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the sustainability of Australia's productive capacity and natural ecosystems; - prevention of the development of new weed and pest problems. Sustainable land use outcomes sought: - protection, management and establishment of native vegetation to provide for the social and economic value derived from the ecologically su... |
heritage outcomes sought: - protection and management of native vegetation to retain the natural and cultural significance of a place or landscape. Indigenous peoples outcomes sought: - maintenance of biological diversity on lands and waters over which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have title or in which... |
Torres Strait Islander communities. Climate change outcomes sought: - conservation and enhancement, as appropriate, of sinks and reservoirs for all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, including biomass and forests. |
Restoration Potential: Strong fidelity to nest and roost sites inhibits colonization of formerly occupied habitat (Meyer and Collopy 1996). Limited attempts to reintroduce this species to presently unoccupied former range have failed (Meyer 1990). Given the species' biology (e.g., strongly social, delayed breeding, mob... |
requires appropriate nest and roost sites within a landscape that provides sufficient prey for successful reproduction. Habitat mosaics with various plant communities such as forests, prairies, and wetlands of various sizes, are essential. Minimum area requirements are difficult to define; where breeding habitat qualit... |
habitat quality is less suitable and prey is more diffuse, 100-300 square kilometers may be necessary (Meyer and Collopy 1995). Management Requirements: Tall trees that emerge from the surrounding canopy are essential for nesting. Such trees should be managed for in landscapes dominated by short-rotation, even-aged pin... |
a significantly higher rate than those in native pine (Pinus spp.) or cypress (Taxodium spp.). Where kites nest in large numbers, it may be prudent to reduce the availability of Australian pine as nest sites (Meyer 1990). Management Programs: Collaborative efforts with Brazilian conservationists are ongoing to protect ... |
privately owned agricultural lands (K. Meyer, pers. comm.). Monitoring Programs: This species is monitored on North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes (Sauer et al. 1997) and irregularly by state wildlife agencies (Millsap and Runde 1988). In Florida, systematic state-wide roost observations would form a good b... |
of assessing population changes needs to be developed. Also, nesting and foraging habitat requirements need to be defined, winter habitat requirements need to be determined, prey densities essential for reproductive success need to be examined, and a study of marked individuals is needed to determine age at first breed... |
1995). Biological Research Needs: Better information is needed on demography, migration routes winter biology, and habitat needs. The validity of subspecies designation needs to be examined since this may influence listing status (Meyer 1995). No one has provided updates yet. |
WikipediaRead full entry The East African land snail, or giant African land snail, scientific name Achatina fulica, is a species of large, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk |
in the family Achatinidae. As they develop rapidly and produce large numbers of offspring, this mollusc is now listed as one of the top 100 invasive species in the world. |
It is a voracious feeder, and recognized as a serious pest organism affecting agriculture, natural ecosystems, commerce, and also human health. Because of these threats, this snail species has been |
given top national quarantine significance in the United States. In the past, quarantine officials have been able to successfully intercept and eradicate incipient invasions on the mainland USA. In the |
wild, this species often harbors the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which can cause a very serious meningitis in humans. Human cases of this meningitis usually result from a person having |
eaten the raw or undercooked snail, but even handling live wild snails of this species can infect a person with the nematode and cause a life-threatening infection. - Achatina fulica |
hamillei Petit, 1859 - Achatina fulica rodatzi Dunker, 1852 - Achatina fulica sinistrosa Grateloup, 1840 - Achatina fulica umbilicata Nevill, 1879 This species has been found in China since 1931 |
(map of distribution in 2007), and its initial point of distribution in China was Xiamen. The snail has also been established in the Pratas Islands, of Taiwan, throughout India, the |
Pacific, Indian Ocean islands, and the West Indies. In the United States, it has become established in Hawaii and eradication is underway in Florida. The species has recently been observed |
in Bhutan (Gyelposhing, Mongar), where it is an invasive species. It has begun to attack agricultural fields and flower gardens. It is believed there that dogs which have consumed the |
snail died as a result. A small population has gained a foothold in Bangalore, within the Indian Institute of Science campus. The snails were imported as part of crystallographic and |
NMR studies on Conotoxins. In an act of misguided compassion, the snails were released post-experimentation, and have colonised vast swathes of forested campus grounds. Their escape into the city-proper would |
be catastrophic for the local ecosystem. In Paraguay, the first sighting of the African snail was reported in Concepción in 2011. Later cases were reported in different parts of the |
country in 2012. It is believed that the snail may have been introduced into the country either as fishing bait in Ayolas, or as pets in Ciudad del Este. Other |
sightings have been reported in urban areas around the capital Asuncion. The adult snails have a height of around 7 centimetres (2.8 in), and their length can reach 20 centimetres |
(7.9 in) or more. The shell has a conical shape, being about twice as high as it is broad. Either clockwise (sinistral) or counter-clockwise (dextral) directions can be observed in |
the coiling of the shell, although the right-handed (dextral) cone is the more common. Shell colouration is highly variable, and dependent on diet. Typically, brown is the predominant colour and |
the shell is banded. The East African land snail is native to East Africa, and can be traced back to Kenya and Tanzania. It is a highly invasive species, and |
colonies can be formed from a single gravid individual. In many places, release into the wild is illegal. Nonetheless, the species has established itself in some temperate climates and its |
habitat now includes most regions of the humid tropics, including many Pacific islands, southern and eastern Asia, and the Caribbean. The giant snail can now be found in agricultural areas, |
coastland, natural forest, planted forests, riparian zones, scrub/shrublands, urban areas, and wetlands. Feeding habits The giant East African snail is a macrophytophagous herbivore; it eats a wide range of plant |
material, fruit, and vegetables. It will sometimes eat sand, very small stones, bones from carcasses and even concrete as calcium sources for its shell. In rare instances the snails will |
consume each other. In captivity, this species can be fed on grain products such as bread, digestive biscuits, and chicken feed. Fruits and vegetables must be washed diligently as the |
snail is very sensitive to any lingering pesticides. In captivity, snails need cuttlebone or other calcium supplements to aid in the growth and development of their shells. They also enjoy |
the yeast in beer, which provides protein for growth stimulus. Life cycle The Giant East African Snail is a simultaneous hermaphrodite; each individual has both testes and ovaries and is |
capable of producing both sperm and ova. Instances of self fertilization are rare, occurring only in small populations. Although both snails in a mating pair can simultaneously transfer gametes to |
each other (bilateral mating), this is dependent on the size difference between the partners. Snails of similar size will reproduce in this way. Two snails of differing sizes will mate |
unilaterally (one way), with the larger individual acting as a female. This is due to the comparative resource investment associated with the different genders. Like other land snails, these have |
intriguing mating behaviour, including petting their heads and front parts against each other. Courtship can last up to half an hour, and the actual transfer of gametes can last for |
two hours. Transferred sperm can be stored within the body for up to two years. The number of eggs per clutch averages around 200. A snail may lay 5-6 clutches |
per year with a hatching viability of about 90%. Adult size is reached in about six months; after which growth slows but does not ever cease. Life expectancy is commonly |
five or six years in captivity, but the snails may live for up to ten years. They are active at night and spend the day buried underground. The East African |
Land Snail is capable of aestivating for up to three years in times of extreme drought, sealing itself into its shell by secretion of a calcerous compound that dries on |
contact with the air. This is impermeable; the snail will not lose any water during this period. Parasites of Achatina fulica include: - Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - Angiostrongylus cantonensis - causes |
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis - Angiostrongylus costaricensis - causes abdominal angiostrongyliasis - Schistosoma mansoni - causes schistosomiasis, detected in faeces - Trichuris spp. - detected in faeces - Hymenolepis spp. - detected |
in faeces - Strongyloides spp. - detected in faeces and in mucous secretion Pest control In many places the snail is seen as a pest. Suggested preventative measures include strict |
quarantine to prevent introduction and further spread. Many methods, including hand collecting and use of molluscicides and flame-throwers, have been tried to eradicate the giant snail. Generally, none of them |
has been effective except where implemented at the first sign of infestation. In Bhutan, the Plant Protection Center used salt to contain the snails, while to reduce snails' food availability, |
the surrounding weeds were killed using glyphosate. In some regions, an effort has been made to promote use of the Giant East African Snail as a food resource, the collecting |
of the snails for food being seen as a method of controlling them. However, promoting a pest in this way is a controversial measure, as it may encourage the further |
deliberate spread of the snails. One particularly catastrophic attempt to biologically control this species occurred on South Pacific Islands. Colonies of A. fulica were introduced as a food reserve for |
the American military during the second world war and they escaped. A carnivorous species (Florida rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea) was later introduced by American government, but it instead heavily harvested |
the native Partula, causing the loss of most Partula species within a decade. Human use Achatina fulica are used by some practitioners of Candomblé for religious purposes in Brazil as |
an offering to the deity Oxalá. The snails substitute for a closely related species, the African Giant Snail (Archachatina marginata) normally offered in Nigeria. The two species share a common |
name (Ìgbín, also known as Ibi or Boi-de-Oxalá in Brazil), and are similar enough in appearance to satisfy religious authorities. They are also edible if cooked properly. This article incorporates |
July 6, 2007. - Global Invasive Species Database: 100 of the Worst Invasive Species - Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien |
non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113-132. PDF - PBS "Alien Invasion". Accessed on 6 January |
2008 - African snail: Deadly invasion in South America - Rowson, B.; Warren, B.; Ngereza, C. (2010). "Terrestrial molluscs of Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania, and its status as an "oceanic" |
island". ZooKeys 70. doi:10.3897/zookeys.70.762. - Lv, S.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H. X.; Hu, L.; Yang, K.; Steinmann, P.; Chen, Z.; Wang, L. Y. et al. (2009). "Invasive Snails and an |
Emerging Infectious Disease: Results from the First National Survey on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in China". In Knight, Matty. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3 (2): e368. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000368. PMC 2631131. PMID 19190771. figure |
5. - Wu S.-P., Hwang C.-C., Huang H.-M., Chang H.-W., Lin Y.-S. & Lee P.-F. (2007). "Land Molluscan Fauna of the Dongsha Island with Twenty New Recorded Species". Taiwania 52(2): |
145-151. PDF. - Campo-Flores, Arian. October 4th, 2011. "Giant Alien Snails Attack Miami, Though They're Not in Much of a Rush: Eradication Teams Go House to House, Nabbing 10,000 Invaders; |
'Crunch Under Our Feet'." Wall Street Journal. Link - Skelley, PE; Dixon, WN; and Hodges, G. 2011. Giant African land snail and giant South American snails: field recognition. Florida Department |
of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Gainesville, Florida. PDF - (Portuguese) Soares C. M., Hayashi C., Gonçalves G. S., Nagae M. Y. & Boscolo W. R. (1999). "Exigência de proteína para |
o caracol gigante (Achatina fulica) em fase de crescimento. Protein requirements for giant snail (Achatina fulica) during the growth phase". Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 21(3): 683-686. abstract, PDF. - Ohlweiler, |
F. P.; Guimarães, M. C. D. A.; Takahashi, F. Y.; Eduardo, J. M. (2010). "Current distribution of Achatina fulica, in the State of São Paulo including records of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
(Nematoda) larvae infestation". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 52 (4): 211. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652010000400009. PDF. - (Spanish) Libora M., Morales G., Carmen S., Isbelia S. & Luz A. |
P. (2010). "Primer hallazgo en Venezuela de huevos de Schistosoma mansoni y de otros helmintos de interés en salud pública, presentes en heces y secreción mucosa del molusco terrestre Achatina |
fulica (Bowdich, 1822). [First finding in Venezuela of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and other helminths of interest in public health found in faeces and mucous secretion of the mollusc Achatina fulica |
(Bowdich, 1822)]. Zootecnia Tropical 28: 383-394. PDF. - Léo Neto, N. A.; Brooks, S. E.; Alves, R. M. R. (2009). "From Eshu to Obatala: Animals used in sacrificial rituals at |
Hinsley, S.A., Hill, R.A., Bellamy, P. E., Broughton, R.K., Harrison, N.M., MacKenzie, J.A., Speakman, J.R. and Ferns, P.N., 2009. Do Highly Modified Landscapes Favour Generalists at the Expense of Specialists? |
The Example of Woodland Birds. Landscape Research, 34 (5), pp. 509-526. This is the latest version of this eprint. Full text not available from this repository. Demands on land use |
in heavily populated landscapes create mosaic structures where semi-natural habitat patches are generally small and dominated by edges. Small patches are also more exposed and thus more vulnerable to adverse |
weather and potential effects of climate change. These conditions may be less problematic for generalist species than for specialists. Using insectivorous woodland birds (great tits and blue tits) as an |
example, we demonstrate that even generalists suffer reduced breeding success (in particular, rearing fewer and poorer-quality young) and increased parental costs (daily energy expenditure) when living in such highly modified |
secondary habitats (small woods, parks, farmland). Within-habitat heterogeneity (using the example of Monks Wood NNR) is generally associated with greater species diversity, but to benefit from heterogeneity at a landscape |
scale may require both high mobility and the ability to thrive in small habitat patches. Modern landscapes, dominated by small, modified and scattered habitat patches, may fail to provide specialists, |
especially sedentary ones, with access to sufficient quantity and quality of resources, while simultaneously increasing the potential for competition from generalists. |Subjects:||Geography and Environmental Studies| Science > Biology and Botany |
Item - Do Highly Modified Landscapes Favour Generalists at the Expense of Specialists? The Example of Woodland Birds. (deposited 21 Nov 2008 20:00) - Do Highly Modified Landscapes Favour Generalists |
The Union War By Gary W. Gallagher Harvard University Press. $27.95 New York Times Book Review, May 1, 2011 Among the enduring mysteries of the American Civil War is why millions of Northerners were willing to fight to preserve the nation's unity. It is not difficult to understand why the Southern states seceded in 186... |
founders explained ad infinitum, they feared that Abraham Lincoln's election as president placed the future of slavery in jeopardy. But why did so few Northerners echo the refrain of Horace Greeley, the editor of The New York Tribune: "Erring sisters, go in peace"? The latest effort to explain this deep commitment to t... |
the author of several highly regarded works on Civil War military history. In "The Union War," Gallagher offers not so much a history of wartime patriotism as a series of meditations on the meaning of the Union to Northerners, the role of slavery in the conflict and how historians have interpreted (and in his view misi... |
War, Gallagher announces at the outset, was "a war for Union that also killed slavery." Emancipation was an outcome (an "astounding" outcome, Lincoln remarked in his second Inaugural Address) but, Gallagher insists, it always "took a back seat" to the paramount goal of saving the Union. Most Northerners, he says, remai... |
emancipation only when they concluded it had become necessary to win the war. They fought because they regarded the United States as a unique experiment in democracy that guaranteed political liberty and economic opportunity in a world overrun by tyranny. Saving the Union, in the words of Secretary of State William H. ... |
the world." At a time when only half the population bothers to vote and many Americans hold their elected representatives in contempt, Gallagher offers a salutary reminder of the power of democratic ideals not simply to Northerners in the era of the Civil War, but also to people in other nations, who celebrated the Uni... |
greater rights for themselves. Imaginatively invoking sources neglected by other scholars — wartime songs, patriotic images on mailing envelopes and in illustrated publications, and regimental histories written during and immediately after the conflict — Gallagher gives a dramatic portrait of the power of wartime natio... |
central to the patriotic outlook is hardly new — one need only read Lincoln's wartime speeches to find eloquent expression of these themes. But instead of celebrating the greatness of American democracy, Gallagher claims, too many historians dwell on its limitations, notably the exclusion from participation of nonwhite... |
the name of freedom, scholars seem uncomfortable with robust expressions of patriotic sentiment, especially when wedded to military might. According to Gallagher, they denigrate nationalism and suggest that the war had no real justification other than the abolition of slavery. (Gallagher ignores a different interpretat... |
as a tyrant who presided over the destruction of American freedom through creation of the leviathan national state, not to mention the dreaded income tax.) Gallagher devotes many pages — too many in a book of modest length — to critiques of recent Civil War scholars, whom he accuses of exaggerating the importance of sl... |
contribution of black soldiers to Union victory. Often, his complaint seems to be that another historian did not write the book he would have written. Thus, Gallagher criticizes Melinda Lawson, the author of "Patriot Fires," one of the most influential recent studies of wartime nationalism, for slighting the experience... |
home front. Her investigation of subjects as diverse as the marketing of war bonds, the dissemination of pro-Union propaganda and the organization of Sanitary Fairs, where goods were sold to raise money for soldiers' aid, illuminates how the nation state for the first time reached into the homes and daily lives of ordi... |
soldiers' letters and diaries, which find that an antislavery purpose emerged early in the war. These works, he argues, remain highly "impressionistic," allowing the historian "to marshal support for virtually any argument." Whereupon Gallagher embarks on his own equally impressionistic survey of these letters, finding... |
Union and emancipation seems excessively schematic. It begs the question of what kind of Union the war was being fought to preserve. The evolution of Lincoln's own outlook illustrates the problem. On the one hand, as Gallagher notes, Lincoln always insisted that he devised his policies regarding slavery in order to win... |
before the Civil War, Lincoln had argued that slavery fatally undermined the nation's ability to exemplify the superiority of free institutions. The Union to be saved, he said, must be "worthy of the saving." During the secession crisis, Lincoln could have preserved the Union by yielding to Southern demands. He adamant... |
whether slavery should be allowed to expand into Western territories. Gallagher maintains that only failure on the battlefield, notably Gen. George B. McClellan's inability to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital, in the spring of 1862, forced the administration to act against slavery. Yet the previous fall, befor... |
gradual emancipation. This hardly suggests that military necessity alone placed the slavery question on the national agenda. Early in the conflict, many Northerners, Lincoln included, realized that there was little point in fighting to restore a status quo that had produced war in the first place. Many scholars have ar... |
American nationhood. Gallagher argues, by contrast, that it solidified pre--existing patriotic values. Continuity, not change, marked Northern attitudes. Gallagher acknowledges that as the war progressed, "a struggle for a different kind of Union emerged." Yet his theme of continuity seems inadequate to encompass the v... |
war. Yet he fails to account for the surge of egalitarian sentiment that inspired the rewriting of the laws and Constitution to create, for the first time, a national citizenship enjoying equal rights not limited by race. Before the war, slavery powerfully affected the concept of self-government. Large numbers of Ameri... |
— a position embraced by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision of 1857. Which is why the transformation wrought by the Civil War was so remarkable. As George William Curtis, the editor of Harper's Weekly, observed in 1865, the war transformed a government "for white men" into one "for mankind." That was somethin... |
Pediatric pheochromocytoma. A 36-year review Department of Anesthesiology Medical Subject Headings Adolescent; *Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Anesthesia, General; Angiography; Blood Pressure; Catecholamines; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; *Pheochromocytoma; Retrospective Studies;... |
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