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to the magnet. Any loose metal object has the risk of causing damage or injury if it gets pulled toward the strong magnet. Metal parts in the eyes can damage |
the retina. If you may have metal fragments in the eye, an X-ray of the eyes may be done before the MRI. If metal is found, the MRI will not |
be done. Iron pigments in tattoos or tattooed eyeliner can cause skin or eye irritation. An MRI can cause a burn with some medication patches. Be sure to tell your |
health professional if you are wearing a patch. There is a slight risk of an allergic reaction if contrast material is used during the MRI. But most reactions are mild |
and can be treated using medicine. There also is a slight risk of an infection at the IV site. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a |
magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. The radiologist may discuss initial results of the MRI with you right |
after the test. Complete results are usually ready for your doctor in 1 to 2 days. An MRI can sometimes find a problem in a tissue or organ even when |
the size and shape of the tissue or organ looks normal. What Affects the Test Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may |
not be helpful include: Many modern medical devices that do not use electronics—such as heart valves, stents, or clips—can be safely placed in most MRI machines. But some newer MRI |
machines have stronger magnets. The safety of MRI scans with these stronger MRI magnets in people with medical devices is not known. What To Think About eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from |
Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Find out what women really |
A urinary catheter is a small, flexible tube that can be inserted through the urethra and into the bladder, allowing urine to drain. The urethra is the tube that carries urine outside the body from the bladder. A urinary catheter may be used for someone who is unable to urinate |
or who has difficulty moving and getting to the bathroom. It is also used to collect a urine sample from someone who is very ill or unable to provide a clean-catch urine specimen. Catheterization reduces the risk that the sample will be contaminated. eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn |
more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Find out what women really need. Most Popular Topics Pill Identifier on RxList - quick, easy, Find a Local Pharmacy - including 24 hour, p... |
Blood Transfusions for Sickle Cell Disease During a blood transfusion, a person (the recipient) receives healthy blood from another person (the donor). The donated blood is carefully screened for diseases before it is used. Before receiving a blood transfusion, the recipient's blood is analyzed closely (using blood typ... |
sure the donor blood is a close match to the recipient's. Blood is transfused into an arm vein slowly over 1 to 4 hours (except in an emergency when blood is transfused more quickly). Blood transfusions can: What To Expect After Treatment Following a blood transfusion, doctors keep a close |
watch on the person for any negative reactions. Hospital staff will also check for iron buildup in the body (iron overload). This can develop when a person gets many transfusions. Why It Is Done A blood transfusion lowers the amount of hemoglobin S red blood cells in the body. When |
there are fewer sickled hemoglobin S cells in the bloodstream, they are less likely to build up and block blood vessels. Blood transfusion also increases the number of normal red blood cells in the body, increasing the supply of oxygen to the body. Some sudden complications of sickle cell disease |
cause the body's red blood cell count to drop to life-threatening levels (severe anemia). When severe, these conditions (including splenic sequestration, acute chest syndrome, and aplastic crisis) can be fatal if not treated with blood transfusions. Chronic severe anemia from kidney failure may need treatment with peri... |
having general anesthesia and surgery, people with sickle cell disease are at risk for sickling-related problems and acute chest syndrome. Blood transfusions before surgery can prevent or treat these complications. Red blood cell sickling-related complications (vaso-occlusion) Blood transfusions can treat acute chest s... |
help prevent strokes in children who already had a stroke or are at high risk for a first stroke. How Well It Works Blood transfusion is an effective and proven treatment for some severe complications of sickle cell disease.1 Blood transfusions reduce the risk of some complications of sickle cell |
disease and improve symptoms of severe anemia. A person receiving many blood transfusions will gradually collect too much iron in the body (iron overload). Very high levels of iron can lead to hemochromatosis, which can be fatal if untreated. After 10 to 20 blood transfusions, iron chelation treatment can help |
rid the body of excess iron. A person receiving repeat blood transfusions may develop antibodies to the donor blood. This is called alloimmunization. Alloimmunization makes repeated transfusions more difficult. It occurs in about 1 out of 4 people who have sickle cell disease and who get frequent transfusions.2 A trans... |
reaction can result from mismatched blood type. And it may occur immediately or days later (5 to 20 days after transfusion). An acute transfusion reaction ranges from mild (fever, chills, and rash) to severe (shock, severe anemia, painful event, and death). What To Think About If you have repeated blood |
transfusions, you'll have routine testing for iron buildup in your body. Though blood transfusions are an effective treatment for sickle cell disease complications, they are only used selectively. The risks of hemochromatosis and alloimmunization from repeat transfusions makes this procedure more suitable for severe an... |
continue to weigh the benefits against the risks of preventive blood transfusions. Repeat blood transfusion treatment for 3 to 5 years can reduce the number of repeat strokes in children who have sickle cell disease. It helps prevent a second stroke in most children. But some children who get repeat |
transfusions will still have a second stroke. eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Find out what women really need. ... |
Who Is Affected by Raynaud's Phenomenon Who Is Affected by Raynaud's Phenomenon? About 10% of people are affected by one of two kinds of Raynaud's phenomenon:1 - Primary Raynaud's (sometimes |
called Raynaud's disease) has no known cause. It is more common than the secondary form of Raynaud's. It occurs most often in women. - Secondary Raynaud's (sometimes called Raynaud's syndrome) |
usually causes more severe symptoms and may develop as the result of other diseases, such as lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, or atherosclerosis. Other causes of secondary Raynaud's include taking certain |
medicines, using vibrating power tools for several years, smoking, or having frostbite. Klippel JH (2008). Raynaud phenomenon. In K Wolff et al., eds., Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th ed., |
Most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. Usually it does not cause disease or symptoms. Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other... |
However, sometimes the number of Candida albicans increases, leading to a yeast infection. This can happen if you are: Taking antibiotics used to treat other types of infections. Antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina by decreasing the number of protective bacteria. A pelvic examination will ... |
of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix. The health care provider may find dry, white spots on the vaginal wall. There may be cracks in the skin of the vulva. Sometimes, a culture is taken when the infection does not improve with treatment or comes back many times. Your health care provider may order other tests... |
rule out other causes of your symptoms. Medications to treat vaginal yeast infections are available in either creams or suppositories. Most can be bought without a prescription. Treating yourself at home is probably okay if: Your symptoms are mild and you do not have pelvic pain or a fever This is not your first yeast ... |
had many yeast infections in the past You are not pregnant You are not worried about other sexually transmitted diseases from recent sexual contact Medications you can buy yourself to treat a vaginal yeast infection are: Read the packages carefully and use them as directed. Do not stop using these medications early bec... |
to take the medicine for 3 - 7-days, depending on which medicine you buy. If you do not get get repeated infections, a 1-day medicine might work for you. You doctor can also prescribe a medicine called fluconazole. This medicine is a pill that you only take once. If your symptoms are more severe or you have repeat vagi... |
infections, you may need: Medicine for up to 14 days Clotrimazole vaginal suppository or fluconazole pill every week to prevent new infections To help prevent and treat vaginal discharge: Keep your genital area clean and dry. Avoid soap and rinse with water only. Sitting in a warm, but not hot, bath may help your sympt... |
feel cleaner if they douche after menstruation or intercourse, it may actually worsen vaginal discharge because it removes healthy bacteria lining the vagina that protect against infection. Eat yogurt with live cultures or take Lactobacillus acidophilus tablets when you are on antibiotics to prevent a yeast infection. ... |
feminine hygiene sprays, fragrances, or powders in the genital area. Avoid wearing extremely tight-fitting pants or shorts, which may cause irritation. Wear cotton underwear or cotton-crotch pantyhose. Avoid underwear made of silk or nylon, because these materials are not very absorbant and restrict air flow. This can ... |
not tampons. Keep your blood sugar levels under good control if you have diabetes. The symptoms usually disappear completely with adequate treatment. Chronic or recurrent infections may occur if you do not get the proper treatment or have an underlying medical condition. It is important for your doctor to check you for... |
as diabetes. Secondary infection may occur. A lot of scratching may cause the area to crack, making you more likely to get an infection. Repeat infections that occur immediately after treatment, or a yeast infection that does not respond to any treatment, may be an early sign of HIV. Calling your health care provider C... |
This is the first time that you have had symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection You are not sure if you have a yeast infection Your symptoms don't go away after using over-the-counter medicines Your symptoms get worse You develop other symptoms Avoid persistent and excessive moisture in the genital area by wearing under... |
loose-fitting slacks. Avoid wearing wet bathing suits or exercise clothing for long periods of time, and wash them after each use. Biggs WS, Williams RM. Common gynecologic infections. Prim Care. 2009 Mar;36(1):33-51, Merritt DF. Vulvovaginitis. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook o... |
MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Bellevue, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetric... |
Promising practice: India’s civil law, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, includes dowry-related harassment as a form of domestic violence (Section 3(b)). It is important dowry-related violence and deaths |
be prohibited under criminal laws, as well. (See Harmful practices against women in India: An examination of selected legislative responses, p. 10.) The Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act |
(2005) of India defines domestic violence as follows: 3. Definition of domestic violence.-For the purposes of this Act, any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute |
domestic violence in case it - (a) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to |
do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or (b) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to |
coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or (c) has the effect of threatening |
the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or (d) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, |
to the aggrieved person. Explanation I.-For the purposes of this section,- (i) "physical abuse" means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause bodily pain, |
harm, or danger to life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of the aggrieved person and includes assault, criminal intimidation and criminal force; (ii) "sexual abuse" includes |
any conduct of a sexual nature that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of woman; (iii) "verbal and emotional abuse" includes- (a) insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling and |
insults or ridicule specially with regard to not having a child or a male child; and (b) repeated threats to cause physical pain to any person in whom the aggrieved |
person is interested. (iv) "economic abuse" includes- (a) deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom whether |
payable under an order of a court or otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and |
her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance; (b) disposal of household effects, any |
alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use |
by virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held |
by the aggrieved person; and (c) prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the |
domestic relationship including access to the shared household. Explanation II.-For the purpose of determining whether any act, omission, commission or conduct of the respondent constitutes "domestic violence" under this section, |
the overall facts and circumstances of the case shall be taken into consideration. Chapter II, 3 4. (1) A single act may amount to domestic violence. (2) A number of |
acts that form a pattern of behaviour may amount to domestic violence even though some or all of the acts when viewed in isolation may appear minor or trivial. Part |
II 4 (See: the Combating of Domestic Violence Act (2003) of Namibia (hereinafter law of Namibia) Part I 2 (3) and (4)) Defining dowry-related violence and dowry “any property or |
valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly- (a) by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage; or (b) by the |
parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person; at or before [or any time after |
the marriage] [in connection with the marriage of the said parties, but does not include] dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) |
Jun 3, 2011 / ENERGY GLOBE Award Project presentation - "Recycling island" Micronesia is an idyllic island paradise with a few flaws in its beauty. The islands’ wastes are either deposited at a landfill, exported, or all too often simply dumped into the sea. Plastic bottles, aluminum cans and even auto batteries are di... |
to do something against her home becoming a garbage dump. Furthermore, why should raw materials be thrown away? “Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today” was her motto as she accepted this challenge and developed a recycling system in cooperation with Micronesia Eco Inc. for the island Kosrae. Now waste is c... |
material – a win/win situation for the island and its population. A special recycling option was found for the waste glass: It is ground and added to concrete to make shoreline stabilization structures more robust than with concrete alone. Another advantage for the environment is that the energy for treating the wastes... |
Click on a thumbnail to see the full-size image The Story of Why Engine Oil Becomes Engine Sludge In engines that have failed prematurely, the oil has very often been transformed into a high viscosity deposit of brown or black goo, commonly referred to as "sludge." By Don Fedak Fresh engine oil is a clear, free-flowing... |
contains no fuel, water, coolant, dirt, or other When regular engine oil changes are neglected, normally free-flowing lubricating oil breaks down, becomes contaminated, ceases to flow, and is transformed into a thick soup of waste products. That’s when serious engine damage is imminent. Why does engine oil break down, ... |
decomposes in the presence of oxygen at high temperature. The process, called oxidation, occurs naturally after exposure to normal operating conditions for extended periods of time and is accelerated by exposure to severe operating conditions or to excessively high temperatures. Alternatively, accelerated oxidation may... |
oil molecules are broken, and some of the reaction products accumulate and interact to form a highly viscous complex mixture of solids, liquids, and gases that contain a variety of solid carbon-based dirt and metallic particles, as well as liquid coolant, fuel, oil and water droplets. But what can we possibly learn fro... |
has delivered zillions of cubic feet of pressurized air daily from its ambient temperature shelter. While the electric motor and the V-belts have been replaced twice, the only other routine service this air-cooled V4 compressor has received, other than having the condensed water drained from the tank, is an occasional ... |
shows no evidence of contamination or oxidation and looks like fresh oil. A typical internal combustion engine is just an air compressor in which fuel is mixed with compressed air and then burned. The combustion process generates heat and a variety of reaction products, some of which enter the crankcase as blow-by and ... |
products and byproducts. Even though the oil temperature is high enough to boil off and extract all the water and other volatile contaminants via the PCV system, this crankcase broth will inevitably change into a deposit that does not drain when the oil is changed. Air-cooled gas or diesel engines are just air compress... |
they are exposed to higher temperatures and contamination by combustion products. If the engine is liquid-cooled, the engine oil may also become contaminated with coolant. Lesson #1: Sludge deposits in internal combustion engines can indicate either stop-and-go driving, lack of proper maintenance, too low or too high a... |
limited the durability of early internal combustion engines. Over the years, oil base stocks were improved, detergent oil additives were developed to keep microscopic sludge-forming solid particles in suspension, anti-oxidation additives were developed to slow the formation of these sludge deposit precursors, and engin... |
sludge deposits on internal surfaces. Changes in engine oil formulation and treatment accelerated with the introduction of "permanent" glycol-based coolant, another oil contaminant that may accelerate sludge formation. With the recent increased popularity of wet-sleeved engines, as well as the introduction of alternati... |
of the oil additives or contamination by coolant. When "detergent oils" first appeared, everyone’s engine repair business increased. Tired, worn out engines, full of sludge deposits because they had always been serviced with non-detergent oils, were ill advisedly transfused with detergent oil, which promptly attacked t... |
And during the phase-in of detergent engine oils, a number of chemical elixirs for "engine oil desludging" appeared. With current engines, we often encounter similar failures when engines are accidentally overfilled and loosen normally benign engine deposits. Unless you’re very young or your principal residence is a ca... |
has been "flushed," especially if fresh oil contains an excessive concentration of solids. Some years ago we sold some oil, a filter and a pan gasket for a 366 truck engine to a customer who initially was asked to do a routine oil change. He eventually had to remove the oil pan because the engine oil had thickened and ... |
the drain hole. Once he removed the pan bolts, the oil pan, very heavy because it was full of thick black goo, fell to the floor. The bozo who had previously contracted to "service" this fleet vehicle had repeatedly neglected to drain the old oil when he changed the filter and topped up the level of the used oil. Expos... |
extended period of time, the old oil eventually oxidized and transformed into a black mass resembling thick molasses or Le Brea tar pits’ crude. Lesson #4: Always be suspicious of maintenance information. Today, we see a lot of sludged engines because of two different factors, the trend to ever-higher engine oil temper... |
especially in the case of leased vehicles. When a yuppy BMW owner volunteered that his "Service Engine" light was designed to indicate when he should add some engine oil, I suggested that he might want to change it to read: "Too Late." Engine noises and low oil pressure are obvious indications of inadequate engine bear... |
drain intervals, elevated oil temperatures and/or contamination should be considered as the most likely causes. But there are always exceptions. Experienced custom engine builders understand that all sludge deposits are not necessarily due to abuse and neglect. When we find a lot of sludge in an engine, we always try t... |
advise the customer or the installer how to minimize engine sludge formation. Today, as in earlier times, new and remanufactured engine durability is directly related to the recognition, control and elimination of all factors that support engine sludge formation including, but not limited to, lack of proper maintenance... |
Do you want to travel to Mars? Design houses or create computer software? Do you want to discover a cure to cancer or protect rivers and oceans from pollution? If you do, be sure to take lots of math in school. Many challenging and rewarding careers - not just engineering - demand a strong background in math. Classes l... |
geometry, and trigonometry may be difficult, but they will open the doors to many exciting opportunities in your future. Of course, you can catch up on your math when you get to college, but like a language it is much easier to really learn it when you are young, and you’ll have a hard time catching up in college witho... |
taking extra years if you don’t at least have the basics. Since you have to take most math class in a particular order, it's also important to start early so that you are prepared to take the right classes when you need them. Besides the inherent beauty in mathematics there are lots of other reasons to take as much mat... |
as you can, even if you don’t want to be an engineer. For one, math can actually make you smarter! It’s like endurance training for your brain. Learning to think critically and focus on a problem is important for any career. You may also want to take math so you can make and save more money. On average, people who |
understand math have higher paying careers. That may not always be the case, but you’ll certainly increase your odds by understanding as much as you can. And when all your friends are losing their last dime on the latest crazy scheme that doesn’t make mathematical sense, you might actually have the forethought to sit b... |
jumping in. Having a solid background in math is very much like understanding a very useful and universal language. It is important to start early to be completely fluent, and you’ll be able to communicate difficult concepts with a few simple equations. People in many other countries know the importance of math and wor... |
an early age. Considering the increasing globalization of the economy, you shouldn’t be surprised that you will be competing with many of those hard-working students for jobs by the time you get out of college. And speaking of college, you may want to consider taking extra math just to help make sure you get into the r... |
essay will go a long way on your college entrance applications, but so will a solid background in mathematics. And once you get to college, you won’t have to take loads of remedial math courses just to catch up. And finally, you should take math because you’re cool! You won’t need to explain away why you don’t do numbe... |
the rest of your life. You’ll be able to help your kids with their math homework, and you will be the one people turn to when they need some creative problem-solving. So now that you know all the great reasons to study math in high school, here are some math classes that you will want to take: Algebra is extremely |
useful for solving problems. Algebra uses basic arithmetic rules to describe and group things and to discover the value of something unknown (usually represented by a letter in an equation). Algebra is the foundation for many other math subjects. Geometry is the study of the properties of and relationships between poin... |
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