthan during the second half of the 16th Century. This detail of costume does point to the northern Deccan origin of this Vasanta Raga illustration. Ministry of Culture, Government of India Submit an Article Co... |
- Current Issue SIGN IN to access the Harper’s archive ALERT: Usernames and passwords from the old Harpers.org will no longer work. To create a new password and add or verify your email address, please sign in to customer care |
and select Email/Password Information. (To learn about the change, please read our FAQ.) From “What Democracy? The case for abolishing the United States Senate,” by Richard N. Rosenfeld in the May 2004 Harper’s. Americans believe in the idea of democracy. |
We fight wars in its name and daily pledge allegiance to its principles. Curiously, the fervor with which we profess our faith in democracy is matched only by the contempt with which we regard our politics and politicians. How interesting |
that we should so dislike the process that we claim to revere. Perhaps, however, our unhappiness with politics points to something significant; perhaps Americans dislike the daily reality of their political system precisely because it falls short of being a |
proper democracy. Indeed, in the last presidential election, we saw a man take office who did not win the popular vote. Money above all else shapes our political debate and determines its outcome, and in the realm of public policy, |
even when an overwhelming democratic majority expresses its preference (as for national health insurance), deadlocks, vetoes, filibusters, and “special interests” stand in the way. No wonder so few people vote in national elections; we have become a nation of spectators, |
not citizens. The United States of America is not, strictly speaking, a democracy; indeed, the U.S. Constitution was deliberately designed to prevent the unfettered expression of the people’s will. Yet the Founders were not, as some imagine, of one mind |
concerning the proper shape of the new American union, and their disputes are instructive. The political dysfunction that some imagine to be a product of recent cultural decadence has been with us from the beginning. In fact, the document that |
was meant to prevent democracy in America has bequeathed the American people a politics of minority rule in which our leaders must necessarily pursue their unpopular aims by means of increasingly desperate stratagems of deceit and persuasion. Yet hope remains, |
for if Americans have little real experience of democracy, they remain a nation convinced that the best form of government is by and for the people. Growing numbers of Americans suspect that all is not right with the American Way. |
Citizens, faced with the prospect of sacrificing the well-being of their children and grandchildren on the altar of supply-side economics, the prospect of giving up new schools and hospitals so that the colony in Iraq might have zip codes and |
modern garbage trucks, have begun to ask hard questions. Politics, properly understood as the deliberate exercise of citizenship by a free people, appears to be enjoying a renaissance, but the hard point must be made nonetheless that tinkering with campaign-finance |
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