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which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two ... or with twenty. Their dimensions are defined by the variables each nCube combines, and each variable |
no news in this list. Kusatsu-Shirane volcanoKusatsu-Shirane volcano is a complex of overlapping cones and 3 lake-filled craters (Karagama, Yugama, Mizugama) at the summit. It is located 150 km NW of Tokyo. All historical eruptions have consisted of phreatic explosions from the acidic crater lakes or their margins. The... |
and many rivers draining from the volcano are acid. Similar to Ijen volcano, the crater was the site of active sulfur mining for many years during the 19th and 20th centuries. Background:The andesitic-to-dacitic volcano was formed in 3 eruptive stages beginning in the early to mid Pleistocene. The Pleistocene Oshi pyro... |
covers much of the east, south and SW flanks. The latest eruptive stage began about 14,000 years ago. Yugama crater ("hot-water cauldron") contains the most active vent. Its lake is 270 m wide and up to 27 m deep and contains highly acidic (pH = 1.2 ) and salty (app. 1% salt) water. The surface temperature of the lake ... |
heated by vents at the lake bottom. In the interval 1910 to 1918, water temperatures reached a maximum of 100°C. Subaqueous fumaroles with molten sulfur pools exist in the center of the lake. - Smithsonian / GVP - B. Takano, K. Watanuki (1990) "Monitoring of volcanic eruptions at Yugama crater lake by aqueous sulfur ox... |
Research, Volume 40, Issue 1, January 1990, Pages 71-87 A small hydrothermal explosion likely occurred at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano on 7 February 1996. Broken pieces of the ice sheet 20-30 cm in diameter were found washed ashore and discolored water was observed at the NW part of the lake. Probably, a sudden sudden disch... |
was the cause. A small eruption occurred from Yugama crater on 6 January 1989. It produced small amounts of volcanic ash on the frozen surface of the crater lake. Kusatsu-Shirane volcano had 5 phreatic eruptions during 1982-83. Eruptions occurred on 26 October 1982, 29 December 1982, 26 July 1983, 13 November 1983, and... |
at Yukama crater lake increased strongly and reached to 55.5 deg C after the first eruption, but did not increase further during the later eruptions. (Source: GVP/monthly reports) A phreatic eruption occurred at Mizugama Crater on 2 March 1976. A new crater 50 m in diameter and 10 m deep was formed in the NE part of Mi... |
only event interrupting 34 years of quiet at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano between the eruptions in 1942 and 1976 was a small phreatic explosion in 1958. An eruption occurred in 1942 and was unusual as it came from a different location than most activity at the volcano. A cluster of small craters was formed on the north flan... |
second group of craters formed on the south flank of Yugama Crater. The largest historical eruption at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano was in 1932. It producing a 20 cm ash deposit reaching up to 2 km east of Yugama Crater. |
Papandayan is situated on the island of Java, at 7°32' S and 107°73'E, rising 2.665 m asl, and lies apprx. 175 km south east of the Indonesian capital Jakarta. Papandayan is a complex stratovolcano with four large summit craters, the youngest of which has breached to the NE by collapse |
during a brief eruption in 1772 and contains active fumarole lighter colored area on the left is Alun-Alun, the uppermost of four The valley below in the center of the photo extending to the NE in the breach left by collapse in 1772. The volcano in the distance is Gunung |
Guntur, another historically Photo: Tom Casadevall, 1986 (USGS) The broad 1.1 km wide, flat-floored Alun-Alun crater truncates the summit of Papandayan, and Gunung Puntang to the north gives the volcano a twin-peaked appearance. episodes of collapse have given the volcano an irregular profile and avalanches that have i... |
beyond the volcano. Since its first historical eruption in 1772, in which a catastrophic debris avalanche destroyed 40 villages, only two small phreatic eruptions have occured from the vents in the NE-flank fumarole field, Kawah Mas. rises ffrom a sulfur-encrusted fumarole at Kawah Mas (Golden Crater), a frequently vis... |
at Papandayan. A lirge number of high-temperature fumaroles, with temperatures of several hundred degrees C, are located within Kawah Mas. Photo by Lee Siebert, 1995 (Smithsoinian Institution) November 21st, 2002 Volcanic activity dominated by explosion and emission, which has medium-high intensity. These activities we... |
activity at Kawah Baru, 17 November 2002 on picture for larger view Up to 07.45 local time today, there were 98 times explosions, that produced a white-grey ash plume which rose 200-600 m high and blew westward. Seismograph remain showing volcanic tremosr, emissions ( medium-high intensity), and continuous explosions .... |
of seismic record is: 10 shallow volcanic, 1 low frequency, and continuous tremor. on 14 November 2002 on picture for larger view November 20th, 2002 White thick ash plume emitted westward, and reached 100-1500 m asl. Heavy rain occurred at 05.02 local time. Ash eruptions also occurred, reaching 1500 m |
asl, ashfall drifting northeast, then north and northwest. This eruption had its source in Nangklak crater, one of eruption points. Ash fall reached 2 cm thickness in radius of 2 km (northwest). Seismic activity revealed as volcanic, tremor, and medium intensity of continuous emission. Explosion earthquake noted 1 time... |
of seismic record is : 17 shallow volcanic, 1 deep volcanic, 2 tectonic, continuous tremor, and 1 low frequency. Volcano status is in level 3. at Tea Plantation (left) and vegetable fields right) caused by ashfall. Looks like Norway during winter with snow all over.. November 19th, 2002 Volcanic activity |
dominated by ash emission, while medium pressured-ash explosion occurred continuously.White-thin ash plume rose from the crater westward, about 200-700 m high, with medium pressure, no rainfall around the volcano. Seismic activity noted continuous emission earthquake, continuous explosion, 2 volcanic, continuous tremor... |
volcano status reduced into November 17th, 2002 Despite the obvious dangers, many people entered the safety area near Mount Papandayan's crater to get a closer look at the huge majestic eruption. Hundreds of villagers, foreigners, photographers and cameramen took the risk of going in closer than one-kilometer radius co... |
around the volcano's crater, which was still spewing ash and thick smoke on Saturday. (So if you ever wondered why people get caught in volcano-eruptions, one of the answers are given here.....) Damage on rice fields caused by lahar flood on 11 November 2002 The volcano is still dangerous and |
no one is allowed to enter the forbidden are. Despite the decreasing number of eruptions, there are no signs that the 2,665-meter-high volcanic peak will slow down completely and the situation is still similar to that on Friday. There is nothing the authorities can do to help them if the |
volcano starts to discharge hot lava that could flow down to farmlands and villages. Nonetheless, it was a good scene for viewers on Saturday morning to see the volcano's awesome power as it spewed hot ash and thick smoke to a height of 6,000 meters in the air. The ash |
has been blown to the volcano's southeast over several tea plantations in Bandung © TEMPO/Hariyanto 2002-11-14 November 16th, 2002 According to monitoring and seismographic records, the volcano, after its major eruption early this morning (Friday), has shown increasing activity by continually spewing hot ash and thick ... |
of 6,000 meters. So far the volcano has spewed out more than one million cubic meters of volcanic material, including silica, magnesium and sulfur, which would be dangerous to humans if it were mixed with the mudflows moving toward the Cileutik, Cibeureum and Cimanuk from the volcano. Some 2,600 hectares |
of paddy(?) field in the regency were suffering a shortage of water as the mudflows had damaged several dams on the Cibeureum River. About Rp 7.5 billion (US$830,000) to Rp 10 billion would be needed to repair the damaged dams over the next five years. much to do when you |
have to evacuate © TEMPO/Arie Basuki;2002-11-15 November 15th, 2002 Papandayan erupted early this morning, around 6:00 o'clock local time, belching thick smoke up to 6.000 m into the sky, sending hot ash and lava onto nearby areas, and triggering panic among residents in nearby areas. (Indonesian Post said: 'There were |
no signs of hot lava or clouds of poisonous gas that often accompany A major eruption took place at 6:33 a.m. this morning. After that more than 10 big eruptions were recorded within an hour. Friday morning's eruption was the biggest so far since the Papandayan volcano began to rumble |
early this week. Before the eruption as many as 48 tremors were recorded in 12 hours. The long-dormant Papandayan volcano has been causing havoc in the area since Monday afternoon, when lahar -- accumulated lava from past flows -- on the volcano's peak broke off after heavy rains and poured |
down on nearby villages, burying 17 houses, an Islamic boarding school and two bridges. Officials on Friday issued their maximum alert status for Papandayan in West Java province after a dawn eruption. Residents have been evacuated out of a four kilometre area around the volcano. November 13th, 2002, 08:00 GMT |
At least 5,000 people have fled their homes near a volcano in Indonesia's West Java province which is emitting smoke and mudflows. At least six out of eight craters of the Papandayan volcano began emitting white and black smoke on Tuesday. The authorities have also closed an area of seven |
kilometres from the peak of the volcano. And here comes what is confusing: The volcano near the town of Garut had since Tuesday been emitting mudflows known as lahar into the Cibeureum river. Since this is NOT a mud-volcano, the only answer I can imagine, is that rain has fallen |
and brought ash from the flanks downwards and that mixture has become mudflows. Anyone else have any suggestions? At least 18 homes in two villages had been destroyed by the mudflows, and 5,000 people had fled their homes compared to 2,000 on Monday, when the volcano belched smoke and lava. |
The refugees have taken shelter in a mosque, a sport stadium and a local provincial government office in Cisurupan. The mudflows covered around 43 hectares of rice fields in one village. Officials have set up four emergency medical posts to help the villagers. © TEMPO/Arie Basuki;2002-11-14 November 13th, 2002, 07:00 |
GMT There have been no reports of fatalities but the lava has destroyed houses in a nearby village. The authorities has rised the alarm-level, as they expect more lava is trying to get out from the volcano in the November 13th, 2002 'Papandayan volcano cools down, 3,000 people refuse to |
return' - That's the next newsline we read, and you get a bit confused, after having heard that this was only a mudslide. According to 'The Jakarta Post', Papandayan now has stopped spewing out lava, but 3,000 frightened villagers are still too scared to return home. On Tuesday afternoon only |
white smoke was emitting from one of its craters, but during Monday the number of residents who had fled their homes rose from 2,000 to 3,000. There are 5 villages that have been evacuated. Lava and ash have flowed down the volcano-flanks into the Cibeureum November 12th, 2002, afternoon It |
might have been a mudslide, mistaken for an eruption. November 12th, 2002 A news-article this morning says: 'Thousands Flee Volcano in Indonesia'. It is the Papandayan volcano that should have erupted yesterday, forcing about 1,000 people to flee their villages. Lava has been spewed into the air around 3 PM |
local time. Inhabitants of two nearby villages have already moved to safer places, and the authorities are prepaired to evacuate other citites. It has now, Tuesday morning, been confirmed that there has been an eruption here, and we will be back later today with more news. However, there are no |
immediate reports of damage Latest news always above. Older eruptions Also in the years 1923 and 1942 were small eruptions, both at VEI , with much lesser damages and casualties than the great VEI 3 eruption of 1772. of the summit of Papandayan on August 8, 1772, accompaniesd by a |
brief, 5 minute long explosive eruption, produced a debris avalanche that swept over lowland areas to the east, destroying 40 villages and killing 2.957 The farmland in the foreground are underlain by the deposits from this which traveled 11 km from the volcano. Photo: Tom Casadevall, 1986 (USGS) Bilder og |
tekst denne side: Photo and text this page: Kimberly, P., Siebert, L., Luhr, J.F., and Simkin, T. (1998). Volcanoes of Indonesia, v. 1.0 (CD-ROM). Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program, Digital Information |
Amniotic fluid index is a way of measuring the amount of liquid that is around a baby (fetus) in the uterus during pregnancy. It is usually done as part of |
the biophysical profile (BPP), which is a series of tests that measure the health of the baby during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid protects the fetus from temperature extremes and from being |
bumped or hurt as the mother moves around. It also allows the fetus to move around in the uterus and is important for lung and limb development. A problem with |
the amount of amniotic fluid could point to a problem with the growing fetus. Too much or too little fluid could also cause problems during labor and delivery. Doctors use |
ultrasound to calculate the amniotic fluid index. The doctor looks at the amount of amniotic fluid in four different areas of the uterus. The four areas are called quadrants. The |
doctor measures how much fluid is in each quadrant. Then he or she adds up the numbers to get an idea of the total amount of fluid that surrounds the |
baby. June 18, 2012 Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & William Gilbert, MD - Maternal and Fetal Medicine How this information was developed to help you make better health |
decisions. To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. We are happy to take |
your appointment request over the phone, or, you may fill out an online request form. Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT |
When bullying goes high-tech Researcher says as many as 25% of teens have experienced cyberbullying Brandon Turley didn't have friends in sixth grade. He would often eat alone at lunch, |
having recently switched to his school without knowing anyone. While browsing MySpace one day, he saw that someone from school had posted a bulletin -- a message visible to multiple |
people -- declaring that Turley was a "f--." Students he had never even spoken with wrote on it, too, saying they agreed. Feeling confused and upset, Turley wrote in the |
comments, too, asking why his classmates would say that. The response was even worse: He was told on MySpace that a group of 12 kids wanted to beat him up, |
that he should stop going to school and die. On his walk from his locker to the school office to report what was happening, students yelled things like "f--" and |
"fatty." "It was just crazy, and such a shock to my self-esteem that people didn't like me without even knowing me," said Turley, now 18 and a senior in high |
school in Oregon. "I didn't understand how that could be." A pervasive problem As many as 25 percent of teenagers have experienced cyberbullying at some point, said Justin W. Patchin, |
who studies the phenomenon at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. He and colleagues have conducted formal surveys of 15,000 middle and high school students throughout the United States, and found |
that about 10 percent of teens have been victims of cyberbullying in the last 30 days. Online bullying has a lot in common with bullying in school: Both behaviors include |
harassment, humiliation, teasing and aggression, Patchin said. Cyberbullying presents unique challenges in the sense that the perpetrator can attempt to be anonymous, and attacks can happen at any time of |
day or night. There's still more bullying that happens at school than online, however, Patchin said. And among young people, it's rare that an online bully will be a total |
stranger. "In our research, about 85 percent of the time, the target knows who the bully is, and it's usually somebody from their social circle," Patchin said. Patchin's research has |
also found that, while cyberbullying is in some sense easier to perpetrate, the kids who bully online also tend to bully at school. "Technology isn't necessarily creating a whole new |
class of bullies," he said. The conversations that need to be happening around cyberbullying extend beyond schools, said Thomas J. Holt, associate professor of criminal justice at Michigan State University. |
"How do we extend or find a way to develop policies that have a true impact on the way that kids are communicating with one another, given that you could |
be bullied at home, from 4 p.m. until the next morning, what kind of impact is that going to have on the child in terms of their development and mental |
health?" he said. Holt recently published a study in the International Criminal Justice Review using data collected in Singapore by his colleague Esther Ng. The researchers found that 27 percent |
of students who experienced bullying online, and 28 percent who were victims of bullying by phone text messaging, thought about skipping school or skipped it. That's compared to 22 percent |
who experienced physical bullying. Those who said they were cyberbullied were also most likely to say they had considered suicide -- 28 percent, compared to 22 percent who were physically |
bullied and 26 percent who received bullying text messages. Although there may be cultural differences between students in Singapore and the United States, the data on the subject of bullying |
seems to be similar between the two countries, Holt said. A recent study in the journal JAMA Psychiatry suggests that both victims and perpetrators of bullying can feel long-lasting psychological |
effects. Bullying victims showed greater likelihood of agoraphobia, where people don't feel safe in public places, along with generalized anxiety and panic disorder. People who were both victims and bullies |
were at higher risk for young adult depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia among females, and the likelihood of suicide among males. Those who were only bullies showed a risk of antisocial |
personality disorder. Since everything we do online has a digital footprint, it is possible to trace anonymous sources of bullying on the Internet, he said. Patchin noted that tangible evidence |
of cyberbullying may be more clear-cut than "your word against mine" situations of traditional bullying. Patchin advises that kids who are being cyberbullied keep the evidence, whether it's an e-mail |
or Facebook post, so that they can show it to adults they trust. Historically, there have been some issues with schools not disciplining if bullying didn't strictly happen at school, |
but today, most educators realize that they have the responsibility and authority to intervene, Patchin said. Adults can experience cyberbullying also, although there's less of a structure in place to |
stop it. Their recourse is basically to hire a lawyer and proceed through the courts, Patchin said. Even in school, though, solutions are not always clear. Turley's mother called the |
school on his behalf, but the students involved only got a talking-to as punishment. Cyberbullying wasn't considered school-related behavior, at least at that time, he said. "I was just so |
afraid of people," says Turley, explaining why he went to different middle schools each year in sixth, seventh and eighth grade. He stayed quiet through most of it, barely speaking |
to other students. Fighting back by speaking out Turley started slowly merging back into "peopleness" in eighth grade when he started putting video diaries on YouTube. Soon, other students were |
asking him to help them film school project videos, track meets and other video projects. In high school, Turley discovered an organization called WeStopHate.org, a nonprofit organization devoted to helping |
people who have been bullied and allow them a safe space to share their stories. Emily-Anne Rigal, the founder of the organization, experienced bullying in elementary school, getting picked on |
for her weight. Although she and Turley lived on opposite sides of the country, they became friends online, united by their passion for stopping bullying. WeStopHate.org has achieved a wide |
reach. Rigal has received all sorts of honors for her efforts, from the Presidential Volunteer Service Award to a TeenNick HALO Award presented by Lady Gaga. Turley designed the WeStopHate.org |
website and most of its graphics, and is actively involved in the organization. In additional to Rigal, he has many other friends in different states whom he's met over the |
Internet. "I got cyberbullied, and I feel like, with that, it made me think, like, well, there has to be somebody on the Internet who doesn't hate me," he said. |
"That kind of just made me search more." Ashley Berry, 13, of Littleton, Colo., has also experienced unpleasantness with peers online. When she was 11, a classmate of hers took |
photos of Ashley and created an entire Facebook page about her, but denied doing it when Ashley confronted the student whom she suspected. "It had things like where I went |
to school, and where my family was from and my birthday, and there were no security settings at all, so it was pretty scary," she said. The page itself didn't |
do any harm or say mean things, Ashley said. But her mother, Anna Berry, was concerned about the breach of privacy, and viewed it in the context of what else |
was happening to her daughter in school: Friends were uninviting her to birthday parties and leaving her at the lunch table. "You would see a girl who should be on |
top of the world coming home and just closing herself into her bedroom," Berry said. Berry had to get police involved to have the Facebook page taken down. For seventh |
grade, her current year, Ashley entered a different middle school than the one her previous school naturally fed into. She says she's a lot happier now, and does media interviews |
speaking out against bullying. These days, Berry has strict rules for her daughter's online behavior. She knows Ashley's passwords, and she's connected with her daughter on every social network that |
the teen has joined (except Instagram, but Ashley has an aunt there). Ashley won't accept "friend" requests from anyone she doesn't know. Technical solutions to technical problems Parents, extended relatives, |
Internet service providers and technology providers can all be incorporated in thinking about how children use technology, Holt said. Apps that control how much time children spend online, and other |
easy-to-use parental control devices, may help, Holt said. There could also be apps to enable parents to better protect their children from certain content and help them report bullying. Scientists |
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