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Of course, we have considerable satisfaction in having developed the technology, but more than that we look forward to the reaction of users. Though we developed these cameras with high-end, professional users in mind, professionals have the ability to make do with cameras with few functions. So if professionals use th... |
be a mark of success for us. The aim of the Scene Recognition System really has been to enable people to take photos they could never take before.” We also look forward to future applications of the Scene Recognition System, which has a lot of potential. “As a core technology, we would like to adapt it to future camera... |
|Click to see the full size image| About the Image Since 2003 I've been gathering texts from the web written in indigenous and minority languages. The image above is a "family tree" of the 1000 languages I've found to date, where proximity in the tree is measured by a straightforward |
statistical comparison of writing systems (details below). - When you load the full image it will be too big to fit in a browser window and you may not see anything at first – you'll need to use the horizontal and vertical scrollbars to explore different parts of the tree |
(most browsers will let you zoom in and out also). And because it's an SVG image, you can use your browser's search functionality (probably Ctrl+F or ⌘-F) to find different language codes, although the search behavior can be a bit weird/unpredictable. - Each language is colored according to its linguistic |
family (details here). For example, all Indo-European languages are greenish colors, with different subfamilies (Celtic, Germanic, etc.) being slightly different shades of green. I also tried to use similar colors for languages from the same geographical region even when there is no known genetic relationship among the... |
Quechuan, Tucanoan languages (all from South America) are shades of purple, while Central and North American languages are shades of blue. - Clicking on a language opens a new tab or window with the documentation page for the ISO 639-3 language identifier where you'll find a name for the language |
in English and a link to its Ethnologue page for additional information. - What I'm calling "languages" are really "writing systems"; you'll see, for example, separate nodes for bo (Tibetan) and bo-Latn (Tibetan written in Latin script). In a small number of cases I track macrolanguages, regional variants (e.g. en, |
en-IE, en-ZA), and some dialects. In total, there are 919 distinct ISO 639-3 codes among the 1000 writing systems represented. The Gory Details Everything is based on an analysis of three character sequences ("3-grams") in the different languages. It turns out that computing the statistics of 3-grams in a given |
language provides a "fingerprint" that can be used for language identification and a number of other applications. Specifically, imagine the huge-dimensional vector space V whose axes are labelled with all possible 3-grams of Unicode characters (dim V > 1015). Given a collection of texts in a language, you can compute |
the frequencies of all 3-grams that appear in the collection, defining a (sparse) vector in V "representing" the language. We then define the distance between two languages to be the angle between their representative vectors in V. This can be computed by scaling the vectors to unit length and computing |
their dot product (which is the cosine of the angle we want). Once we know the distance between each pair of languages, we can reconstruct a phylogenetic tree using any of a number of well-known algorithms. The image above was created using the so-called "neighbor-joining" algorithm (which basically builds the |
tree in a greedy, bottom-up way). A side-effect of the algorithm is that each edge in the tree is assigned a length, but note that the edge lengths in the rendered image have nothing to do with the computed edge lengths (indeed, it's unlikely that the tree can be rendered |
in a distance-preserving way in two dimensions). Another side-effect of the algorithm is that the tree is connected – by definition, all languages are within a bounded distance of each other – and so near the root of the tree you'll see various languages which use completely different scripts joined |
in a more-or-less random fashion (Khmer, Georgian, Tamil, Cherokee, etc.). It would be easy enough to tweak the distance function or the algorithm to render languages with different scripts as separate connected components. How many languages are out there? Ethnologue lists 6909 living languages in the world, but how m... |
have some presence on the web? The answer depends greatly on what kinds of documents you include. If one takes linguistic studies into account, the number might be as high as 4000 – the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) brings together data from linguistic archives all over the world into |
a single, searchable interface. The OLAC coverage page shows, at present, the existence of online resources for 3930 of the 6909 Ethnologue languages, with more material coming online every day. The amazing ODIN project harvests examples of interlinear glossed text from linguistic papers, and has over 1250 languages in... |
database. The 1000 languages found by my web crawler are, for the most part, what you might call "primary texts": newspapers, blog posts, Wikipedia articles, Bible translations, etc. My best guess at present is that around 1500 languages have primary texts of this kind on the web. If you know |
of online resources written in a language that's not listed on our status page, please let me know in the comments. Here are a couple of closely-related (but ill-defined) questions: first, "How many of the 6909 languages have a writing system?" and second, since a great number of the texts |
we've found are Bible translations or other evangelical works, one might ask "How many languages have a writing system that's used regularly by members of the speaker community?" I've looked around a bit for answers to these questions but I haven't found any careful studies in the literature. Mash it |
up! First, I'd like to thank the hundreds of people who have contributed to the project over the years by providing training texts in many of the languages, correcting errors in the language identification, editing word lists, and helping separate different dialects/orthographies. You'll find many of their names on the |
project status page. Thanks also to Michael Cysouw who first suggested generating an image of this kind (you can find his image, created in 2005, on the main project page). Finally, thanks to my colleagues at Twitter for several helpful conversations and for their interest in the Indigenous Tweets project. |
MURRAY, UT (2/7/2011) – One of the most prolific inventors at Intermountain Medical Center has come up with a new invention: a device that could potentially revolutionize diabetes care. The new device is called a Smart Tray and was invented by Joel Ehrenkranz, MD, director of diabetes and endocrinology at |
Intermountain Medical Center, flagship hospital for the Intermountain Healthcare system. The tray includes seven separate sections, each with its own sensitive scale, and is programmed with a database of 7,000 food items Users can place different foods on the tray, tell the tray what it's holding, and begin eating. The |
tray will instantly calculate the calories, carbohydrates, protein, and fat being consumed. That information can be relayed wirelessly to a computer, mobile device, or insulin pump and automatically determine the patient's next dose of insulin. "Right now diabetics don't have access to accurate, personalized nutritiona... |
labor-intensive to calculate, so it's hard for hospitals and individuals to do. That makes it harder to control the disease," said Dr. Ehrenkranz. "The Smart Tray gives caregivers and patients precise information, and that will empower them to better manage diabetes,” he says. The Smart Tray can also track things |
like potassium, cholesterol, and sodium, which will benefit individuals with heart failure,renal failure, high cholesterol, and even individuals who just want to loseweight. The tray is also customizable, so that users can input their familyrecipes. One major benefit is that the tray works with Intermountain Healthcare... |
record system, sothat nutritional information can be streamed into a patient's chart and become part of an extremely complex set of data used to improve care. The Smart Tray project began at Intermountain Medical Center, with collaboration from Richard Brown, dean of the University of Utah College of Engineering. A |
patent is pending and The Smart Tray is moving toward production. The goal is to use it in Intermountain hospitals and eventuallymake it available to individuals for use at home. “This project is the type of research and innovation that is occurring at Intermountain Medical Center on a daily basis,” |
says David Grauer, CEO/administrator of the hospital. “We’re very proud to be able to support this kind of work that will lead to significant advancements in the way care is delivered to patients.” Currently, there are more than 500 clinical trials underway at Intermountain Medical Center. The Smart Tray is |
the latest in a long list of inventions by Dr. Ehrenkranz, who has developed several drugs and medical devices. One recent example is a simple, inexpensive test for iodine deficiency. The test, featured in the February edition of the journal Thyroid, works like a home pregnancy test, eliminating the need |
for labs and technicians. It's being used in developing nations to diagnose newborns with iodine deficiency and begin treatment, preventing major public health problems such as goiter. Dr. Ehrenkranz is a graduate of Stanford School of Medicine and has served on the medical staffs of hospitals on the East Coast, |
Colorado, and Arizona. He is the holder of seven patents and is widely published in the field of endocrinology. He has served in roles with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health, as well as several professional organizations. Dr. Ehrenkranz, MD, and a handful of |
Development of the Eye (2nd of 3) Beginning of 4th week (4 mm, lens placode appears) Early in the 4th week optic vesicles extend from the 3rd ventricle and wall |
of the forebrain (diencephalon). As the vesicle reaches the surface ectoderm it flattens (a) and progressively invaginates (b) to form the optic cup, which remains attached to the forebrain by |
the optic stalk (precursor of the optic nerve). The asymmetric invagination leaves a groove, the choroid fissure, in the stalk. The adjacent ectoderm thickens to form the lens placode (a |
& b) which invaginates and (eventually) separates (c) from the ectoderm to form the lens vesicle. The primary optic vesicle (a) becomes a double-walled optic cup (c). With continued invagination |
the original lumen of the optic vesicle is reduced to a slit between the 1) inner neural layer and 2) outer pigment layer of the optic cup (c). Mesenchyme around |
the optic vesicle will contribute to the fibrous coats of the eye (sclera/cornea) externally and the choroid layer adjacent to the pigment layer. It also forms the hyaloid vessels (c) |
Jalam b. Shayban Exact dates are not known for him Texts for Jalam b. Shayban About the end of the 3rd/9th century, even before the Fatimid Caliphate was established on |
the North African soil, the Fatimid mission was at work in many countries including India. On this point we have the evidence of the learned Qadi an-Nu'man (d. 363/ .974)., |
Chief Qadi of the Fatimid Caliph ai-Mu'izz (d. 365/976), who states that in 270/883 the Yamani Da'i Abu I-Qasim b. Hawshab Mansur al-Yaman sent his nephew al-Haytham as da'i (missionary) |
BOSTON, MA (Ivanhoe Newswire) -- New research aims to give doctors a unique view inside the human body using a remote-controlled capsule which could find a problem and treat it. |
A miniaturized doctor and his team swim through a human body to save a life in the sci-fi classic Fantastic Voyage. Decades later, a new swimming pill could give doctors |
a new way to save lives. Noby Hata, co-inventor of the swimming endoscopic capsule, told Ivanhoe, "This capsule can stop or move or aim at the disease lesions so you |
can actually try to cure the lesion." The capsule is designed to be swallowed like a pill. Doctors will be able to control the camera magnetically from outside using an |
MRI machine’s magnetic signals. There is a coil to induce the current remotely. Hata says the MRI works much like a GPS. "You will see the cross section of the |
body and also the little capsule in the middle and you can navigate this capsule using this map as guidance." So far, he’s successfully tested a prototype of the capsule |
in a fish tank inside an MRI machine. The goal is to one day be able to deliver drugs or laser treatments directly to tumors or injuries in the digestive |
track. Dr. Kunal Jajoo, associate physician in the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital believes this could change the way colonoscopies are performed. "It’s an amazing advance to |
This monograph, based on an enormous experience with 16,845 consecutive cases of syphilis in the Chinese, white and Negro races, deals with the fundamental problem of immunity in syphilis. The senior author has had a unique opportunity to observe the varying course of syphilis among these three different races in two f... |
of Hygiene and Public Health, and the Peiping Union Medical College. The junior author was formerly Director of Venereal Disease Control, National Health Administration of China. The study was carried out over a period of more than twenty-five years. While the book is written in a rather philosophic tone, the statistic... |
The epidemiology of hepatitis A infection in Palestine: a universal vaccination programme is not yet needed In Palestine, there has been an increase in the reported incidence of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection since 1995. Since overt clinical disease occurs only among adults, questions were raised whether or no... |
is generally characterized by a decrease in the overall incidence rate and a shifting in the mean age of infection towards adolescence and early adulthood. The need for a vaccination programme is being discussed. To resolve this issue, we examined the prevalence of anti-HAV in a representative sample of 396 school chil... |
usually asymptomatic and of little clinical significance. The results refuted the shifting epidemiology theory and we recommend that a vaccination programme against HAV infection is not yet needed. Alternative explanations for the increase in reported cases are discussed.(Accepted April 17 2001) c1 Author for correspon... |
Click link below picture Vast numbers of cells that can attack cancer and HIV have been grown in the lab, and could potentially be used to fight disease. The cells |
naturally occur in small numbers, but it is hoped injecting huge quantities back into a patient could turbo-charge the immune system. The Japanese research is published in the journal Cell |
Stem Cell. Experts said the results had exciting potential, but any therapy would need to be shown to be safe. The researchers concentrated on a type of white blood cell |
known as a cytotoxic T-cell, which can recognise telltale markings of infection or cancer on the surfaces of cells. If a marking is recognised, it launches an attack. .Click link |
The bone marrow is the principal source of the many different types of cells that circulate in your blood stream. The term “myelodysplasia“ describes certain abnormalities in the production of these blood cells. “Myelodysplastic syndrome” (MDS) refer to at least five different entities, all of which interfere with the ... |
the appearance of the cells under the microscope and are helpful primarily in determining prognosis. MDS frequently progresses to a form of acute leukemia. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. But in the case of leukemia, there is an overproduction of immature cells (blasts) circulating in the blood and an underpro... |
only an underproduction of healthy cells. The progression to acute leukemia is so common that MDS used to be known as “preleukemia.” The bone marrow contains stem cells, which have the capacity to become any of the cell types that circulate in the blood stream. These stem cells normally undergo a maturation process tha... |
cells carry oxygen. - Three types of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) carry out immune functions. - Two types of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) carry out immune functions. - Macrophages and monocytes help us fight infection. - Platelets provide a defense against bleeding and bruising. Once cells have... |
circulation. MDS interrupts the normal maturation process of blood cells. Who Is Affected? Roughly 3,000 new cases of MDS occur yearly in the United States. A similar rate of 1 to 10 per 100,000 people occurs in the rest of the developed nations. Cases without a known cause are most frequently found in older males, usu... |
this group, the rate rises to 25 per 100,000 people. The incidence of MDS among younger populations is rising. This is partially due to the success of chemotherapy and radiation in treating and eradicating other forms of cancer since these therapies increase the risk of developing MDS. Causes and Complications The exac... |
risk. These include radiation for the treatment of cancer, certain drugs and chemicals, genetic factors, and some birth defects. MDS may lead to a number of complications related to blood cells: Bleeding —If blood clotting elements (like platelets) become depleted, bleeding may become uncontrollable. Infection —If immu... |
red blood cells decreases, anemia may develop. A lack of red blood cells reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and may cause fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations. Leukemia —MDS commonly leads to acute leukemia . - Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD - Review Date: 03/2013 - - Update Date: 00/31/2013 - |
Even if you're a fan of TV hospital dramas, these shows might also make you nervous about what happens in an operating room. Millions of teens are wheeled into operating rooms (ORs) each year, so it can help to find |
out what to expect before you get to the hospital. Depending on the type of surgery you need, you may have inpatient surgery or outpatient surgery (also called ambulatory surgery). Inpatient surgery usually requires that you stay in the hospital |
for a day or more so the doctors and nurses can monitor your recovery carefully. If you have outpatient surgery, you will go home the same day. This type of surgery may be performed in a hospital or an outpatient |
surgery clinic and you can go home when the doctor decides you're ready. What to Expect If your surgery is not an emergency, it will be planned in advance. You will make a visit to the hospital or outpatient surgery |
location beforehand. Examples of emergency surgery include a broken elbow and appendicitis. When urgent surgery is required, you will go to the operating room after being diagnosed with a surgical problem. When you know about your surgery ahead of time, |
you will arrive at the hospital and a nurse or other hospital employee will begin the pre-surgical process. He or she will begin by asking questions about your medical history, including any allergies you might have and any symptoms or |
pain you may be having. Girls may be asked if there is any chance of being pregnant. Nurses will also take your vital signs like your heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. Soon after you arrive, you'll be given an |
identification bracelet — a plastic tape with your name and birthdate on it — to wear around your wrist. You'll also be asked about the time you last ate or drank anything. This might seem strange, but it's actually very |
important to your safety. Having food or liquids in your stomach can lead to vomiting during or after the surgery and cause harmful complications. You might need to have other tests, like X-rays and blood tests, before your surgery begins. |
Before your operation takes place, you and your family will have a chance to meet with the anesthesiologist — the doctor or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) who specializes in giving anesthetics, the medications that will help you fall asleep |
or numb an area of your body so you don't feel the surgery. The anesthesiology staff will have your medical information so you can be given the amount of anesthetic you need for your age, height, and weight. There are |
several types of anesthesia. General anesthesia causes you to become completely unconscious during the operation. If you're having general anesthesia, the anesthesiologist or CRNA will be present during the entire operation to monitor your condition and ensure you constantly receive |
the right doses of medications. If surgery is done under local anesthesia, you'll be given an anesthetic that numbs only the area of your body to be operated on. You also might be given a medication that makes you drowsy |
during the procedure. Before your operation, the nurse or doctor will clean (and shave, if necessary) the area of your body that will be operated on. You'll be asked to take off any jewelry, including barrettes and hair ties, and |
you'll need to take out contact lenses if you wear them. You'll be given a hospital gown to wear in the operating room. A nurse will put an IV (intravenous) line in your arm and attach it to thin plastic |
tubing that is connected to a soft bag of fluid. This line will probably be used to give you anesthetic (if you're having general anesthesia) or provide you with fluids or medicine that may be needed during the operation. As |
you're wheeled into a hospital operating room, you may notice that the nurses and doctors are wearing face masks and plastic eyeglasses, as well as paper caps, gowns, and booties over their shoes. Patients are vulnerable to infection during an |
operation, so this protective gear lowers the chance of infection while you're in the operating room. The nurse or technician will then place monitoring equipment (sticker-like patches) on your skin to measure your heart rate and blood pressure at regular |
intervals Sometimes medical and nursing students observe surgeries, so don't be surprised if doctors and nurses aren't the only people in the room. After your surgery is over, you'll be taken to the recovery room, where nurses will monitor your |
condition very closely for a few hours. Sometimes this room is also called the post-op (postoperative) room or PACU (post-anesthesia care unit). Your parent may be able to visit you here. Every person has a different surgical experience, but if |
you've had general anesthesia, it's common to feel groggy, confused, chilly, nauseated, or even sad when you wake up. When the surgery has been completed, the surgeon will let you and your parents know how the procedure went and answer |
any questions you have. Once your anesthesia has worn off and you're fully awake, you'll be taken to a regular hospital room if you're staying overnight. If you're having an outpatient procedure, you'll be monitored by nurses in another room |
until you're able to go home. If you feel pain after the surgery, the doctors and nurses will make sure you have pain relievers to keep you more comfortable. You may also need to take other medications, such as antibiotics |
to prevent infection. Taking the Worry Out of Your Surgery The thought of having surgery can be scary. If you're worried, try these tips to help feel more at ease: Ask questions ahead of time. Your surgeon, anesthesiologist, and nurses |
will be able to answer your questions about the surgery, how you'll feel afterward, how long it will take to return to your normal activities, what type of scarring you might have, etc. Don't feel embarrassed about asking lots of |
questions — the more informed you are, the more comfortable you'll feel about having surgery. Be sure you're clear on instructions — and ask if you're not. Your doctor or a nurse will give you instructions on what to do |
before the surgery (called preoperative instructions) and what you can and can't do afterward (postoperative instructions). For example, your doctor may tell you to stop taking certain medications for a set period of time before surgery. (If you know about |
your surgery ahead of time, you should let your doctor know well in advance if you are taking any herbal or other non-prescription medications such as ibuprofen as your medical team might instruct you to stop taking them.) And follow |
your doctor's orders regarding eating before surgery. After surgery, your exercise and activities might be restricted for a while. Practice healthy habits.Smoking is never a good idea, but it's especially bad news after surgery when your body is trying to |
recover. Ditch the cigarettes, get plenty of rest, and eat nutritious foods. Try relaxation techniques. If you're nervous or anxious, taking a few slow, deep breaths or focusing on an object in the room can help you to tune out |
stressful thoughts and cope with your anxiety. Think of your favorite place and what you like to do there. Plan ahead. If you have to miss school because of surgery, talk to your teachers ahead of time and arrange to |
make up any tests or assignments. Get a friend you trust to take notes for you and drop off homework assignments. By planning ahead, you won't have to spend your recovery time stressing about your grades. Tell a few people. |
If you don't feel like sharing the details of your operation, you don't have to — but telling some friends that you'll be out of school for a few days might ensure you'll have some visitors! Your friends might even |
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