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The Classical World and Classical Language From the John Paul II Library homepage, select Find articles by and then Subject. Under History, select the Ancient World and Early Christianity. This section guides you to many resources that pertain to the classical world. If you know the title of the journal, go to Find Art... |
along. Remember that information about his period comes to us from two main sources: the written record and the physical remains of these cultures. The study of archeology plays an important role in interpreting both the ruins of these cultures and the writings that they have left behind. Many nations and places in anc... |
perform a search in a general database using Egypt or Rome as a term without additional qualifiers, you may have results that pertain to the modern rather than the ancient world 1. You may search by words anywhere (a keyword approach) title, author, subject. I suggest that you use keyword-at least at first. 2. Subject ... |
after finding the appropriate one to use. You can never be sure as to the exact subject heading in use until you have some experience with the database. 3. After using keywords, you may find a subject heading that is useful for your search. These subject headings are in the blue print under the citations for the articl... |
can click on them to bring up those citations. Some important facts about Inter Library Loan--- 1. Books take at least 3 days 2. Articles take at least 5 daysprint citation and attach pink form with your contact information 3. Please print the article citation from the database. If submitting a list, please make it ver... |
articles you wish to order. (please order handwritten next to each one you want is fine) 4. The ISSN number is very importantit can be found on most databasesplease include it. Journals in John Paul II Library Many of the databases do not include the full text of the article. The library subscribes to over 700 journals... |
on the main floor and the older copies are on the second floor, bound and arranged in call number order. Some older journals are in storage and there is a 24-hour turn around on requests. You may check to see if we subscribe to a journal by checking the JPII catalog. You may see if we have full text access |
to a journal by using the Find Articles by Title of Journal option. PLEASE REMEMBER to search by the exact name of the journal. Before asking for an article via ILL, be sure to check and see if the library has the journal available here. Remember-if the title of the book is in Latin or Greek, the book is most |
likely in that language. Please look for the name of the translator. Unless there is a translator, the work will be in the original language. ©2003 Franciscan University of Steubenville - 1235 University Boulevard - Steubenville, Ohio 43952-6701 Last updated January 2009 |
last remnant of the Temple quickly became one of the most celebrated religious sites in Jerusalem. The Kotel ha-Ma'aravi (Western Wall) stands upon the Temple Mount and stretches 200 meters. For many reasons the wall attracts visitors from around the world. It is one of the holiest sights in Jerusalem and some believed... |
have been praying at the wall for two thousand years and travel from around the world to gather and pray at this holy site. Jews pray facing the wall three times daily, often in tears which is why some refer to the wall as the "Wailing Wall". In fact, the wall is an ancient praying site for Jews since the |
Middle Ages and the sheer longevity of the wall is phenomenal. This leads many Jews to believe that the wall is holy and has been blessed by God. Power and the Wall Aside from the historical significance of the wall, another attraction to the wall stems from the perception of the wall as an appropriate metaphor for the... |
survival of the Jewish people themselves. For just as the Jewish peoples' existence has been endangered over the course of history, the wall's existence has been threatened as well. The Romans burned the entire Temple but inexplicably left the outer wall unscathed. Remarkably, the wall still exists and just as remarkab... |
Jews feel with the wall, arguably makes the wall the most powerful and emotional religious site in Jerusalem. The amount of people that come to the wall to pray on a daily basis is amazing and the emotion that is so commonly exhibited by these people leaves many observers in awe. The wall also holds an important positi... |
Jewish prophecies. One being that the Holy Temple will eventually be reconstructed. Rebuilt in its original form, standing upon the Temple Mount surrounded by the wall. The second prophecy involves the arrival of the Messiah, for some Jews attest that only the true Messiah will cause enough power for the Temple's const... |
power that the wall holds within the Jewish community is undeniable. Gender and the Wall Although the Wall is considered by Jews as a holy place of worship it does not allow for all members of the Jewish community to pray in the same area. Orthodox Jews believe that women should not don prayer shawls or lead services a... |
be separated from men during prayer. So, Jewish women are expected to pray at a specific area of the wall without Torahs. Some women, who have attempted to pray at the wall have even encountered violence from Orthodox men. Unfortunately, the space at the Wall is not entirely equal and the Israeli government, for fear o... |
Orthodox within Jerusalem will not protect a woman who wants to pray at any part of the wall. Instead women must pray at a separate area of the wall and if they feel inclined to pray elsewhere there is a chance she would be met by men who use violence as a deterrent. The mob rule of the Western Wall |
is unfortunate but indicative of Orthodox gender practice in general, in which women are not permitted to read from the Torah, pray in the same area as men or allowed to lead religious services. We may conclude that the separatism that occurs at the wall is not an isolated event but rather an extension of Orthodox Jewi... |
Home Fire Safety for Family and Friends of Older Adults When it comes to fire, adults over age 65 are at greater risk than any other group. Most fire deaths occur in the home and it is important for older adults to know how to protect themselves. If you have |
a relative, friend or neighbor in this high-risk group, please take a few minutes to complete this fire safety check of their home. Conduct the following safety checks: - Check that there are working smoke alarms on every level of the home and in sleeping areas. - Make sure the |
older person can hear the alarm when it activates. If not, there are now a variety of smoke alarms on the market that combine sound and light to alert those with limited hearing that there is a fire in the home. - Check that the smoke alarms have been tested. |
If not, test the smoke alarm by pressing the alarm test button. If it is difficult to reach, use a broom handle or ruler to test it. - Check that the batteries have been changed within the past year. Batteries should be replaced each year. It is a good idea |
to mark the date on the batteries so that anyone will know when they were last replaced. Families are encouraged to change the batteries in the fall during "Change your Clock, Change Your Batteries" programs. A chirping sound indicates a low battery, but this sound can be difficult for an |
older person to hear or recognize. - Check for scorch marks on pots and pans. If you find scorch marks, discuss with the older person. He/she may be leaving cooking unattended. - Check that clothing, bedding, furniture and floors are free of cigarette burns. If you find cigarette burns, discuss |
the situation with your older friend or relative. - Do you know how to leave quickly if there is a fire? - Check that the older person knows two ways out in case the main route is blocked by smoke or flames. Check that all doors and windows in the |
escape route can be easily opened. - Do you have a neighbor who can help in an emergency? - Is there a phone near your bed in case you need help? - What would you do if the room filled with smoke? - Demonstrate how to crawl low and go. |
- For those living in apartments: - Do you know the sound of the fire alarm and what to do if the alarm sounds? Find out correct procedures from building management. - Do you ever leave cooking unattended? - Most kitchen fires start because cooking food has been left unattended. |
Never leave items cooking unattended on the stovetop. It's best to turn off the stove before leaving the kitchen and to closely monitor things cooking in the oven. Use a timer or take an item such as a potholder as a reminder if there is something cooking in the oven. |
- Do you know what to do if a pot on the stove catches fire? - Keep a proper fitting lid nearby and safely slide it over the burning pot. - If a grease fire starts: - Using a potholder, place a lid over the burning pan. - Turn off |
the heat source. - Leave the lid on the pan until it is completely cool. - Never use water on a grease fire. - Don't try to carry a pan that is on fire to the sink or outdoors. Smother the fire with a lid and leave the pan where |
it is. - If a grease fire starts: - Are combustibles or things that can easily ignite, such as dish towels or curtains near the stove? - Keep anything that can easily catch fire away from the stove. - Do you wear tight-fitting or rolled up sleeves when you use |
the stove? - Dangling sleeves can easily brush against a hot burner and quickly catch fire. - Are you careful not to reach over hot burners? - Use the front burners as much as possible. - Do you keep portable heaters at least 3 feet from any combustible materials, such |
as drapes, clothing or furniture? - Space heaters can quickly warm up a cold room, but they have also been the cause of many serious home fires. Remind your friend or relative that portable heaters should be at least three feet from all combustible materials, including paper, bedding, furniture and |
curtains. Never use your heater to dry clothing or shoes and make sure that all heaters are turned off before leaving your home or going to bed. - If you smoke, do you consider yourself a careful smoker? - Smokers should use large, deep ashtrays and never smoke when drowsy |
or in bed. - Where do you empty your ashtrays? - Soak cigarette butts and cigar ashes in water before discarding or in a non-combustible can. Ashes from a cigarette can smolder for hours before a flare-up occurs. - Are you cautious when your drink and smoke? - Drinking alcohol |
while smoking is a deadly combination and account for many fire deaths. Take a few minutes to learn about safety in the home and get family members involved! With a little planning, many injuries and deaths from fires and unintentional injuries could be prevented. We put safety where you put |
Volume 11, Number 3—March 2005 Rumor Surveillance and Avian Influenza H5N1 We describe the enhanced rumor surveillance during the avian influenza H5N1 outbreak in 2004. The World Health Organization’s Western Pacific Regional Office identified 40 rumors; 9 were verified to be true. Rumor surveillance informed immediate... |
to provincial hospitals with severe respiratory illness (1). Avian influenza H5N1 was detected in samples from 3 of these patients. Health officials and the World Health Organization (WHO) were concerned, as these were sporadic cases of an influenza strain that normally infects birds exclusively (2). Furthermore, littl... |
of a pandemic influenza strain. WHO issued an international public health alert on January 13, 2004, to inform the world about the outbreak (1). News of the outbreak led to international anxiety and the propagation of unofficial outbreak reports or disease rumors (3). These rumors could have led countries to impose tra... |
protect both the international community and the affected countries, WHO introduced enhanced rumor surveillance for reports of avian influenza H5N1, a process of investigating unofficial reports of disease events to determine their veracity. Rumor surveillance aims to decrease the potential for misinformation and misun... |
(3). Rumor surveillance is a passive process, where rumors are identified from media reports, professional groups, the public, and persons in the WHO network, which is made up of WHO headquarters, country offices, and WHO Collaborating Centers. In an enhanced system, rumor surveillance is intensified by actively seekin... |
regularly requesting information from the WHO network about outbreak events. Previous studies have examined the role of enhanced rumor surveillance during public health emergencies, such as the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 and the outbreak of Ebola in Uganda in 2000 (5,6). However, research has not examined the r... |
to increase as the international community considers the revised draft of the International Health Regulations (IHR). Article 8 of the IHR Working Paper (7) states, “WHO, in consultation with the health administration of the State concerned, shall verify rumors of public health risks which may involve or result in inte... |
was the focal point for identifying rumors and coordinating their investigations in the region (8). WPRO covers 37 nations and stretches from China in the north and west, to New Zealand in the south, and to French Polynesia in the east (9). This study examines whether the enhanced rumor surveillance undertaken by WPRO ... |
of 1) offering timely assistance to potentially affected nations, 2) prompting countries to undertake preparedness measures appropriate to their level of risk of being affected, and 3) informing the public and the international community about relevant events. WPRO designated a rumor surveillance officer to develop and... |
and email-based public health discussion and regularly contacted the WHO network to identify rumors. Media sources included journalists visiting WPRO and Web sites for television networks and newspapers. Most were English-based media sources; however, some were also in Japanese and Arabic. To increase the scope of the ... |
system that continuously monitors >600 media sources and biomedical journals in a number of languages, including Chinese, Spanish, English, and French. Each rumor was followed up by an email or a telephone request to the relevant WHO country office to investigate its veracity. The WHO country office in turn sought veri... |
in the hands of the affected countries’ health authorities. The authorities had to demonstrate to WHO that appropriate investigations were conducted to deem rumors correct or incorrect. To ensure this process, WHO sometimes supported rumor verification by assisting in laboratory testing or shipment of isolates. Once av... |
total rumors received, 19 (48%) were received from the media, 18 (45%) from the WHO network, 2 (5%) from embassy staff living in affected countries, and 1 (2%) from ProMED Digest with a media source as the origin. Nine (23%) rumors were confirmed to be true events: 5 in China and 1 each in Cambodia, Japan, Laos, and So... |
6 were in China, 6 in Laos, 4 in Vietnam, 4 and in Hong Kong, 3 in Cambodia, 2 in Germany, and 1 each in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore. The average period for verification of true events was 2.7 days (range 1–5 days). The average period to verify that a rumor was incorrect was 9.3 ... |
percent of the rumors related to human outbreaks, of which 1 was true, and 40% to animal outbreaks, of which 8 were true. The Table provides examples of rumors received during the 40-day study, the outcomes of the investigation, and the public health action taken. The remaining 32 rumors are not shown for reasons of br... |
public health action after the verification process. This finding was expected because the high sensitivity of the system decreased the predictive value positive. WPRO’s enhanced rumor surveillance system identified many rumors. Most were identified in the first few weeks after the public health alert. A similar patter... |
weeks of the public health alert (11). The decreased rate of rumor detection later in the outbreak is consistent with Allport and Postman’s basic law of rumor (12). According to this law, the amount of rumors in circulation is roughly equal to the importance of the rumor multiplied by the uncertainty surrounding the ru... |
outbreaks and about the H5N1 virus, fewer rumors circulated. This decrease was despite the fact that the importance of the disease remained high because of the ongoing risk for evolution of a pandemic influenza strain. Through rumor surveillance, WHO assisted affected countries by issuing guidelines, providing technica... |
countries. This action was crucial in preventing the further spread of avian influenza. An important part of rumor surveillance is the timely dissemination of accurate information to reduce misunderstanding and unwarranted concern, especially for rumors reported in the media. One example was the need to address the int... |
rumor had not been reported to be incorrect publicly after the verification process, health authorities may have heightened avian influenza surveillance to include the investigation of persons with symptoms of influenza and a history of contact with pigs. The literature lacks guidance on how to establish and operate en... |
standard texts on public health surveillance (14,15), we suggest the following criteria for developing rumor surveillance: 1) Define the goals of surveillance as part of an early warning system in which each rumor deserves investigation to determine its veracity; 2) Apply a case definition that will have a high level o... |
early in the outbreak; 3) Articulate clearly the steps to be undertaken to assess the veracity of the rumor, the criteria for deeming the verification process complete, and the ethics and confidentiality in conducting investigations; 4) Clarify the actions to be taken if the rumored events are true, or incorrect, or if... |
data collection, management of the rumor database, and verification to a person trained in surveillance. This person must have access to relevant national and international networks and appropriate negotiation skills to investigate the veracity of the rumors. In selected instances, multilingual staff may be essential; ... |
and professional bodies and networks. Consider mechanisms for the public to report rumors through a hotline or an email address; 7) Develop mechanisms to provide regular updates on current verification activities, the number of rumors investigated, and their outcomes to the outbreak response team; 8) Provide regular fe... |
community; and 9) Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the investigations and upgrade the rumor surveillance system through a process of continuous quality improvement. Ms. Samaan is completing a field epidemiology training program at the Australian National University and is currently working at the Australian... |
Chan PK, Peiris M, Tsang DN, Que TL, Shortridge KF, Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza H5N1 virus. Lancet. 1998;351:467–71. - Grein TW, Kamara KO, Rodier G, Plant AJ, Bovier P, Ryan MJ, Rumors of disease in the global village: outbreak verification. Emerg Infect... |
RE, eds. Principles and practice of public health surveillance. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. - Thacker SB, Birkhead GS. Surveillance. In: Gregg MB, editor. Field epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 26–50. Suggested citation for this article: Samaan G, Patel M, Olowokure... |
Another day, another planet, another micro — but the Ace is so fast that even Bill Bennett had to switch into hyper-drive to review it. The Jupiter Ace is a |
radical departure from the mainstream of micro-computing, and could prove to be the start of a very important new-trend. Rather than accepting the prevailing wisdom, Jupiter Cantab designed the machine |
around the Forth language. In a way, this makes the Ace a breakthrough — it is both the first mass-produced home computer not to use that tired old lady of |
micro languages, Basic, and is also one of the fastest micros ever made. The speed clement is vital; it is more or less the justification for using a hitherto arcane |
computer tongue. But speed is not the only-advantage of Forth, or indeed of the Ace. It has that all-important feature; structure. Structured programming is definitely the “coming thing”. It is |
preferred by both educationalists and professional programmers alike, and leads me to another fashionable computer buzz-word; portability. Portability is an important conception in micro-computing. Put simply it means the ability |
of one computer to run a program written for another, taking the hardware differences into account. Forth is highly portable. Providing the relevant hardware details, such as screen and memory |
size, are taken into account, any program written in Forth should run on any Forth system. Programming in Forth is so fundamentally different to programming in Basic that some people |
prefer not to call Forth software “programs” at all. It is important to discard all your current ideas about programming before you start with the language Forth. When writing a |
Basic program, it seems quite normal to think of the control passing through program lines. These lines are like rails along which the control runs, complete with loops and Goto |
jumps. The control path is often difficult to follow even in your own, short, well-documented programs. Imagine trying to sort out someone else’s epic and rather badly-documented program, which they |
quickly wrote in the middle of the night. This just does not happen with Forth, because each little section of code is debugged as it is written, and the control |
path does not really exist as a concept. A Forth system contains a set of words, called a kernel in some implementations. On the Jupiter Ace they are referred to |
as ROM-words, because they are in the machine’s 8K of read-only memory. These words act on whatever number is on the top of the stack, which is the area of |
memory that the system plays with. The best way to think of a stack is as a pile of plates. These plates are the numbers. Plates can be added to |
the top of the pile at any time, but only the one on the top can be worked on. This is a much more convenient way of managing the memory |
than using addresses, though with Forth it is still possible to define variables and constants. Each word in the ROM-word set can be thought of as a call to a |
machine-code subroutine. Usually any value sent into a subroutine is called a “parameter”. In Forth the relevant parameters are those numbers at present on the top of the stack. For |
example: plus is a Forth word — written + — which adds together the two numbers at the top of the system stack, and then puts the resulting number in |
their place. Thus, on the Jupiter, when you input 2 ENTER the screen shows 2 OK 3 ENTER the screen shows 3 OK + ENTER the screen shows + OK |
.ENTER the screen shows 5 OK The command “.” prints out whatever is currently on the top of the stack. For conven-ience I will call this “dot”. We can think |
of the numbers 2 and 3 as parameters sent to the plus routine, and the resultant value 5 as the parameter sent to the dot routine. As soon as a |
Forth word is entered it is obeyed. A number of words can be entered at a time. For example, our example could have been input as: 2 3 + . |
ENTER The result 5 is printed immediately at the cursor position. It is very important to remember to put a space between all Forth words or numbers as they are |
entered. Forth really comes into its own when users start to define their own words. This is very simple to do. New words are formed by combining words already defined, |
and in some cases using numbers which are placed on the stack. For example, to write a word that will add two numbers together and then print out the result, |
we shall use the name Plus: : PLUS + . ; ENTER The colon at the beginning indicates that a new word is being defined. What follows it — Plus |
in this case — is the name of that word. We input the + and . to tell the computer that these are the Forth words which go to make |
up our word, Plus, and the semi-colon at the end closes the definition. Once a new word is defined it appears on the top of the vocabulary list. The vocabulary |
initially contains the 140 ROM-words, and, the top word in the list is Forth. This merely indicates that the words below it constitute the main vocabulary. The Forth word VList |
makes the machine print out a list of all the words in the vocabulary, including all the new ones. It is possible to define the same word twice. If, having |
typed in the word Plus as I des-cribed you decided that you wanted to change it so that the screen cleared first, you would have to use the editor. Enter |
the following: and up comes the previous definition of that word, laid out thus; :PLUS + . The word CLS — clear screen — would need to be added before |
the word +. This is done by moving the cursor to the position where the extra word — or words — are to be inserted and typing that word in. |
The cursor-control keys are the 5,6,7 and 8, used in the same way as on the ZX-81. Once the word has been changed to the corrected form, typing Enter now |
places that word in the vocabulary. If at this stage you type VList, you would find that there are two versions of the word Plus in the list. The computer |
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