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book by Nick Chrisman called Charting the Unknown (ESRI Press, 2006) documents the early history of computer mapping and GIS at Harvard University’s Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, |
including the SYMAP software which produced the above map. • • • Source of above quotes: “Machine-Made Line Drawings for the Illustration of Scientific Papers” by R. A. Daly. American |
Journal of Science, March 1905. Source of Line Printer Symbols table: R. Mould and C. Wyld, “A comparison between line printer and conventional Polaroid gamma camera displays using a liver |
more teachable race. But with these the difficulty for the new law-givers is that they find nothing corresponding to the productions of the country from which they had come. Fruits are in abundance, but there is no grain which requires |
culture, and which would give origin to a continued industry. The legend relates, somewhat naively, the hunger and distress of these elevated beings, until at length they discover the maize, and other nutritious fruits and grains in the county of |
Paxil and Cayala. Our author places these latter in the state of Chiapas, and the countries watered by the Usumasinta. The provinces of Mexico and the Atlantic border of Central America he supposes to be those where the first legislators |
of America landed, and where was the cradle of the first American civilization. In these regions, the great city attributed to Votan,--Palenque,--the ruins of whose magnificent temples and palaces even yet astonish the traveller, was one of the first products |
If you’re in the market for some new threads, consider buying old ones. Thrift store shopping can be a great way to save money and reduce your impact on the environment, if you can stand to wear gently-used garments — ones that have seen a wash cycle, of course. Also, donating your old clothes to a second-hand store in... |
throwing them in the trash will keep your contribution from ending up in a landfill. Some thrift shops will even buy your old digs, cha-ching. Like any other industrialized nation, the United States produces a lot. We are a nation of producers and consumers. We buy new things, then we throw away the packaging. In some ... |
when they become damaged or obsolete, then we buy more new things. This makes for a lot of waste, most of which — 56 percent, according to the Environmental Protection Agency — will end up in a landfill Though clothing and other textiles made up less than 10 percent of municipal solid waste — things we use and throw aw... |
packaging, food scraps, grass clippings, sofas, computers, tires and refrigerators — produced in 2010, it’s still about 13 million tons of the stuff, according to the EPA. Only 15 percent of the textiles thrown away in 2010 were recovered for recycling. We are getting better at recycling, but we’re also producing more ... |
solid waste has increased from less than 10 percent in 1980 to approximately 34 percent in 2010. However, during that time, the amount of waste produced per person per day has increased from 3.66-4.43 pounds, according to the agency. Are you a thrift shopper or donator? Have you sold your threads to a second-hand store... |
See also the Browse High School Calculus Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. Selected answers to common questions: Maximizing the volume of a box. Maximizing |
the volume of a cylinder. Volume of a tank. What is a derivative? - Modelling Discrete Data with Exponential Functions [5/14/1996] How can I fit an exponential function to a |
set of three discrete data - Monkey Climbing a Chain [09/22/1999] A 20-lb. monkey is attached to a 50-ft. chain that weighs 0.5 lb. per - The Monotone Convergence Theorem |
the starting latitude, longitude, distance, and course of a plane, what formula gives its destination latitude and longitude? - Newton-Raphson Method [02/28/2000] How can I find the 1st, 2nd, 3rd |
Newton-Raphson method, regardless of the initial estimate? - Newton's Method and Square Roots [12/04/1998] Can you explain how finding square roots by hand relates to Newton's method for approximating the |
mentions a function that is not differentiable at any point due to the fact that it is not smooth at any point. It does not go any farther, and I |
also having trouble taking the derivative of this problem: - A Norman Window [1/16/1995] A Norman window is a window in the shape of a rectangle with a semicircle attached |
to the top. Assuming that the perimeter of the window is 12 feet, find the dimensions that allow the maximum amount of light to - The N Targets Problem [11/15/2001] |
Given n targets with equal probability of being hit by a cannon, that is, 1/n. Let X be the number of firings required to hit all the targets. What is |
the expectation E(X) of X? - Numeric Derivatives Using TI-83, TI-92 [10/17/2003] My calculator says that the numeric derivative of sin(x) is sin(2x)/(2x). Shouldn't it be cos(x)? - Oblique Asymptotes |
it is an even function; show that an even function, when expressed as a Taylor Series, has only even powers of t; draw the conclusion that the odd Bernoulli numbers |
What are the dimensions of an oil can with a one-liter capacity that uses the least amount of tin? - Operating a Tour Service [5/21/1996] How many people does it |
of metal, cut out a sector, and connect the two radial edges together to make an open cone. What should the angle of the sector be to maximize the volume |
of the cone? - Optimization: Minimum Area [11/07/1997] How do you fold a piece of paper (rect. with width a and unlimited length) so one corner just reaches the righthand |
side for minimum area? - Optimization (Min-Max) [01/21/2001] If a piece of string of fixed length is made to enclose a rectangle, show that the enclosed area is greatest when |
the rectangle is a square. - Optimizing Advertising [10/15/2003] Doubling the amount spent on advertising increases total income by 20 percent. What is the optimum level of advertising? - Ordinary |
this fraction into power series formation: (3x^2 - x)/(x^3 - x^2 - x + 1). I've tried to use partial fractions but keep getting stuck. - Percentage of Numbers Divisible |
find out when a plane, whose position approaching an airport is described parametrically by P_t = (1000,500,900)+ t[-100,-50,-90], will be closest to the traffic control center, located at (24,11,13)? - |
See also the Dr. Math FAQ: order of operations 3D and higher Browse Middle School Algebra Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. Selected answers to common questions: Direct and indirect variation. Inequalities and negative numbers. Positive/negative integer rules. Solving sim... |
meaning behind the point-slope formula? What about other formulas for the equation of a line? - Four Methods of Solving Classic Chicken and Egg Problems [02/24/2009] If 6 cats can kill 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats will it take to kill 100 rats in 50 minutes? A look at four different solution methods for this sort... |
time to time I've run across math tricks that ask me to give a number, then take me through a series of other questions and by the time I work my way to the end, the trick tells me my original number. - How Does the Volume Change? [03/04/1999] We have been doing a project where we change one side |
of an object and see how it affects the volume... - How Long is Duke the Dog? [09/04/2001] Duke the dog's head is 6 inches long, his tail is as long as his head plus half the length of his body, and his body is as long as the head and the tail combined. - How Long is the Train? |
receives 3 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, and no points for a loss, and after 4 rounds the accumulated points are: Lions 22, Tigers 19, Mounties 14, Royals 12? - How Many Mice, Cats, and Dogs? [01/13/2003] You must spend $100 to buy 100 pets, choosing at least one of each pet. The pets and their |
Sketch the graph of the following. Any help would be appreciated! You know that there are two vertical asymptotes at x = 5 and x = -3, then the graph also tends to the line y = x as x |
becomes large. Since there are two asymptotes, the graph is in three parts and as similar graphs, the central part is fairly similar to the numerator, that is a cubic. Now what you can do is try out what is |
232 years ago today in Philadelphia, a bunch of very smart men signed up to declare independence from the Crown monarchy of Great Britain. While their reasons were varied, they |
were right to do so. But make no mistake-- they were betraying their government. They did so openly, by signing the Declaration Of Independence, but they were nonetheless violating loyalty |
to the Crown. Betrayal is a dirty, dirty word. There's nothing appealing about it. It absolutely should, to honorable people, create unease. The only time that it's acceptable is when |
the betrayed has incontestably already betrayed the betrayer. Their action was brave, in that they signed it. Their action was necessary, in that they were at the wrong end of |
stick, with regard to supply lines, taxation, and rule-making. Their action was correct, in that it launched what is arguably the greatest nation that this world has ever seen. They |
were right. But they were risking so much, and more than just losing a war. They were risking historical judgment of their actions. We are blessed that they are now |
Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver. It can be passed easily from contaminated food, water, or close contact with an infected person.. Hepatitis A is caused by a specific virus. It may be spread by: - Drinking water contaminated by raw sewage - Eating food contaminated by the |
hepatitis A virus, especially if it has not been properly cooked - Eating raw or partially cooked shellfish contaminated by raw sewage - Sexual contact with a partner infected with the hepatitis A virus, especially as oral-anal contact Hepatitis A is present in stool of people with the infection. They |
can spread the infection if they do not wash their hands after using the bathroom and touch other objects or food. Factors that increase your chance of a hepatitis A infection include: - Having close contact with an infected person—although the virus is generally not spread by casual contact - |
Using household items that were used by an infected person and not properly cleaned - Having oral-anal sexual contact with an infected person - Traveling to or spending long periods of time in a country where hepatitis A is common or where sanitation is poor - Working as a childcare |
worker, changing diapers or toilet training children - Being in daycare centers - Being institutionalized - Injecting drugs—especially if you share needles - Receiving plasma products, common in conditions like hemophilia Hepatitis A does not always cause symptoms. Adults are more likely to have them than children. - L... |
appetite - Nausea and vomiting - Abdominal pain or discomfort - Yellowing of the eyes and skin - Darker colored urine - Light or chalky colored stools The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include: - Blood test—to look |
for signs of hepatitis A - Liver function studies Hepatitis A usually goes away on its own within two months. There are no lasting effects in most once the infection passes. The goals of hepatitis A treatments are to: - Help you stay as comfortable as possible - Prevent the |
infection from being passed to others - Prevent stress on the liver while it's healing. Mainly done by avoiding certain substances like specific medications or alcohol You will be immune to the virus once you are well. In rare cases, the infection is very severe. A liver transplant may be |
needed in these cases if the liver is severely damaged. To decrease your chance of hepatitis A: - Wash your hands often with soap and water. - Wash your hands before eating or preparing food. - Avoid using household utensils that a person with hepatitis A may touch. Make sure |
all household utensils are carefully cleaned. - Avoid sexual contact with a person with hepatitis A. - Avoid injected drug use. If you do, do not share needles. If you travel to a high risk region, take the following precautions: - Drink bottled water - Avoid ice chips - Wash |
fruits well - Eat well-cooked food Medical treatments that may help prevent infection include: - Immune (Gamma) Globulin—temporary protection from hepatitis A. It can last about 3-6 months. It must be given before exposure to the virus or within two weeks after exposure. Hepatitis A Vaccine—highly effective in preventi... |
It provides full protection four weeks after the first injection. A second injection provides long-term protection. The vaccine should be considered for: - All children aged 12-23 months - Children aged 24 months or older who are at high risk and have not been previously vaccinated - People traveling to |
areas where hepatitis A is prevalent (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Traveler's Health website shows which areas have a high prevalence of hepatitis A.) - Men who have sex with men - Injection drug users - People who are at risk because of their job, such as lab |
workers - People with chronic liver disease - People with blood-clotting disorders, such as hemophilia - People who will have close contact with an adopted child from a medium- or high-risk area - People who desire immunity to hepatitis A Check with your doctor to see if you should receive |
Mainstream groups such as the American Heart Association and the American Dietetic Association endorse a unified set of dietary guidelines for people who wish to lose weight—eat a low-fat diet and cut calories. However, many popular diet books take a |
very different approach. The Atkins diet, the Zone diet, , and numerous other dietary approaches turn thumbs down on low-fat. Instead, these methods recommend cutting down on carbohydrates. According to proponents of these theories, when you reduce the carbohydrates in |
your diet (and, correspondingly, increase protein and/or fat), you will find it much easier to reduce your calorie intake, and you may even lose weight without cutting calories. The controversy over these contradictions has been heated. Proponents of the low-fat |
diet claim that low-carbohydrate diets are ineffective and even dangerous, while low-carb proponents say much the same about the low-fat approach. However, an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests that neither side has a strong |
case. Researchers concluded, essentially, that a calorie is a calorie, regardless of whether it comes from a low-carbohydrate or a low-fat diet. They did not find any consistent evidence that the low-carb diet makes it easier to lose weight than |
the low-fat diet, but neither did they find any consistent evidence for the reverse. Furthermore, the authors of the review did not find any compelling reason to conclude that low-carb diets are unsafe, although they did point out that the |
long-term safety of such diets remains unknown. Subsequent studies confirmed these findings for a variety of low-carb diets. In some studies, one particular diet method may do better than others. But, in other studies, a different diet stands out. For |
example, researchers reviewing 13 studies comparing low-carb against low-fat/low-calorie diets in overweight subjects for at least 6 months concluded that the low-carb diets tended to perform better at reducing weight and cardiovascular disease factors for up to 1 year. But, |
in a subsequent trial involving 144 obese subjects with diabetes, researchers found that a low-carb diet did not result in greater weight loss when compared to a low-fat diet over a 2-year period, nor did it perform any better at |
improving blood cholesterol or glucose levels. As research continues, a consensus has yet to emerge among nutrition scientists as to which diet performs better overall. Many of the studies cited above suggest that if a diet causes weight loss, cholesterol |
will improve regardless of the diet used to achieve that weight loss. However, the manner of change in cholesterol profile differs between the two approaches. Low-fat diets tend to improve total and LDL cholesterol levels, but worsen HDL and triglyceride |
levels, while low-carb, high fat diets have the opposite effect. The Mediterranean diet, which is relatively high in fiber and monounsaturated fats (eg, olive oil) has also attracted the attention of nutrition researchers. There is good evidence that it is |
as effective as low-carb diets for weight reduction, and probably more effective than low-fat diets. It also seems to have the added advantage of benefiting diabetic patients more than the other two diets. However, if one undertakes a low-carb (or |
low-fat) diet that does not cause weight loss, cholesterol profile will probably not improve significantly. In addition, there is little to no evidence that the low-carb approach improves blood sugar control except insofar as it leads to weight loss. However, |
there is a bit of evidence that a low-carb, high-monounsaturated fat diet reduces blood pressure to a slightly greater extent than a high-carb, low-fat diet. Contrary to claims by some low-carb proponents, low-fat, high-carb diets do not seem to metabolically |
backfire and Therefore, based on the current state of information, it seems that the most sensible course is as follows: If you need to lose weight, experiment with different diets, and see which one allows you to most easily cut |
calories (and keep them cut). If the low-carb diet approach works for you, stick with it. However, if it does not help you lose weight, you probably should not continue it indefinitely. : Any form of extreme dieting can cause |
serious side effects or even death. We strongly recommend that all people who intend to adopt an unconventional diet should first seek medical advice. Furthermore, people with kidney failure should not use low-carb, high-protein diets, as high protein intake can |
easily overstress failing kidneys. (High-protein diets are probably not harmful for people with healthy kidneys. In addition, people who take the blood thinner (Coumadin) may need to have their blood coagulation tested after beginning a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. Two case |
reports suggest that such diets may decrease the effectiveness of warfarin, requiring a higher dose. Conversely, if you are already on warfarin and a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet and go off the diet, you may need to reduce your warfarin dose. |
Once every few generations, there is a technological development that historians later realize actually amounted to a rapid transformational change for an entire profession. The job of architects, for example, was transformed with the advent of safe elevators, which allowed buildings to be significantly taller and stil... |
keypads, allow each person at a gathering to have a voice in the meeting. Essentially, ARS devices transform audiences from observers into participants. In a few years, attendees will expect meeting professionals to be not just familiar with the technology, but also able to deploy it skillfully. What do meeting profess... |
combinations of handheld devices, receivers, computers, and display and/or projection systems. Together, these devices allow a meeting facilitator to ask an audience a question (almost always multiple choice) and instantly record and, if desired, display the answers. How widespread is the use of these devices? The curr... |
K-12 and college classrooms to test factual knowledge. But increasingly, the meeting industry is recognizing that they are useful for other purposes. What kinds of questions can be asked? Typically, ARS systems are used to ask participants multiple-choice questions. Question types can be placed in four categories: Fact... |
Demographic questions reveal the diversity of the people in the room. (What size church do you attend?) Experience questions explore what people have done. (How many local church mergers have you been involved in?) Perspective questions reveal people's opinions.(How successful have we been in improving our ministry to ... |
generated can be instantly or subsequently analyzed. Questions also can be used to generate laughter, create fun competitions, and build a sense of connection among participants. How convenient are the systems? The decreasing physical size of the systems, increasing ease of use, and declining prices are causing the cli... |
that not only can hundreds be carried easily, but they can be shared with colleagues across distances. Many systems are designed to work with Microsoft Office. An emerging trend involves the use of text-messaging technology, with attendees' mobile devices used as the clickers. What is the key to using these systems wel... |
leave participants buzzing. - Clicker questions must be designed to connect to the stated meeting purposes The questions should embody an intersection of meeting objectives, elegant meeting design, and participant expectations. Ministers figuring out how to turn a congregation around need something different from what ... |
delegates at a governance meeting. - Clicker questions and answers must be designed to anticipate relevant issues and possible responses. A good set of clicker questions takes participants on a stimulating journey based on the question content. You want your questions and answer choices constructed so people are thinki... |
- The facilitator must help the participants to link the results to the purposes of the meeting. A savvy facilitator can interpret question results skillfully, whether the results are expected or surprising. This adds to the dynamism and usefulness of keypad sessions. Internet experiences and television shows are creat... |
Fundamental rights of Indian citizens Table of Contents The constitution of India1 provides certain fundamental rights to every citizen of India. The fundamental rights are listed in Part III of the Constitution under the heading of “Fundamental Rights”. There are |
articles (Article 14 to 35). The Rights are classified under following headings. (a) “Right to equality”: Article 14 states “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the |
A Reference Resource Cyrus Vance (1977–1980): Secretary of State Cyrus Roberts Vance was born in Clarksburg, Virginia, in 1917 and earned both his B.A. (1939) and LL.B. (1942) from Yale University. During World War II, he fought in the U.S. |
Navy; he then went on to practice law. Vance became secretary of the army in the Kennedy administration (1961-1962), deputy secretary of defense (1964-1967), and U.S. negotiator to the Paris Peace Conference on the Vietnam War (1968-1969). He was also |
special envoy to Cyprus (1967) and then to Korea (1968). Vance served as secretary of state in the Carter administration from 1977 to 1980, resigning in April 1980 over the armed attempt to extricate American hostages from Iran. After a |
stint as chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1988-1990), he headed the U.N. mission to negotiate an end to the violence that erupted after the dissolution of Yugoslavia (1991-1992). Cyrus Vance died on January 12, 2002. |
Price Fixing in the Massachusetts Theocracy [This article is excerpted from Conceived in Liberty (1975), volume 1, chapter 31: "Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy: The Failure of Wage and Price Controls." An MP3 audio file of this article, narrated by Floy Lilley, is available for download.] From the first, the... |
relation to labor, tried by law to push down the wage rates that they had to pay as merchants or landowners. Maximum-wage controls were persistently imposed. John Winthrop set the tone in 1633, complaining that "the scarcity of workmen had caused them to raise their wages to an excessive rate." What else was supposed t... |
there were at the base of New England's economic structure indentured servants and Negro slaves, who sometimes were farm labor but mostly were artisans, helpers, and domestic servants. After the servants' terms expired, they received small grants of land and became farmer-settlers. The Massachusetts gentry also supplem... |
exploiting the local citizenry at wage rates far below the market. Maximum-wage control always aggravates a shortage of labor, as employers will not be able to obtain needed workers at the statutory price. In trying to force labor to be cheaper than its price on the free market, the gentry only made it more difficult f... |
was admitting that Massachusetts had found by experience that it would not avail by any law to redress the excessive rates of laborers' and workmen's wages, etc. (for being restrained, they would either remove to other places where they might have more or else being able to live by planting or other employments of thei... |
course, one method of alleviating this induced shortage was by using the forced labor of slavery, servitude, and compulsory harvest service. Thus, one intervention by violence in the market created conditions impelling a further and stronger intervention. But apart from forced labor, the Massachusetts authorities, as w... |
Massachusetts as early as 1630. Due to the high wages commanded by the scarcity of construction craftsmen, the law concentrated on maximum-wage rates in the building trades. Carpenters, bricklayers, etc., were limited to two shillings a day and any payment above this rate would subject both the employer and the worker ... |
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