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to form. Especially in children with suspected metabolic abnormalities or with recurrent stones, a 24-hour urine collection is obtained to measure daily urine volume and to determine if any underlying mineral abnormality is making a child more likely to form stones. Based on the analysis of the collected urine, the tre... |
all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush away substances that could form kidney stones. Urine should be almost clear. Eating, Diet, and Nutrition Families may benefit from meeting with a dietitian to learn how dietary management can help in preventing stones. Dependi... |
be necessary to prevent recurrent stones. Dietary changes and medications may be required for a long term or, quite often, for life. Some common changes include the following: - Children who tend to make calcium oxalate stones or have hypercalciuria should eat a regular amount of dietary calcium and limit salt intake. ... |
some children to reduce the amount of calcium leaking into the urine. - Children who have large amounts of oxalate in the urine may need to limit foods high in oxalate, such as chocolate, peanut butter, and dark-colored soft drinks. - Children who form uric acid or cystine stones may need extra potassium citrate or pot... |
of a pill or liquid medication. Avoiding foods high in purines—such as meat, fish, and shellfish—may also help prevent uric acid stones. Points to Remember - A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when some substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. - Kidney ... |
and teenagers from all races and ethnicities. - Kidney stones in children are diagnosed using a combination of urine, blood, and imaging tests. - The treatment for a kidney stone usually depends on its size and composition as well as whether it is causing symptoms of pain or obstructing the urinary tract. - Small stone... |
tract without treatment. Still, children will often require pain control and encouragement to drink lots of fluids to help move the stone along. - Children with larger stones, or stones that block urine flow and cause great pain, may need to be hospitalized for more urgent treatment. - Hospital treatments may include s... |
with a ureteroscope, lithotripsy with a ureteroscope, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. - To prevent recurrent kidney stones, health care providers and their patients must understand what is causing the stones to form. - In all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush awa... |
Hope through Research The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), one of the National Institutes of Health, supports research aimed at better understanding and preventing kidney stones in children. Researchers supported by the NIDDK have identified three proteins that inhibit the forma... |
or absence of these proteins. Developing a test for these proteins that can be used in the clinical setting will help health care providers identify children at risk for stone formation so they can manage that risk. Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new... |
the American Society of Pediatric Nephrology Clinical Affairs Committee: Michael Somers, M.D., Children’s Hospital Boston; Deepa Chand, M.D., M.H.S.A., Akron Children’s Hospital; John Foreman, M.D., Duke University; Jeffrey Fadrowski, M.D., M.H.S., The Johns Hopkins University; Kevin Meyers, M.D., Children’s Hospital o... |
University of Vermont. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the ... |
about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to c... |
Our last blog post in which we discussed our favourite animated films prompted us to think back to animations we have enjoyed from childhood. Some of the best loved animations of all time date back to the 1920s where Walt Disney and Warner Brothers revolutionised the industry. The earliest version of Mickey Mouse was c... |
in 1930. But what about even earlier than that? Where did animation begin, when and how? So, we asked Kurobot to share his knowledge and teach us all about the origin of animation. Motion in art can date back as far as Paleolithic cave paintings, a very very long time ago! Paintings of animals with many legs in various... |
first attempt at conveying motion. Other pieces include sequences and phases of movement in both animals and people painted onto bowls, plates and murals. Animation before film dates back to the 1600s where numerous devices were used to display animated images. The magic lantern, invented 1650, used a translucent oil p... |
used to display monsters and demons to convince people they were witnessing supernatural events. (We have ours ready for Halloween) The Thaumatrope, invented 1824, was one of the first devices to demonstrate the Phi phenomenon, the human (and Kurobot) brains ability to persistently perceive an image. The device used a ... |
central cord. When the cord is spun between the fingers the images appear to merge into one creating a moving image. Possibly the most well known origin of motion picture is the humble flip book. Invented 1868, a flip book features a sequence of animated images on the unbound edge of each page of the book. When bending... |
the book the images merge due to the rapid replacement of each image with the next, forming a short animation. The silent era of animation began in the late 1800s with the production of short stop motion animations, the most famous of which, produced in 1920 was Felix the cat. Felix was the first merchandised cartoon c... |
featured an anthropomorphic mouse named “Mickey” neglecting his work on a steamboat to instead make music with the animals aboard the boat. This would mark the development of animation in our generation including TV, and CGI animation. Image sources: Silent London, Education Eastman House, The Local, Good Comics, Anima... |
Our district has created a process for the Response to Intervention which we call A4L (Assessment for Learning). Regardless of the name of the program, the work that happens to |
help support students is sound. Our teachers understand that the first two levels of intervention are done in class. When a student requires something other than the standard curriculum instruction, |
teachers are to start documenting what they are doing for that student and why. Teachers work in their Professional Learning Communities to get support with this work. Once every six |
weeks, the PLC is replaced by an A4L meeting where all of the specialists meet along with the team to make sure that all students are making progress. These meetings |
allow for all the players to be in the same place at the same time. Also, the group is able to draw from each others' strengths for strategies and ideas. |
The documentation for the students in the intervention process is kept in the grade level's team notebook so that all the data for the students is in the same place |
Caster Semenya, the South African runner who won the women’s 800-meter race at the World Track Championships in Berlin last month, has been unofficially declared intersexed. If she is, it means that she was born with some discrepancy between her |
external genitals, internal sex anatomy (ovaries or testes and her hormones and chromosomes). The International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF) will not make its official ruling as to whether it considers Semenya a woman until November, but an increasing number |
of news outlets around the world have reported that she’s “a hermaphrodite.” What does this mean, exactly? The media’s terminology itself reflects the ignorance and confusion surrounding intersex. Doctors and lay people no longer use the word hermaphrodite because it |
is vague, demeaning and sensationalistic. “Hermaphrodite” continues to conjure images of mythical creatures, perhaps even monsters and freaks. It’s thus not surprising that most have rejected the label. Historically, hermaphrodite has been one of the more neutral descriptors of those |
Intersex bodies have always aroused suspicion. But many people’s distrust of them has not been limited to the playing fields, nor is it new. Throughout American history, doctors and lay people in authority have assumed that those born with atypical |
bodies were dishonest and fraudulent (say, in illegally voting when the franchise was limited to men), or were seeking illegal sexual relations. These authorities persistently tried to define ambiguous bodies as either male or female. Yet over the years doctors’ |
evaluations of intersex bodies have shifted. In the 1920s and 1930s, for example, a person with a female-appearing body would have been counseled to undergo surgery in order to appear more like a man because of her internal testes, particularly |
if doctors discovered that she was sexually attracted to women. In the 1940s, doctors turned to the new field of psychology to guide their decisions and determined that it was more sensible to let such an individual continue living as |
a woman, if she so chose. These “medical” decisions were informed by social anxieties and therapeutic trends, not scientific findings. From the 1950s onward, doctors have tried to intervene surgically at infancy, before patients had a chance to develop an |
identity as female or male. Doctors would decide an intersex baby’s gender primarily by how well they thought the external genitals could be surgically reshaped to appear “normal.” The thinking was that there was a window of opportunity in which |
a baby’s gender could go either way. All it took was the parents’ unwavering commitment toward raising either a boy or a girl, and this could only happen, doctors believed, if the baby’s genitals looked distinctly male or female. Nurture, |
they believed, trumped nature, particularly when nature seemed confused. In each era, attitudes toward intersex bodies have expressed the social norms of their time and place. Today, the response to Caster Semenya highlights the pervasive yet misguided insistence that the |
sexes are unambiguously distinct and easily distinguishable. As some declare Semenya too manly to compete, for example, a popular South African magazine features a glamorously feminine Semenya on its cover, as if she were Oprah. Real life is more complicated. |
If Semenya has female external anatomy but male internal anatomy, as the recent reports suggest, is she a woman or a man? Medical authorities have pondered such cases for years, and only one thing seems clear: interpretation of these findings |
is as much (or even more) social than scientific. Today authorities (like the IAAF) have spent much time trying to determine intersexed people’s “true sex.” Their efforts have been invasive and sometimes degrading and embarrassing to women like Caster Semenya. |
And what’s the point? Our two-gendered world forces all people to be classified as male or female even when the boundaries are more blurred than we imagine. We simply do not have a social category for intersex people, despite the |
fact that intersex occurs in one out of every 2000 births. We necessarily make social decisions about whether to raise an intersex baby as a boy or a girl. Once these decisions have been made, we should honor a family’s |
judgment. Caster Semenya was raised as a girl, considers herself a woman, and is regarded as a woman by her community. Yet now she has had to submit to a humiliating public inspection and deal with new knowledge about her |
body that casts doubt upon her identity as well as her integrity. Intersex people have endured such scrutiny for years because their bodies posed a threat to our assumption that the male and female are completely distinct categories. Perhaps Semenya’s |
test results with her public defense will challenge this notion. In recent years, the medical world has made strides in letting intersex bodies stay as they are by holding off on infant surgeries and by letting people decide for themselves |
about their own bodies when they are adults. This autonomy is a good thing; it gives credit to the person himself or herself. Let’s give Semenya some credit too and congratulate her on a good race. Elizabeth Reis is the |
author of Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex (2009). She is an associate professor of women’s and gender studies and history at the University of Oregon in Eugene and a writer for the History News Service. Republished with |
Act Feb. 29, 1888, ch. 17, 25 Stat. 41 , which enacted sections of this title, is popularly known as the “Submarine Cable Act”. The protection of submarine cables was made the subject of an international convention between the United |
States and Germany, Argentine Confederation, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Spain, United States of Columbia, France, Great Britain, Guatemala, Greece, Italy, Turkey, Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Salvador, Servia, Sweden and Norway, Uruguay, and the Britis... |
It was concluded Mar. 14, 1884, ratified Jan. 26, 1885, ratifications exchanged Apr. 16, 1885, proclaimed May 22, 1885, and entered into force for the United States May 1, 1888. Its provisions were set forth in 24 Stat. 989 |
INTRODUCTION TO LAYOUT DESIGNING. Hello, & welcome back to Firewire, your friendly guide to the exciting world of web-design & web-solutions! While developing a website or any design we have to take some precautions of aesthetic aspect. Behind every good design there is a good layout. In case, we are wondering about ho... |
basics of the layout. means arrangement of different objects in different media, which conveys your message easily to the viewer. Here are some basic points for designing a good layout. To create a good layout you must have a good observation: to see layouts around you, observe all the objects such as tress, flowers, m... |
Refer to magazines, books, advertisement etc. and try to understand how graphics are and What color schemes have been used? Why and which type of fonts have been used? Why and how do they give treatment to the images? lot of observation you come to know what is good and what is bad. To increase the power of observation... |
have to create an idea or mental picture of the object or the situation exactly as you want. This will help you in designing. Actually it is a never-ending process. SENSE: Many times good layouts get spoiled because of the wrong selection of color schemes. In real sense, color scheme is a good weapon to enhance a layou... |
use colors carefully you can make wonders out of it. a color depends on the viewability. In case, female related subjects the colors normally used are pink, lavender, light blue and peach. children related subjects the colors generally used is warm yellow, sky blue, orange, red, leaf green and violet. For medical relat... |
blue, dull and grey shades. nature related subjects, cool color schemes are preferred as against that social institutes you can use warm color schemes like red, black, bright yellow etc. Color schemes may vary according to the subject. For ready availability of color schemes you can visit the Initially you can even sta... |
in the market, as they contain various color schemes for various purposes. SENSE: After color schemes, the one and only tool to express your emotions perfectly and properly is the "FONT". |
September 5, 2008 Tracking Down the Menace in Mexico City Smog Contact: Paul Preuss, (510) 486-6249 BERKELEY, CA – A new report by scientists who are part of the international MILAGRO Campaign indicates that some of the most harmful air |
pollution in Mexico City may not come from motor vehicles but instead originates with industrial sources – and that the culprit may be garbage incineration. The MILAGRO Campaign (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) monitored air quality in the |
Mexico City Metropolitan Area throughout the month of March, 2006. Headed by the Molina Center for Energy and the Environment in La Jolla, California, MILAGRO – the acronym means "miracle" in Spanish – is an international scientific collaboration supported by |
the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, NASA, and other agencies in the U.S., Mexico, and Europe. Five DOE labs contributed to the study, including Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Beamline 11.0.2 at Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source (ALS) |
was used for scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) of aerosol particles, in work led by Mary Gilles of the Lab's Chemical Sciences Division. Ryan Moffet, now a Seaborg Postdoctoral Fellow at Berkeley Lab, was a member of a team monitoring |
a rooftop collection station at the Mexican Institute of Petroleum in the northern part of Mexico City, a site designated T0 (T-zero); the evidence gathered there was among that analyzed by Gilles and her colleagues. "The T0 site is in |
the industrial heart of the city, but the neighborhood is also a densely populated residential area. Children who live here have 11 percent higher levels of lead in their blood than children from the opposite side of town," says Moffet, |
who was a doctoral student at the University of California at San Diego during the MILAGRO Campaign. Moffet is first author of a report in Environmental Science & Technology on the research at the T0 site. "Although researchers had noted |
the high levels of lead, no one before us had analyzed the aerosol compounds for clues to its origins." Airborne particles of varying size, shape, and chemical composition are an important constituent of the smog in Mexico City, one of |
the largest cities in the world and one of the most polluted. The aerosols come from motor vehicles, industries, and residences; their sources include the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, and industrial emissions. Because of the city's high elevation |
in a basin walled by mountains, air pollution in the metropolitan area is often trapped in the basin and chemically altered by ultraviolet radiation and other processes. Metal-containing aerosols in particular are implicated in adverse effects on health. Size and |
solubility affect their mobility in the body; for example, small particles with compact shapes penetrate deep into the lungs, where they are likely to stay. Soluble compounds readily enter the bloodstream. And a metal's oxidation state affects its toxicity. Measuring |
airborne particles Many different instruments were used to collect the aerosol samples at several sites: one, a Davis Rotating Drum, captured particles of three different sizes on Teflon tapes; another, a Time Resolved Aerosol Impactor, collected single particles. In situ |
measurements were made with an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS), which sucked particles into a vacuum chamber, determined their size, and analyzed the mass spectra of their constituent chemicals on the fly, by zapping each with a laser pulse. Spectra |
from tens of thousands of particles were stored for later analysis. The rotating drum and ATOFMS yielded time series, allowing the researchers to determine how size, shape, chemical composition, and the changing mix of chemicals in the aerosol particles varied |
with the time of day and other factors like weather. "When we started the study, we were interested in what fraction of the aerosols was from traffic, since many scientists believed that traffic was the worst source of the pollution," |
says Moffet. "But when I looked at the mass spectrometry data, the first thing that jumped at me was the lead spikes. We wondered what the source of the lead was. Lead has been completely banned in gasoline sold in |
the city since 1997, which meant the aerosols were coming from something else." Many anthropogenic (human caused) sources contribute to the metal-containing aerosols in Mexico City air. Nickel and vanadium are associated in particles from fossil-fuel burning. Smelting and other |
metallurgical processes produce emissions rich in heavy metals. Burning waste emits particles containing lead, zinc, and many other metals, plus chlorine. Activities like construction and traffic stir up dust and send large metal-containing particles into the atmosphere. All these sources |
can be identified by their characteristic compositions. "In many of the spikes the lead was associated with chlorine and zinc," Moffet says. "The nature of the chemical associations of these metals could give us valuable clues as to the origin |
of the particles and their subsequent processing." Mass spectrometry results were available on the spot, while additional informative data came from later laboratory analyses, including proton-induced x-ray emission and computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy directed by Alexander Laskin at the W. |
R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory at DOE's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Washington State, the STXM studies by Mary Gilles at Berkeley Lab's ALS, and other researchers using additional techniques. Narrowing the suspects By comparing the mixing of lead, |
zinc, and chloride in the T0 particles to previous studies characterizing the sources of metal-containing aerosols, clues to the source of the Mexico City particles quickly emerged. Both nonferrous (non-iron) smelters and municipal waste incinerators emit particles that contain lead |
and zinc, and both have similar compositions – except that smelter particles do not contain phosphorus and chlorine, while incinerator particles do. The particles that contained lead and zinc in the T0 aerosols did contain phosphorus and chlorine, and had |
other species in common with incinerator samples, including soot. Particles from smelting typically have more iron; moreover, smelter emissions do not have large amounts of chlorine but do have high concentrations of sulfates, which were missing in the T0 samples. |
ALS beamline 11.0.2 helped further zero in on the chemical makeup of particles containing zinc. Incinerators produce metal chlorides, which in the atmosphere can react with acidic gases and become other species like nitrates: many of the zinc-containing particles from |
T0 were zinc nitrates, suggesting their origin in incinerator emissions. Zinc oxides were also among the particles collected at T0; nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates are partitioned on zinc oxide surfaces, and all are found in the lead and zinc-rich aerosols |
from T0. The occurrence of lead and zinc particles at different times of day – and even different days of the month – added more evidence for incineration as the principal source of the airborne metals. On most days, metal-rich |
particles at the T0 site peaked early in the morning, as early morning air masses from the northeastern part of the city carried them to other neighborhoods. The lag time of metal nitrates behind metal chlorides matched the time needed |
for reactions with nitric acid in the air. Perhaps most telling, during the month-long collection, the lowest concentration of metal-rich particles occurred on a holiday weekend when most industrial processes were shut down. The lead-bearing aerosol particles found in Mexico |
City are small, many of them needle-shaped, making them easy to inhale and likely to stay in the lungs. As time passes, the initial metal chlorides are converted to lead nitrates, which are soluble and readily enter the blood stream. |
Can garbage incineration be unequivocally identified as the source of the worst pollution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area? Not quite yet, says Moffet. "At present the government is not keeping track of emissions from incinerators, and incineration is not |
even listed in the emissions inventory for the metropolitan area," he says, "although we saw garbage incinerators in the northern part of Mexico City. But even short of absolute proof of bad health effects, incineration – especially of discarded electronics, |
which are loaded with heavy metals and chlorine – is a dangerous process and a growing problem in developing countries." "Characterization of aerosols containing Zn, Pb, and Cl from an industrial region of Mexico City," by Ryan Moffet, Yuri Desyaterik, |
Author and Audience: The book of 2 Thessalonians was written by Paul and addressed to the church at Thessalonica (see 2 Thessalonians 1:1; 3:17). Paul wrote this letter around A.D. 50–51 (see Bible Dictionary, (“Pauline Epistles,” p. 743). Historical Background: The similarities between this letter and 1 Thessalonians ... |
strong that many believe they were written within six months of each other. Paul wrote it soon after hearing the reports of Silas and Timothy when they returned from delivering his first letter. For more information see the introduction to the book of 1 Thessalonians (p. 208). |
Revelation on Church organization and government, given through Joseph Smith the Prophet, at or near Fayette, New York. Portions of this revelation may have been given as early as summer 1829. The complete revelation, known at the time as the Articles and Covenants, was likely recorded soon after April 6, |
1830 (the day the Church was organized). The Prophet wrote, “We obtained of Him [Jesus Christ] the following, by the spirit of prophecy and revelation; which not only gave us much information, but also pointed out to us the precise day upon which, according to His will and commandment, we |
should proceed to organize His Church once more here upon the earth.” 1 The a of the b of Christ in these last days, being one thousand eight hundred and thirty years since the c of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the flesh, it being regularly d and |
established agreeable to the e of our country, by the will and commandments of God, in the fourth month, and on the sixth day of the month which is called April— 2 Which commandments were given to Joseph Smith, Jun., who was a of God, and b an c of |
Jesus Christ, to be the d e of this church; 3 And to Oliver Cowdery, who was also called of God, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to be the a elder of this church, and ordained under his hand; 4 And this according to the a of our Lord and |
Savior Jesus Christ, to whom be all glory, both now and forever. Amen. 5 After it was truly manifested unto this first elder that he had received a a of his sins, he was b again in the c of the world; 6 But after a, and humbling himself sincerely, |
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