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reform is unlikely to be sufficient to the task. True reform becomes possible only if Americans are willing to return to the root of our political experiment and try again. And if democracy is our aim, the first object of |
our constitutional revision must be the United States Senate. “We now have probably the most powerful upper house of any legislature,” Ritchie said. “Combine that with the inequality, and it creates some peculiar situations.” Not all small states are G.O.P. |
strongholds. (Hello, Vermont, Delaware and Rhode Island.) And it’s true that Obama won the 2008 nomination thanks in part to racking up caucus victories in states such as Idaho and Wyoming. But since Obama took office, senators from the wide-open |
spaces have asserted themselves against him over and over. Conrad opposed his plan to cut subsidies for wealthy farmers. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) pushed to focus transportation funding in the stimulus bill on rural areas and last week blocked the lifting |
of sugar tariffs to protect the ethanol industry. –“The Gangs of D.C.: In the Senate, small states wield outsize power. Is this what the Founders had in mind?” by Alec Macgillis, The Washington Post Ezra Klein with Harper’s editor Luke |
Mitchell on the Leonard Lopate show today; insurance and citizenship; the leading cause of catastrophic injury in young women: cheerleading; a review of Why This World: A Biography of Clarice Lispector by “New Books” author Benjamin Moser According to plant |
pathologists, this killer round of blight began with a widespread infiltration of the disease in tomato starter plants. Large retailers like Home Depot, Kmart, Lowe’s and Wal-Mart bought starter plants from industrial breeding operations in the South and distributed them |
throughout the Northeast. (Fungal spores, which can travel up to 40 miles, may also have been dispersed in transit.) Once those infected starter plants arrived at the stores, they were purchased and planted, transferring their pathogens like tiny Trojan horses |
into backyard and community gardens. Perhaps this is why the Northeast was hit so viciously: instead of being spread through large farms, the blight sneaked through lots of little gardens, enabling it to escape the attention of the people who |
track plant diseases. It’s important to note, too, that this year there have been many more hosts than in the past as more and more Americans have taken to gardening… the explosion of home gardeners— the very people most conscious |
of buying local food and opting out of the conventional food chain— has paradoxically set the stage for the worst local tomato harvest in memory. –“You Say Tomato, I Say Agricultural Disaster,” Dan Barber, The New York Times Suggestions for |
Gooey Decimal System could combine dark fudge alphabet letters with caramel swirls in hazelnut ice-cream, he suggests, while Dusty Stacks could be a layered ice-cream with speckles of cocoa in every layer. Li-Berry pie could mix lime sherbet with raspberry |
sauce and pie-crust pieces, and Overdue Fine as Fudge Chunk could drop fudge brownies and white chocolate coins into milk chocolate ice-cream swirled with caramel. The fine details of Sh-sh-sh-sherbet aren’t pinned down quite yet– it could be key lime, |
or possibly a vanilla/chocolate combination –“Book Fans Develop a Taste for Library-themed Ice-cream,” Alison Flood, The Guardian Lucas Mann on hope and change in a minor-league-baseball city Minimum number of baboons forced to smoke crack in a 1989 study testing |
the efficacy of cigarettes as a drug delivery device: A reduction in distrust toward atheists was documented among pious Canadians who are reminded of the Vancouver police. A Missouri cinema apologized for hiring an actor dressed in body armor and |
carrying a fake rifle to appear at a screening of Iron Man 3. Subscribe to the Weekly Review newsletter. Don’t worry, we won’t sell your email address! “This is the heart of the magic factory, the place where medicine is |
The parathyroid glands are four pea-sized glands. They are located next to the thyroid gland in the neck. The glands secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps to regulate the level of calcium in the blood. In hypoparathyroidism there is not enough PTH secreted. This causes very low levels of calcium in the blood... |
known to cause hypoparathyroidism, including: The following factors increase your chance of developing hypoparathyroidism: Many patients with hypoparathyroidism will have not symptoms. If symptoms do develop, they may include: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Y... |
fluids. This can be done with: Your doctor may need pictures of your body structures. This can be done with: Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. Treatment options include the following: Calcium and vitamin D will usually be taken indefinitely. They are often taken by mouth. Calcium may be given by inject... |
hypoparathyroid disorders. N Engl J Med . 2000;343:1863. Moffett JM, Suliburk J. Parathyroid autotransplantation. Endocr Pract . 2011 Mar-Apr;17 Suppl 1:83-89. Testini M, Gurrado A, Lissidini G, Nacchiero M. Hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy. Minerva Chir . 2007 Oct;62(5):409-415. Thakker RV. Genetic develop... |
An osteochondroma is the most common type of benign bone tumor. It arises from cartilage tissue in children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 20, usually appearing on the long bones (arms and legs) and less often on the pelvic bones and wing bones (scapulae). An osteochondroma ordinarily stops growing when a p... |
in the body can grow beyond normal limits and form a mass, also known as a tumor. Tumors come in two forms: benign and malignant. The malignancies which are referred to as cancer, rarely stop growing. The benign tumors reach a certain size and then stop. Bones can host at least ten different benign tumors, some of whic... |
cancers. Less than 1% of osteochondromas turn into a bone cancer called chondrosarcoma, usually in later years. The cause of osteochondroma remains unknown. A hereditary form of the disease is presumably related to one or more gene mutations (see below). The following factors increase your chance of developing osteocho... |
If you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to osteochondroma. These symptoms may be caused by other, more serious health conditions. If you experience any one of them, see your physician. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. You will very likely... |
surgeon for further diagnosis and treatment. Tests may include the following: Treatment options include the following: If the lump is not uncomfortable or likely to cause a fracture or other problem, and there is no evidence that it is malignant, it can be left alone. Your doctor may want to retest periodically. If the... |
dangerous location, or suspected of being cancerous, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. This involves a general or regional anesthetic and a few days in the hospital. If the bone is weakened by the surgery, the surgeon may need to rebuild it, and the recovery time may be extended to weeks or months. Since rem... |
remain after surgery, your doctor may want to retest you every few years to make sure it doesn’t start to grow again. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University Canadian Orthopaedic Association Childhood Cancer Foundation Patel SR, Benjamin RS. Soft tissue and bone sarcomas and bone metastases. In: Kas... |
- Born ca. 1721 - Revolutionary leader - Cousin of Thomas Jefferson - Attorney General of Virginia Colony - Chaired first and second Continental Congress - Died 1775 First to be called “Father of country” Peyton Randolph was on the |
black list of patriots the British proposed to arrest and hang after he presided over the Continental Congress in 1775. Upon his return to Williamsburg, the volunteer company of militia of the city offered him its protection in an address |
that concluded: "May heaven grant you long to live the father of your country – and the friend to freedom and humanity!" If his friend George Washington succeeded him as America’s patriarch, Randolph nevertheless did as much as any Virginian |
to bring the new nation into the world. He presided over every important Virginia assembly in the years leading to the Revolution, was among the first of the colony's great men to oppose the Stamp Act, chaired the first meeting |
of the delegates of 13 colonies at Philadelphia in 1774, and chaired the second in 1775. Randolph was born 54 years before the Second Continental Congress – probably in Williamsburg in 1721 – the second son of Sir John and |
Lady Susannah Randolph. His first name was his maternal grandmother's maiden name, just as his older brother Beverley's was their mother's. The surname Randolph identified him as a scion of 18th-century Virginia's most powerful clan. When Peyton Randolph was three |
or four years old, the family moved into the imposing wooden home on Market Square now known as the Peyton Randolph House. His father, among Virginia's most distinguished attorneys, Speaker of the House of Burgesses, and a wealthy man, died |
when Peyton was 16, leaving the house and other property for him in trust with his mother. The will also gave Peyton his father's extensive library in the hope he would "betake himself to the study of law." By then, |
he had a brother John and a sister Mary. Study of law Attentive to his father's wishes, Peyton Randolph attended the College of William & Mary, then learned the law in London's Inns of Court. He entered the Middle Temple |
on October 13, 1739, and took a place at the bar February 10, 1743. Returning to Williamsburg, he was appointed the colony's attorney general by Governor William Gooch on May 7, 1744. His father had filled the office before him, |
and his brother would assume the role after. At the age of 24, Randolph was eligible for his inheritance. On March 8, 1746, he married Betty Harrison, and on July 21 (more than two years after his return from London), |
he qualified himself for the private practice of law in York County. His cousin Thomas Jefferson may have shed some light on the delay in a character sketch he wrote of Randolph years later. "He was indeed a most excellent |
man," Jefferson said, but "heavy and inert in body, he was rather too indolent and careless for business." He was, as well, occupied with myriad public duties. In 1747, he became a vestryman of Bruton Parish Church, and in 1748, |
he became Williamsburg's representative in the House of Burgesses, and in 1749, a justice of the peace. Randolph returned to the house in 1752 as the burgess for the college of William & Mary and on December 15, 1753, the |
house hired him as its special agent for some “ticklish business” in London. Soon after he arrived in Virginia in 1751, Governor Robert Dinwiddie had begun to exercise a right no governor before him had tried: the imposition of a |
fee for certifying land patents. For his signature, Dinwiddie demanded a pistole, a Spanish coin worth about 20 shillings. Regarding the fee as an unauthorized tax, Virginians objected, though to no avail. Peyton Randolph was dispatched to England as the |
house's agent, with directions to go over the governor's head. But as attorney general, it was his duty to represent the interests of the Crown, of which Dinwiddie was the principal representative in Virginia. Randolph was attacking the right of |
the governor he was appointed to defend! The governor refused to give Peyton Randolph permission to leave the colony, but he left anyway. In London, he had to answer for his action, and he was ousted from the attorney general's |
office. Dinwiddie had already named George Wythe as acting attorney general in Randolph's place. Nevertheless, the London officials pointedly suggested that Dinwiddie reconsider his fee and said that they would have no objection to Peyton Randolph's reinstatement if he apologized. |
So he did, and subsequently resumed office soon after his return to Williamsburg. French and Indian War Reelected burgess for the College of William & Mary in 1755, he involved himself the next year in a somewhat ludicrous, though harmless, |
attempt to promote morale during the French and Indian War. With other prominent men, he formed the Associators, a group to raise and pay bounties for private troops to join the regular force at Winchester. George Washington, in charge of |
the fort there, wasn't sure what he would do with the untrained men if they arrived. Not enough came, however, to cause any inconvenience. In 1757, Randolph joined the college's board, and he served as a rector for one year. |
He was reelected burgess for Williamsburg in 1761, and thus entered the phase of his life that thrust him into a leadership role in the Revolution. Word of Parliament's intended Stamp Act brought Virginians and their burgesses into conflict with |
the Crown itself in 1764. Peyton Randolph was appointed chairman of a committee to draft protests to the king, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons maintaining the colony's exclusive right of self-taxation. Disagreement with Patrick Henry This |
responsibility put Peyton Randolph at odds with Patrick Henry, the Virginian most noted for opposition to the tax. At the end of the legislative session in 1765, Henry, a freshman, introduced seven resolutions against the act. Peyton Randolph, George Wythe, |
and others thought that Henry's resolutions added nothing to the colony's case and that their consideration was improper until the colony had a reply to its earlier protests. In the final days of the session, after many opponents had left |
the city, Patrick Henry introduced his measures and made the famous speech in which he said “Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First had his Cromwell, and George the Third . . .” prompting cries of treason from the remaining |
burgesses present. Peyton Randolph, though not yet Speaker, was presiding. When Speaker John Robinson resumed the chair the following day (May 30), Henry carried five of his resolves by a single ballot. A tie would have allowed Robinson to cast |
the deciding "nay." Jefferson, standing at the chamber door, said Peyton Randolph emerged saying, "By God, I would have given one hundred guineas for a single vote." Patrick Henry left town, and the next day his fifth (and most radical) |
resolution was expunged by the burgesses who remained. Nevertheless, it was reprinted with the others in newspapers across the colonies as if it stood. Speaker of the House of Burgesses Peyton Randolph was elected Speaker on November 6, 1766, succeeding |
the deceased Robinson and defeating Richard Henry Lee. Peyton's brother John succeeded him as attorney general the following June. By now the brothers had begun to disagree politically; John's conservatism would take him to England in 1775 while Peyton joined |
the rebellion. Leads rebel meeting at Raleigh Tavern Another set of Patrick Henry's resolves, against the Townshend Duties, came before the House in May 1769. This time Peyton Randolph approved their passage, but Governor Botetourt did not. He dissolved the |
assembly. The "former representatives of the people," as they called themselves, met the next day at the Raleigh Tavern with Speaker Peyton Randolph in the chair. They adopted a compact drafted by George Mason and introduced by George Washington against |
the importation of British goods. Speaker Randolph was the first to sign. When the new legislature met in the winter, the governor was pleased to announce the repeal of all of the Townshend Duties, except the small one on tea. |
Legislative attention turned to other, calmer affairs. The next summer Peyton Randolph became chairman of the building committee for the Public Hospital. Closing of Boston Harbor troubles Virginia burgesses Tempers flared again in 1773, when Great Britain proposed to transport |
a band of Rhode Island smugglers to England for trial. The implications for Virginia were troublesome, and the burgesses appointed a standing Committee of Correspondence and Inquiry with Speaker Peyton Randolph as chairman. The following May brought word of the |
closing of the port of Boston in retaliation for its Tea Party. On May 24, 1774, Robert Carter Nicholas introduced a resolution drafted by Thomas Jefferson that read: "This House, being deeply impressed with apprehension of the great dangers, to |
be derived to British America, from the hostile Invasion of the City of Boston, in our Sister Colony of Massachusetts bay, whose commerce and harbour are, on the first Day of June next, to be stopped by an Armed force, |
deem it highly necessary that the said first day of June be set apart, by the Members of this House, as a day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer, devoutly to implore the divine interposition for averting the heavy Calamity which |
threatens destruction to our Civil Rights, and the Evils of civil War; to give us one heart and one Mind to firmly oppose, by all just and proper means, every injury to American Rights; and that the Minds of his |
Majesty and his parliament, may be inspired from above with Wisdom, Moderation, and Justice, to remove from the loyal People of America, all cause of danger, from a continued pursuit of Measure, pregnant with their ruin." The resolution was adopted. |
House of Burgesses dissolved Governor Dunmore summoned the house on May 26, 1774 and told Peyton Randolph: "Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the House of Burgesses, I have in my hand a paper published by order of your House, conceived |
in such terms as reflect highly upon His Majesty and the Parliament of Great Britain, which makes it necessary for me to dissolve you; and you are accordingly dissolved." Continental Congress proposed On May 27, 1774, a group of 89 |
burgesses gathered again at the Raleigh Tavern to form another “non-importation association,” and the following day the Committee of Correspondence proposed a Continental Congress. Twenty-five burgesses met at Peyton Randolph's house on May 30 and scheduled a state convention to |
be held on August 1 to consider a proposal from Boston for a ban on exports to England. Peyton Randolph led the community to Bruton Parish Church on June 1 to pray for Boston, and soon he was organizing a |
Williamsburg drive to send provisions and cash for its relief. The First Virginia Convention approved the export ban and elected as delegates to the Congress Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, and Edmund |
Pendleton. Signs will before departure for the First Continental Congress Before he left Williamsburg on August 18, 1774, Peyton Randolph wrote his will, leaving his property to the use of his wife for life. They had no children. The property |
was to be auctioned after her death and the proceeds divided among Randolph's heirs. Unanimously elected chairman of Continental Congress When Congress convened in Philadelphia on September 5, Thomas Lynch of South Carolina nominated Peyton Randolph to be chairman. He |
was elected by unanimous vote. Delegate Silas Deane wrote his wife, "Designed by nature for the business, of an affable, open and majestic deportment, large in size, though not out of proportion, he commands respect and esteem by his very |
aspect, independent of the high character he sustains." 500 merchants sign trade ban against England In October 1774, Peyton Randolph returned to Williamsburg to preside at an impending meeting of the house. Repeatedly postponed, it did not meet until the |
following June. Nonetheless, on November 9 Peyton Randolph accepted a copy of the Continental Association banning trade with England signed by nearly 500 merchants gathered in Williamsburg. Disperses angry crowd gathered at courthouse in Williamsburg Peyton Randolph was in the |
chair again at the Second Virginia Convention in Richmond on March 23 when Patrick Henry rose and made his "Liberty or Death" speech in favor of the formation of a statewide militia. In reaction, Governor Dunmore removed the gunpowder from |
Williamsburg's Magazine on April 21. Alerted to the theft, a mob gathered at the courthouse. Peyton Randolph was one of the leaders who persuaded the crowd to disperse and averted violence. British put Randolph on rebel execution list Peyton Randolph |
led the Virginia delegation to the Second Continental Congress in May 1775, and he again took the chair. General Thomas Gage, commander of British forces in America, had been issued blank warrants for the execution of rebel leaders and a |
list of names with which to fill them. Peyton Randolph's name was on the list. He returned to Williamsburg under guard, and the town bells pealed to announce his safe arrival. The militia escorted him to his house and pledged |
to guarantee his safety. The Third Virginia Convention reelected its speaker to Congress in July 1775, and Randolph left for Philadelphia in late August or early September. By this time, John Hancock had succeeded him to its chair. Died before |
Independence About 8 p.m. on Sunday, October 23, Peyton Randolph began to choke, a side of his face contorted, and he died of an "apoplectic stroke." He was buried that Tuesday at Christ's Church in Philadelphia. His nephew, Edmund Randolph, |
brought his remains to Williamsburg in 1776, and he was interred in the family crypt in the Chapel at the College of William and Mary on November 26. Peyton Randolph's estate was auctioned on February 19, 1783, following the death |
of his widow Betty Randolph. Thomas Jefferson bought his books. Among them were bound records dating to Virginia's earliest days that still are consulted by historians. Added to the collection at Monticello that Jefferson sold to the federal government years |
What does the term "Flawed Democracy" actually mean? Why are some of the world's successful democracies like France, Israel and India rated "Flawed Democracies" by the Economist Intelligence Unit? First off the wikipedia page that you cite to is based on the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index ("EIUDI") which... |
not an academic source. The methodology used to assemble the report is not known, but that doesn't mean that it is not useful. With that in mind from the EIUDI 2011 Report: The EIUDI report uses five criteria to measure a country's democracy: The countries that you are interested in |
scored as follows for these five categories: France: France scores relatively low on "Functioning of government," "Political participation," and "Political culture." Israel: Israel scores pretty bad on "Civil liberties," and sort of mediocre on everything else. India: India scores bad on both "Political participation,"... |
have good governments, but there are certain issues typically related to the political culture that bring their overall score down and make them flawed democracies according to the index. |show 2 more comments| Democracy, in this index in particular, mostly refers to participation in the governments system of elections... |
electioneering, laws or even policies that could inherently discriminate. It is a weak index and is only useful for investors looking for a predictable government to trade with, or to entrench a western cultural world view. Its virtually guaranteed that foreign exchange controls and this index are highly correlated. Be... |
the methodology of collecting information being scientifically unsound, this is not an indicator of human rights, discrimination in the public space, respect for international law or even outright racist laws and policies. These can all be violated "democratically". But then again, this is the Economist, which has prov... |
present a highly neo-liberal bias in it's political commentary (white-male-westerners will likely disagree). Not a good index, not representative of the reality of the world. Civil rights: The most important thing in a democracy is human and civil rights, as well as the rule of the law (ie not arbitrary |
decisions). With the Indefinite Detention Act voted in the USA, plus Guantanamo, non respect for international laws, drones strikes, the enforced role of the military in the civilian sector, police brutality... and so much more, the USA is way down in the rank of democracies. Political culture: This is set |
upside down, a ridiculous way of evaluation. France gives exposure to all presidential as well as house representatives candidates: equal time to speak on TV, equal exposure in all aspects during the weeks before the elections. And that's how you can promote knowledge and awareness, which is culture. It is |
not at all this way in America. On the contrary, the US people are stuck with their two political parties system that represents the rich and powerful elite only, those capable of paying to be heard and known by the public. "Culture" in the US is only available on given |
topics, the point of views of the rich and interests of big business only. This only promotes ignorance. Actually, the USA is not democracy, it's plutocracy. It does not deserve a high rank. It has one of the lowest and most backwards political culture and system in the Western world, |
belonging to the beginning of the 20th century, no longer to the 21rst. Corruption should be a major criterion to include in the index. There, France ranks very low. So does the USA. Freedom of press is an aspect, but the actual representation of a greater diversity of points of |
views from all sides should be the criterion to include in the index. That's the means and obstructions to freedom of expression. It is huge in the USA with over 85% of all news coming out of 5 corporations linked to the CIA, defense conglomerate and corporate interests in general. |
A reading for Cultural Anthropology by Walter Trobisch (adapted from Readings in Missionary Anthropology II, edited by William Smalley. Used under the educational "fair use" provision of the 1976 U.S. |
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