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Juana was a devout child who would steal away to read her grandfather’s books, although girls were forbidden from doing so, and learned to read and write in various languages |
at very young ages. She attempted to disguise herself as a male student to enter university in Mexico City at age 16, but was found out and made to continue |
her studies privately under the Vicereine Leonor Carreto. Leonor’s husband, the Viceroy Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, doubted the teenage Juana’s supposed intelligence, so he invited theologians, lawyers, philosophers, and poets |
to test her education. She stunned them all with her bright, articulate presence, and her reputation became known quickly throughout New Spain (as Mexico was then called). Her literary and |
poetic accomplishments, in addition to her beauty, made her a famous member of the viceregal court, where she declined several proposals of marriage. She shocked the court when she entered |
the Convent of the Discalced Carmelites of St. Joseph as a postulant in 1667. In 1669, she entered the Convent of the Order of St. Jérôme. Far from becoming the |
silent, obedient stereotype of the Catholic woman religious, her writings became even more strident and firm. In response to her critics, Juana penned the Respuesta a Sor Filotea (Reply to |
Sister Philothea) in which she defended a woman’s right to education. The Catholic hierarchy and other prominent male officials condemned and censored her work in view of its “waywardness,” forcing |
her to do public penance. Juana’s pen fell curiously silent, as the Church published penitential documents to which her name had been affixed. Since she had been silenced by the |
outside world, Juana instead turned to other forms of service, including her ministry to her fellow nuns who were stricken by the plague. The doctor became a patient as Juana |
herself fell victim to this plague in 1695. So let’s recap: Juana taught herself literacy and languages when women’s education was practically nonexistent, wrote homoerotic love poetry when homosexuality probably |
could have gotten her killed, and published anti-hierarchical feminist works from a colonial era convent. If you aren’t thoroughly impressed into having a history crush on her, at least admit |
The characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall and they arise from the maritime exposure of the country. Winds are generally light. Situated at the equatorial doldrum area, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in perio... |
is also rare to have a stretch of a few days with completely no sunshine except during the northeast monsoon seasons. Wind flow in Malaysia Though the wind over the country is generally light and variable, there are, however, some uniform periodic changes in the wind flow patterns. Based on these changes, four seasons ... |
monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter inter monsoon seasons. The southwest monsoon is usually established in the later half of May or early June and ends in September. The prevailing wind flow is generally south westerly and light, below 15 knots. The northeast monsoon usually commences in early November and ends ... |
winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail. The more severely affected areas are the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia where the wind may reach 30 knots or more during periods of intense surges of cold air from the north (cold surges). The winds during the two inter monsoon seasons are generally light and variable. During ... |
trough lies over It is worth mentioning that during the months of April to November, when typhoons frequently develop over the west Pacific and move westwards across the Philippines, south-westerly winds over the northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak region may strengthen reaching 20 knots or more. As Malaysia is mainly... |
breezes on the general wind flow pattern is very marked especially over days with clear skies. On bright sunny afternoons, sea breezes of 10 to 15 knots very often develop and reach up to several tens of kilometre inland. On clear nights, the reverse process takes place and land breezes of weaker strength can also deve... |
wind flow patterns coupled with the local topographic features determine the rainfall distribution patterns over the country. During the northeast monsoon season, the exposed areas like the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Western Sarawak and the northeast coast of Sabah experiences heavy rain spells. On the other ha... |
free from its influence. It is best to describe the rainfall distribution of the country according to seasons. Seasonal Rainfall Variation in Peninsular Malaysia The seasonal variation of rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia is of three main types: (a) Over the east coast districts, November, December and January are the mo... |
months in most districts. (b) Over the rest of the Peninsula with the exception of the southwest coastal area, the monthly rainfall pattern shows two periods of maximum rainfall separated by two periods of minimum rainfall. The primary maximum generally occurs in October - November while the secondary maximum generally... |
primary minimum occurs in January - February with the secondary minimum in June - July while elsewhere the primary minimum occurs in June - July with the secondary minimum (c) The rainfall pattern over the southwest coastal area is much affected by early morning "Sumatras" from May to August with the result that the do... |
no longer discernible. October and November are the months with maximum rainfall and February the month with minimum rainfall. The March - April - May maximum and the June -July minimum are absent or Seasonal Rainfall Variation in Sabah and Sarawak The seasonal variation of rainfall in Sabah and Sarawak can be five mai... |
Sarawak and northeast Sabah experience a rainfall regime of one maximum and one minimum. While the maximum occurs during January in both areas, the occurrence of the minimum differs. In the coastal areas of Sarawak, the minimum occurs in June or July while in the northeast coastal areas of Sabah, it occurs in April. Un... |
rainfall is received during the northeast monsoon months of December to March. In fact, it accounts for more than half of the annual rainfall received on the western part of Sarawak. (b) Inland areas of Sarawak generally experience quite evenly distributed annual rainfall. Nevertheless, slightly less rainfall is receiv... |
of prevailing south-westerly winds. It must be pointed out that the highest annual rainfall area in Malaysia may well be found in the hill slopes of inland Sarawak areas. Long Akah, by virtue of its location, receives a mean annual rainfall of more than 5000 mm. (c) The northwest coast of Sabah experiences a rainfall r... |
and two minima can be distinctly identified. The primary maximum occurs in October and the secondary one in June. The primary minimum occurs in February and the secondary one in August. While the difference in the rainfall amounts received during the two months corresponding to the two maxima is small, the amount recei... |
is substantially less than that received during the month of the secondary minimum. In some areas, the difference is as much as four times. (d) In the central parts of Sabah where the land is hilly and sheltered by mountain ranges, the rainfall received is relatively lower than other regions and is evenly distributed. ... |
can be noticed, though somewhat less distinct. In general, the two minima occur in February and August while the two maxima occur in May and October. (e) Southern Sabah has evenly distributed rainfall. The annual rainfall total received is comparable to the central part of Sabah. The period February to April is, howeve... |
year. Being an equatorial country, Malaysia has uniform temperature throughout the year. The annual variation is less than 2°C except for the east coast areas of Peninsular Malaysia which are often affected by cold surges originating from Siberia during the northeast monsoon. Even there, the annual variation is below 3... |
to 10°C at the coastal stations and from 8°C to 12°C at the inland stations but the excessive day temperatures which are found in continental tropical areas are never experienced. It may be noted that air temperature of 38°C has very rarely been recorded in Malaysia. Although the days are frequently hot, the nights are... |
and spatial temperature variations are relatively small, they are nevertheless fairly definite in some respects and are worthy of mention. Over the whole Peninsula, there is a definite variation of temperature with the monsoons and this is accentuated in the east coast districts. April and May are the months with the h... |
and January are the months with the lowest average monthly temperature. The average daily temperature in most districts to the east of the Main Range is lower than that of the corresponding districts west of the Main Range. The differences in the average values in the east and the west are due almost entirely to the lo... |
in the eastern districts during the northeast monsoon as a result of rain and greater cloud cover. At Kuala Terengganu, for example, the day temperature rarely reaches 32°C during the northeast monsoon and often fails to reach 27°C. A number of occasions have been recorded on which the temperature did not rise above 24... |
temperature reached during the night in most districts. Night temperatures do not vary to the same extent, the average usually being between21°C to 24°C. Individual values can fall much below this at nearly all stations, the coolest nights commonly follow some of the hottest days. As mentioned earlier, Malaysia has hig... |
90%, varying from place to place and from month to month. For any specific area, the range of the mean monthly relative humidity varies from a minimum of 3% to a maximum of about 15%. In Peninsular Malaysia, the minimum range of mean relative humidity varies from a low 84% in February to a high of only 88% in November. |
The maximum range is found in the northwest area of the Peninsula (Alor Setar) where the mean relative humidity varies from a low of 72% in February to a high of 87%. It is observed that in Peninsular Malaysia, the minimum relative humidity is normally found in the months of January and February except for the east coa... |
Kelantan and Terengganu which have the minimum in March. The maximum is however generally found in the month of November. As in the case of temperature, the diurnal variation of relative humidity is much greater as compared to the annual variation. The mean daily minimum can be as low as 42% during the dry months and r... |
70% during the wet months. The mean daily maximum, however, does not vary much from place to place and is at no place falls below 94%. It may reach as high as nearly 100%. Again, the northwest states of Kedah and Perlis have the largest diurnal variation of relative humidity. Sunshine and Solar Radiation Being a mariti... |
the equator, Malaysia naturally has abundant sunshine and thus solar radiation. However, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in periods of severe drought. The cloud cover cuts off a substantial amount of sunshine and thus solar radiation. On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hour... |
seasonal and spatial variations in the amount of sunshine received. Alor Setar and Kota Bharu receive about 7 hours per day of sunshine while Kuching receives only 5 hours on the average. On the extreme, Kuching receives only an average of 3.7 hours per day in the month of January. On the other end of the scale, Alor S... |
a maximum of 8.7 hours per day on the average in the same Solar radiation is closely related to the sunshine duration. Its seasonal and spatial variations are thus very much the same as in the case of sunshine. Source - Malaysia Meteorological Service information - details - |
Happy Easter, Happy Passover, and Happy Cherry Blossom Time! I hope you are having a joyous spring! Native to Japan, the Yoshino cherry (Prunus x yedoensis) is cultivated extensively and |
is also found growing wild on plains and mountains countrywide. For more than ten centuries, and continuing with no less enthusiasm today, cherry blossom time has been cause for joyful |
celebration that is deeply integrated in the Japanese culture. Cherry blossoms, cherry blossoms As far as you can see. Across yayoi skies Is it mist? Is it clouds? Ah, the |
fragrance! Let us go, Let us go and see! To see a cherry blossom snowstorm: In the Japanese language the cherry is called “sakura,” which is generally believed to be |
a corruption of the word “sukuya” (blooming). Poets and artists strive to express the loveliness of its flowers in words and artistry. Called the flower of flowers, when the Japanese |
use the word “hane” (flower) it has come to mean sakura, and no other flower. Since the Heian period “hanami” has referred to cherry blossom viewing; the term was used |
to describe cherry blossom parties in the Tale of Gengi. Aristocrats wrote poetry and sang songs under the flowering trees for celebratory flower viewing parties. The custom soon spread to |
the samurai society and by the Edo period, hanami was celebrated by all people. From ancient times, during early spring planting rituals, falling blossoms symbolized a bounteous crop of rice. |
Beginning with the Heian period (794–1185), when the imperial courtiers of Kyoto held power, the preference for graceful beauty and the appreciation of cherry blossoms for beauty’s sake began to |
evolve. The way in which cherry petals fall at the height of their beauty, before they have withered and become unsightly, and the transience of their brief period of blooming, |
assumed symbolism in Buddhism and the samurai warrior code. The delicacy and transience of the cherry blossom have poignant and poetic appeal, providing themes for songs and poems since the |
earliest times. The motif of the five petal cherry blossoms is used extensively for decorative arts designs, including kimonos, works in enamel, pottery, and lacquer ware. Cherry tree wood is |
valued for its tight grain and is a lustrous reddish brown when polished. The wood is used to make furniture, trays, seals, checkerboards, and woodblocks for producing color wood block |
prints. In modern times the advent of the cherry blossom season not only heralds the coming of spring, but is also the beginning of the new school year and the |
new fiscal year for businesses. Today families and friends gather under the blooms and celebrate with picnicking, drinking, and singing. The fleeting beauty of the blossoms, scattering just a few |
days after flowering, is a reminder to take time to appreciate life. In the evening when the sun goes down, viewing the pale-colored cherry blossoms silhouetted against the night sky |
is considered an added pleasure of the season. The tradition of celebrating cherry blossom season began in the United States when, on Valentine’s Day in 1912, Tokyo mayor Yukio Okaki |
gave the city of Washington, D.C., 3,000 of twelve different varieties of cherry trees as an act of friendship. First Lady Helen Taft and the wife of the Japanese ambassador, |
Viscountess Chinda, planted the initial two of these first cherry trees in Potomac Park. Today cherry blossom festivals are celebrated annually not only in Wash- ington, D.C., but in Brooklyn, |
San Francisco, Seattle, and Macon, Georgia. It is said that the true lover of cherry blossoms considers the season is at its height when the buds are little more than |
A few months ago we wrote about Kristianstad, Sweden, an area that now uses biomass to generate all of its heat and some of its electricity. That city pioneered use of this renewable technology, and gradually biomass evolved from a niche component of its fuel mix to the backbone of its fuel supply. A number of rural ar... |
and the Netherlands have undertaken similar projects. As the article noted, while biomass could be deployed in similar agricultural regions in the United States, adoption has been slow in this country. That looks as if it might be changing. This week the federal Department of Agriculture announced a host of renewable e... |
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack is touring the Midwest, seeding biomass projects as he goes. On Friday, the departments of Agriculture and Energy announced that up to $30 million would go toward supporting research and development in advanced biofuels, bioenergy and “high-value biobased products” over the next three ... |
and Development Initiative, which started accepting proposals last year. If properly produced, biomass heat and power produce fewer emissions than fossil fuels like coal or oil because much of the material used as fuel would otherwise sit in landfill releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as it rots. The use of bi... |
President Obama has called for a one-third reduction in the nation’s oil imports by 2025. Biomass can include old tree cuttings, rice husks, corn stalks, manure -– almost any kind of biological farm waste. In the past these leftovers were typically left to rot. So a growing number of agricultural regions are burning th... |
to produce biogas. But new forms of biomass, like the algae biomass produced at the plant that Secretary Vilsack is visiting Friday afternoon, do not use agricultural leftovers; they rely on farmers or factories that grow plants specifically for use as fuel. That involves a different kind of trade-off, since those fiel... |
If soil moisture is sufficient for germination and emergence, August alfalfa seedings offer several advantages over spring seedings, say Rory Lewandowski and Mark Sulc, Ohio State University Extension educator and forage specialist, respectively. In late summer, alfalfa seedlings have less weed competition, and soil-bo... |
preparation and planting doesn’t compete with corn and soybean field work. However, late-summer seedings come with risks that must be managed, the two specialists warn. Ideally, seedings should be completed by mid-August in northern Ohio and by Aug. 31 in the southern part of the state. Those timelines are based on ave... |
plants to develop root systems capable of overwintering. Later planting dates will work if the fall is warmer than normal, but the risk of failure is higher. No-tilling alfalfa into a small-grain stubble often works well, Lewandowski and Sulc point out. However, Sclerotinia crown and stem rot is a concern with no-till ... |
the past. The disease, which causes white mold on alfalfa seedlings, infects them during cool, rainy spells in late October and November. Early August plantings dramatically improve the crop's ability to resist the infection. Late-August seedings are very susceptible, with mid-August seedings being intermediate. In no-... |
weeds. After the alfalfa is up and growing, late-emerging winter-annual broadleaf weeds must be controlled, and butyrac, Pursuit and Raptor are the primary herbicide options. Fall applications are much more effective than spring applications for controlling those weeds, especially if wild radish or wild turnip is in th... |
a firm seedbed is needed to ensure good seed-to-soil contact. A preplant herbicide isn’t required, but the risk of establishing a tilled seedbed for a late-summer planting, especially this year, is moisture loss. Don’t plant seeds into a dry seedbed, Lewandowski and Sulc emphasize. Finally, they say to keep the followi... |
fertility and pH – The recommended soil pH for alfalfa is 6.8. The minimum or critical soil phosphorus level is 25 ppm and the critical soil potassium level is between 100 and 125 ppm for many Ohio soils. ● Seed selection – Be sure to use high-quality seed of adapted, tested varieties and use fresh inoculum of the prop... |
bacteria. ● Planter calibration – If coated alfalfa seed is used, be aware that coatings can account for up to one-third of the weight of the seed. That can affect the number of seeds planted if the planter is set to plant seed on a weight basis. Seed coatings can also dramatically alter how the seed flows through the ... |
so be sure to calibrate the drill or planter with the seed being planted. ● Seed placement – The recommended seeding depth for alfalfa is ¼-½”. It’s better to err on the side of planting shallow rather than too deep. For more late-season alfalfa seeding recommendations, read Seed Alfalfa In Early Fall, California Resea... |
FRIDAY, Dec. 7 (HealthDay News) -- Increased use of electronic medical records and other digital technologies in health care might lead to a significant rise in the number of repetitive strain injuries suffered by doctors, nurses and other medical workers, researchers suggest. These muscle and joint injuries are caused... |
to Alan Hedge, a professor of human factors and ergonomics at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. "Many hospitals are investing heavily in new technology with almost no consideration for principles of ergonomics design for computer workplaces," he said in a university news release. "We saw a similar pattern starting in ... |
explosion of musculoskeletal injuries for more than a decade afterward." Ergonomics is an applied science pertaining to safe and efficient equipment design. In one study of 179 doctors, Hedge found that most female doctors and more than 40 percent of male doctors reported that they experienced repetitive strain-related... |
week. About 40 percent of female doctors and 30 percent of male doctors reported right wrist pain at least once a week. The findings were recently presented at the annual meeting of the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society in Boston. "These rates are alarming. When more than 40 percent of employees a... |
a sign something needs to be done to address it," Hedge said in the news release. "In a lot of hospitals and medical offices, workplace safety focuses on preventing slips, trips and falls and on patient handling, but the effects of computer use on the human body are neglected." In another study involving 180 doctors an... |
physician assistants, Hedge found that more than 90 percent of them used a desktop computer and, on average, spent more than five hours a day using computers. Fifty-six percent of doctors and 71 percent of nurse practitioners and physician assistants said their amount of computer use at work had increased in the past y... |
said they had an "expert knowledge" of ergonomics, and more than two-thirds said they had no input in the planning or design of their computer or clinical workstation. The study was published in the book "Advances in Human Aspects of Healthcare." "We can't assume that just because people are doctors or work in health c... |
Hedge said. "With so many potential negative effects for doctors and patients, it is critical that the implementation of new technology is considered from a design and ergonomics perspective." Research presented at meetings is typically considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal. While th... |
of pain by workers, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship. The U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has more about repetitive motion injuries. Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved. |
By Alan Mozes THURSDAY, Jan. 3 (HealthDay News) -- It's possible that a serious mosquito-borne virus -- with no known vaccine or treatment -- could migrate from Central Africa and Southeast Asia to the United States within a year, new research suggests. The chances of a U.S. outbreak of the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) va... |
stretches of warm weather facing longer periods of high risk, according to the researchers' new computer model. "The only way for this disease to be transmitted is if a mosquito bites an infected human and a few days after that it bites a healthy individual, transmitting the virus," said study lead author Diego Ruiz-Mo... |
biology at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. "The repetition of this sequence of events can lead to a disease outbreak." And that, Ruiz-Moreno said, is where weather comes into the picture, with computer simulations revealing that the risk of an outbreak rises when temperatures, and therefore mosquito populations, ris... |
region is set to face its highest risk for a CHIKV outbreak during the warm months of August and September, the analysis suggests. By contrast, Atlanta's highest-risk period was identified as longer, beginning in June and running through September. Miami's consistent warm weather means the region faces a higher risk al... |
said. "This is particularly worrisome if we think of the effects of climate change over [average] temperatures in the near future." Ruiz-Moreno discussed his team's research -- funded in part by the U.S. National Institute for Food and Agriculture -- in a recent issue of the journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. CH... |
severe joint and muscle pain, fever, fatigue, headaches, rashes and nausea that can result are sometimes confused with symptoms of dengue fever. Few patients die of the illness, and about one-quarter show no symptoms whatsoever. Many patients, however, experience prolonged joint pain, and there is no effective treatmen... |
in the week following infection, during which the patient serves as a viral host for biting mosquitoes. Infected mosquitoes can then transmit the virus and cause a full-blown outbreak. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention became aware of the growing threat of a global outbreak in 2005 and 2006, following... |
islands in the Indian Ocean. In 2007, public health concerns mounted following an outbreak in Italy. To assess the risk of a U.S. epidemic, the authors collected data concerning regional mosquito population patterns, daily regional weather and human population statistics. They ran the information through a computer sim... |
the coming year after just one CHIKV-infected individual entered any of the three test regions. The results suggested that because environmental factors affect mosquito growth cycles, the regional risk for a CHIKV outbreak is, to a large degree, a function of weather. The authors said that public health organizations n... |
across the country. However, Dr. Erin Staples, a CDC medical epidemiologist based in Fort Collins, Colo., said that although the study was "carefully and nicely done" the investigation's focus on the role of temperature in CHIKV outbreak risk should not negate the importance of other key factors such as human behavior.... |
Mental Health Practitioners: Who’s Who? by Amy Scholten, MPH If you or a loved one needs mental health services, it can be a challenge to choose which practitioner would be the best choice. While your doctor can provide a referral, it helps to know the difference between the types of professionals who specialize in men... |
Psychiatrists are medical doctors who have specialized training to diagnosis and treat mental health conditions. Treatment from a psychiatrist typically involves being prescribed medicine, such as a mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder, and undergoing psychotherapy. Some psychiatrists, though, only manage the medi... |
medical school, and four years of residency training in the field of psychiatry. Many psychiatrists get additional training so that they can specialize in areas, such as working with children, teens, the elderly, and people with addiction problems. Psychologist (PhD or PsyD) Psychologists are mental health professional... |
and universities. psychologists have a doctorate degree in psychology, which they obtain after getting a bachelors degree. Depending on their training and specialization, psychologists may: Mental Health Counselor (MA, MS, CCMHC) and Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) TOP Mental health counselors and licensed profes... |
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