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variables which are in use at time(t). Finding root sets without the assistance of the compiler is a highly system and hardware dependent issue. Root sets can be found on stack, registers and static area of the application. In order to implement our GC, we should find base addresses of these memory areas. GC should dis... |
is the main stack of the application. If we take a closer look into the CPU architecture, we can see that there is a dedicated stack which holds addresses of execution points, passed parameters to functions and local variables. Stack grow direction may change in each architecture. When a new item is pushed into the sta... |
in some, it grows upward. GC should be aware of this. Stack bottom and top addresses can be found by combination of EBP, ESP and DS register values of 32bit architecture. Also there are alternative ways. Static areas are held in the data segment register in 32Bit CPUs and stored in the heap of the running application. ... |
local static and global variables are held. In a realworld application, we can have some global and static local variables which hold pointers. GC should be aware of these variables. Registers are CPU registers of the hardware. These memory areas are highly system dependent. GC should be aware of the root sets held in ... |
areas which are in use could cause severe bugs. The second difficulty that Conservative GC faces is identification of the pointers. In C and C++ languages, pointers can be held inside the integer variables. In some cases, it is not an easy task to distinguish a pointer with a 32 bit integer value. As GC has no assistan... |
handle identification of the pointers by itself. In general, the approach for conservative garbage collector is that "GC must treat any word (integer) that it encounters as a potential pointer unless it can prove otherwise"¹. While in this step, GC should be aware of pointers to pointers. In this project, I implemented... |
GC should have some test steps to filter pointers with non-pointers. Some of the tests are mentioned below: - Does a potential pointer refer to the atom pointer. - Does a potential pointer refer to application heap - Does a potential pointer refer to root sets. If so, execute pointer traversal algorithm to find which p... |
pointer refers to heap, traces through allocated block to find exact block that it points. Atom pointers are the pointers which are used by GC itself. GC should distinguish these pointers from actual application pointers. Also GC should give the ability to the developer to identify custom atom pointers. Atom pointers a... |
pointers by GC. GC never touches the memory areas of these pointers. If a potential pointer passes these tests, it is treated as a pointer and marked as in use at mark phase. Pointer identification has some deficiencies such as false pointers. False pointers are the integer values which hold heap addresses. Assume that... |
also assume that this value is 0x003932e8. When GC takes place, we have also a pointer p which points to 0x003932e8 heap address with size in MBs. p is set to NIL and not used anymore. Application requests new memory block but having less memory GC cannot allocate free space and steps into collection phase. In collecti... |
is not used anymore but i can be recognized as a pointer actually which is not. This type of situations can be troublesome. Boehm reports that certain classes of data, such as large compressed bitmaps, introduce false references with an excessively high probability [Boehm, 1993]. After a lot of theoretical information,... |
memory manager. As mentioned, the GC we will design will be highly system and hardware dependent. We will use IA32 architecture and Windows Operating system. The first thing GC should do is to find root sets. Stack top can be found by retrieving address of the last created variable. In Windows environment, the address ... |
active memory block using VirtualQuery function. This function tells the base address and other properties of the related memory area². After calling VirtualQuery function with top of the stack, we can retrieve full set of stack roots. This root set gives us the variables currently in use. Defining static root sets req... |
a created static local variable. Register roots can be retrieved using When developer calls malloc function of GC, our code should add additional header information to this memory block. This block is linked to doubly linked list. Using this list, we can store and query which memory areas are allocated by GC. In my imp... |
do when system gets low on memory, it does only create new memory area using low level malloc and returns address of this block. In future releases, my implementation of gc_malloc should work in a smarter and elegant way. In our implementations, the developer should be able to call collect function of GC. Calling this ... |
allow developers to call our Collect function should invoke the following steps. First it should determine root sets, then it should invoke mark and sweep phases respectively. In mark phase, GC should trace through whole root sets. Code should invoke pointer identification step for each possible pointer in the root set... |
use (in my current implementation, I have two lists. The first list holds used areas, and the second holds free areas. When I mark a pointer as used, I remove it from the used area and link it to a free area which decreases CPU use on sweep phase). In sweep phase, GC should trace through the whole heap. In this step, o... |
areas are not reclaimed and the rest is reclaimed. (In my current implementation, I free the memory area when it is not used anymore. This can cause performance penalties. A more advanced approach can be used at this step.) The last thing GC should do is reclaiming the whole heap when the application quits. We can use ... |
function, we will trace through the whole heap to reclaim all used memory. Source Code and Last Words This project is an open source project. Please feel free to join this project. If you wish to work on this project, please let me know. Source repository of this project can be found here. Please note that this project... |
current version supports a fully working GC mechanism and it has a lot of deficiencies on performance issues. - Garbage Collection - Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management 1996, Richard Jones, Rafael Lins - An introduction to garbage collection part II, Richard Gillam - Mark-and-Sweep garbage collection - W... |
Hans-J.Boehm, HP Laboratories - Composing high-performance memory allocators, Emery D. Berger, Benjamin G.Zorn, Kathryn S. McKinley - Hoard: a scalable memory allocator for multithreaded applications, Emery D. Berger, Kathryn McKinley, Robert D. Blumofe, Paul R. Wilson - Managing heap memory in win32 - Heap pleasures a... |
allocators, Gustavo Rodriguez-Rivera, Charles Fiterman - Conservative garbage collection for C, Christian Höglinger Yasin has more than 10 years of professional experience. He has several published articles includes graphics programming, robotics and application development in academic resources and national press. He ... |
Declaration on genuine democracy adopted on 24 January 2013 The Conference of International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) of the Council of Europe, 1. As an active player in promoting democracy and defending the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights... |
Council of Europe, goes hand in hand with “the protection of human rights” and “the rule of law” as a requirement for accession by states to membership of the Council of Europe; 3. Believing that there is a need for the fundamental elements of genuine democracy to be brought together in a reference text based on existi... |
conventions and declarations, as well as the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights; 4. Recalling the work of the Council of Europe on the principles of genuine democracy*, which served us as basis for the drafting of this Declaration; 5. Underlining the need to determine and clarify more effectively the fundam... |
principles that are the distinguishing features of the Council of Europe’s common heritage, namely respect for the universal and indivisible rights of the individual, the rule of law and the genuinely democratic nature of political systems; 6. Underlining the crucial part which civil society, in particular NGOs, can pl... |
on the fundamental principles of pluralist democracy will help to expand and consolidate democracy in Europe and throughout the world; 8. Recommending that this text be used to determine the conditions required for becoming or remaining a member state of the Council of Europe; 9. Bearing in mind the Universal Declarati... |
Rights, as well as the Statute of the Council of Europe and all the texts adopted by the organisation listed in the appendix; 10. Urging those states which have not yet ratified the conventions included in the list to do so as soon as possible; 11. Believing that genuine democracy is a political, legal and cultural sys... |
for human rights, the rule of law and the ability of all individuals to take part in public life; 12. Aware that democracy entails the active commitment of individuals and their governments to equality, tolerance, and respect for diversity, as well as to social integration; 13. Recognising that education is the key mea... |
and wishing to encourage them to exercise fully the rights and assume the responsibilities of citizenship; 14. Believing that effective democracy and good governance at all levels are essential for preventing conflicts, promoting stability, facilitating economic and social progress, and hence for creating sustainable c... |
can only be achieved through the active involvement of citizens and civil society; 15. Wishing member states to maintain and develop effective, transparent and accountable democratic institutions, responsive to the needs and aspirations of all; 16. Adopts the present declaration: A. PRINCIPLES AND VALUES OF GENUINE DEM... |
the equal value of all persons and for their inalienable rights. II. EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION a. All persons are equal under the law and shall be entitled to the equal protection of the law without any discrimination. b. Gender equality is a fundamental criterion of democracy which must be ensured in all areas o... |
discrimination based on sex, ethnic origin, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, association with a national minority, sexual orientation, property, birth or other status is prohibited. d. Genuine democracy ensures that all individuals enjoy equal and effective protection against ... |
correcting existing imbalances or hastening the achievement of equality may be regarded as discriminatory. III. RESPECT FOR DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE a. The principles of pluralism and tolerance require respect for the cultural and linguistic identity of all persons, as well as respect for their freedom to hold or not to... |
as their manifestations remain compatible with human rights. b. Genuine democracy must stand firm against all those who seek its destruction, in particular those advocating racial hatred, anti-Semitism, xenophobia, persecution on religious or ideological grounds or violence and terrorism. c. The activities of any organ... |
by the law. IV. UNIVERSALITY AND INDIVISIBILITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS a. Human rights and fundamental freedoms are inherent in the individual and are inalienable; their protection is the primary responsibility of states. Respect for, and full enjoyment of, human rights and fundamental freedoms are the bases on which liberty,... |
cultural rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent. c. Any derogation from obligations to respect human rights shall remain within the limits provided for in international and European law. Such derogations are by definition of an exceptional nature and shall be applied and interpreted restrictively. V. INTE... |
intrinsically related concepts which cannot exist without each other. Political rights and freedoms form part of human rights, while respect for human rights is essential to the establishment and maintenance of a democratic system. The implementation of a democratic culture helps to develop a human rights culture and v... |
of the general interests of the community and the need to safeguard the fundamental rights of all individuals. c. Democracy, human development and respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually enhancing. VI. THE RULE OF LAW The principles of the rule of law include, in particular... |
and fundamental freedoms provided for in international law and, in particular, in the European Convention on Human Rights; b. Respect for a constitutional order implementing fundamental rights and conformity of laws to this constitutional order; c. The fact that the government and all other public authorities are subje... |
to the law and the principles of predictability and proportionality in the application of laws; e. Refusal of impunity, which means that: - In the event of violation of the rule of law, it shall fall to states and the international community to make sure that such violation does not go unpunished; - Gross violations of... |
torture, genocide, ethnocide, systematic rape and massacres should be condemned and their perpetrators punished. VII. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY a. In a genuine democracy, those in authority are accountable for their acts to all citizens on whose behalf they exercise power and to their representatives. B. POLITICAL COND... |
POLITICAL LIFE a. Genuine democracy presupposes power sharing as well as freedom based on solidarity. b. Genuine democracy shall permit and encourage full and equal participation by women and men in the democratic process, including balanced representation at all levels of decision-making in public and political life. ... |
affairs, either directly or through freely chosen representatives, both at European and national level and at local and regional level, as well as to vote and be elected. d. Every citizen has a right to participate in the voluntary sector. e. Every citizen has a duty to take part in the promotion of and respect for hum... |
values. f. Genuine democracy shall encourage and recognise work done by non-governmental organisations or any voluntary association, whether national or international, working to protect human rights and democratic institutions. g. Every foreign national residing lawfully on the territory of a state has the right to pa... |
AND FAIR ELECTIONS a. Elections shall be free and fair, in accordance with international and European standards. b. Periodic elections to political office are an essential means of enabling the will of the people to be expressed. c. Such elections shall be based on universal and equal suffrage and held by secret ballot... |
the possibility of a genuine choice for the electorate and respect for its opinion, and ensuring the proper conduct and legality of procedures, as well as the legality of election results. d. The presence of international observers and of the international press shall not be regarded as interference in the internal aff... |
genuinely democratic society requires the existence of a multi-party system. b. The right to freedom of association includes the right to establish political parties. The role of these parties is to engage and promote political debate. c. The setting up of political parties or other groupings shall be free in accordanc... |
may not be obstructed and political parties may only be banned in the cases mentioned under point A-III-b of this declaration. In no circumstances may a political party seek the destruction of democracy or fundamental rights. d. The funding of political parties shall be regulated by law. 4. ASSOCIATIONS, NON-GOVERNMENT... |
trade union organisations are necessary for the proper functioning of democracy; they provide citizens with a means of action and expression. b. They have a specific independent role to promote the values of democracy and human rights and contribute to their effective implementation. c. Their activities shall not be li... |
in the framework of the law and the respect for human rights. 5. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION a. Freedoms of thought, opinion, expression, information and communication are essential requirements for the functioning and progress of a democratic society and individual fulfilment. They shall not justify calls to violence, incit... |
MEDIA a. The freedom and independence as well as the pluralism and diversity of the media are essential for the functioning of a democratic society. b. The media’s responsibility for ensuring respect for all human rights is an essential counterpart of media freedom. The exercise of this freedom shall not be used to inc... |
discrimination. c. Free circulation of information and ideas across borders must be guaranteed as an important factor in promoting understanding between nations, close relations between peoples and the mutual enrichment of cultures. d. The possibilities offered by new information and communication technologies must be ... |
While based on the principle of majority rule, genuine democracy must at the same time secure the respect of all rights of persons belonging to minorities. II. LOCAL AND REGIONAL GOVERNANCE a. Local and regional self-government is an important element of genuine democracy. It must have an institutional and legal basis.... |
strengthening of a democratic Europe based on the principle of subsidiarity and decentralisation on all levels at which power is exercised. c. This includes the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in ... |
shall be exercised by bodies composed of members elected by universal suffrage. This provision shall in no way affect recourse to assemblies of citizens, referendums or any other form of direct citizen participation where it is permitted by statute. e. The conditions of office of local elected representatives shall pro... |
IN A STATE GOVERNED BY THE RULE OF LAW 1. SEPARATION OF POWERS a. Democracy requires the separation and independence of the legislature, executive and judiciary. b. The role of the legislature, as the representative of the electorate, is to draw up and pass legislation, to vote taxes and to hold the executive to accoun... |
must have independent powers of investigation and scrutiny and its representatives must enjoy immunity from executive pressure or coercion in the exercise of their office. c. In implementing and upholding the law, the executive shall be answerable to the people and their representatives. In particular, it must ensure t... |
enforcement. d. Judicial authority shall be exercised independently by the courts and their decisions shall be executed by the competent public authorities in each state. e. The independence of judges shall be safeguarded. They shall be impartial and give their rulings within a reasonable time. Judges’ decisions shall ... |
any other public authority or private group. f. The independence of lawyers shall be recognised and protected, especially with regard to the conditions of their access to the profession and the performance of their duties. 2. IMPARTIALITY OF THE STATE a. In keeping with the principle of non-discrimination, genuine demo... |
beliefs and convictions. b. The state must never favour the interests or values of a specific group. 3. EFFECTIVE PROTECTION AGAINST VIOLATIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS a. Every person alleging a violation of his or her recognised rights and freedoms is entitled to an effective remedy before a competent national body, inc... |
in the course of their official duties. b. Every democratic state must offer any person within its jurisdiction the opportunity of submitting an individual complaint to an international body in the event of a violation of their fundamental rights. c. Every democratic state must provide for setting up the office of ombu... |
the power to take any measure to ensure effective respect for the rights of all persons living on the territory of the state. 4. DEROGATIONS FROM OBLIGATIONS RELATED TO RESPECT FOR RIGHTS a. Where the life of the nation is threatened, any exceptional measures taken shall be aimed solely at preserving the democratic sys... |
ensuring respect for fundamental rights and freedoms. b. Where the executive authorities are legally empowered to take a decision to impose a state of emergency, the decision shall be subject to approval and review by the legislature. The measures taken shall not be exempt from judicial review under ordinary law. C. EC... |
GENUINE DEMOCRACY I. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT a. Genuine democracy shall develop economic systems aimed, amongst other things, at achieving social justice, sustainable economic development, well-being, the promotion of employment and the rational use of economic and environmental resources out of respect for future generat... |
system must promote the development and self-fulfilment of every individual and the social development of the community aimed at global sustainable development. II. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 1. A GENUINE DEMOCRACY MUST BE A SOCIAL DEMOCRACY a. Democracy cannot be genuine unless it has a social dimension. Lack of respect for f... |
any democracy. b. Social debate and collective bargaining are elements of social development. Trade unions and other social partners must be able fully to play their role here. 2. PROTECTION AGAINST MARGINALISATION OR EXCLUSION a. Democracy can be measured by the way in which it recognises and treats those who are excl... |
concrete measures to eliminate extreme poverty, economic, social and cultural deprivation and marginalisation, in particular: - By giving the means to persons suffering poverty and social exclusion to obtain information and make themselves heard and to take part in decision-making on public policy, in particular when i... |
appropriate training to enable them to develop their abilities. III. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 1. RIGHT TO EDUCATION a. Genuine democracy involves giving effect to the right to education, as an integral part of human rights, with a view to lifelong learning. b. Education in human rights, in the values and practice of democr... |
essential part of the education system which must be provided not only as part of compulsory general education but also in other forms and at other levels of publicly funded education and lifelong learning. In particular, it concerns members of the judiciary, the police and the armed forces and, in general, those who a... |
rights of individuals. c. The right of parents to ensure that their children receive an education in keeping with their religious and philosophical convictions must be guaranteed insofar as this is compatible with human rights and respects the right of children to their own development. 2. PARTICIPATION IN CULTURAL LIF... |
be able to participate actively in, cultural life, information and social communication without any discrimination. b. All cultural communities, including those disadvantaged on account of their size, their specific cultural or religious characteristics or their conditions of existence, shall be entitled to pursue thei... |
DIMENSION OF DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES a. Democratic principles must play an ever-increasing role in the conduct of European and international affairs. Every democracy has a duty to support states in the process of transition to democracy, as well as a duty of solidarity with persons who are oppressed or live in conditions... |
defend democratic principles. It should promote human rights protection and democratic principles in its international relations. c. The protection of universal human rights is an essential responsibility of the international community and of each of its members and no state may invoke the principle of non-interference... |
Preserving and accommodating, on an equal footing and in permanent structures, the democracies which will make Europe a vast area of democratic security must remain one of the major objectives of the Council of Europe. Democracies are therefore invited to commit themselves to the principles and values set out in this d... |
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) and Protocols European Cultural Convention (1954) European Social Charter (1961), its Protocols and the revised European Social Charter (1996) European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ... |
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1994) Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005) Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (2011) European Charter of Local Self-Government (1985) Additional Protocol to the European Charter of... |
for Regional or Minority Languages (1992) Revised European Charter on the Participation of Young People in Municipal and Regional Life (2003) Vienna Declaration adopted by the heads of state and government of Council of Europe member states at their first summit on 9 October 1993 Strasbourg Declaration adopted by the h... |
states at their second summit on 11 October 1997 Warsaw Declaration adopted by the heads of state and government of Council of Europe member states at their third summit on 17 May 2005 Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on Human Rights (1978) Declaration of the Committee of Ministers regarding intolerance – A th... |
Committee of Ministers on freedom of expression and information (1982) Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on equality of women and men (1988) Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on cultural diversity (2000) Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters (2004) D... |
Practice for Civil Participation in the Decision-Making Process (2009) Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on religious freedom (2011) European Landscape Convention (2000) Recommendation Rec(2002)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the Guiding principles for sustainable spatial development of the ... |
of Europe (CEMAT) on the contribution of essential services to the sustainable spatial development of the European continent, Moscow (2010) * Final activity report of the Project group “Human Rights and Genuine Democracy” (CAHDD), CM(96)12 Addendum I |
Patent no. 1433. Filing year 1872. "Improvements in Sewing Machines," C. Raymond. For most of our history, the close relationship between Canada and the United States has been conducive to the flow of people and ideas across the border. Scottish immigrant Alexander Graham Bell, for example, divided his working life bet... |
J. Wright developed their ideas south of the border before applying them here. Charles Raymond of Guelph, Ontario, could be considered an example of what the Canadian media has recently termed the "reverse brain drain." Born in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, Raymond had already invented two types of sewing machines before ... |
the hub of Canada's textile industry. He soon lost money on a sewing-machine business and, in 1862, he and 15 tradesmen relocated to Guelph where he established the Raymond Sewing Machine Company. Here he finally found success, making and selling sewing machines and accessories based on a string of patents, including t... |
preceded by a caveat filed by Raymond in 1869. A caveat, as it applies to patents, is a legal notification of the intention to file a patent for a concept still under development. Raymond's caveat claimed the invention of "the application of a check, lever, or spring to a single thread sewing machine, by which the thre... |
hook or looper, and thus prevented from dropping stitches." He just wasn't sure where to put the lever, but promised to perfect the design "as speedily as possible." His 1872 patent, above, included the completed lever mechanism. Caveats were typically used when the stakes were high. One famous example is American inve... |
Office just two hours after Alexander Graham Bell filed his telephone patent. The sewing machine business in the 1800s was particularly competitive, and Raymond's experience with Singer in the U.S. may have prompted him to take extra precautions. Over the years, Raymond's business instincts served him well. His Canadia... |
emphasis on selling to European markets paid off, while many Canadian competitors failed because of their concentration on the domestic market. In 1870, he employed nearly 80 workers; ten years later, he owned two factories with a workforce of 200. Raymond's health problems prompted his semi-retirement in 1877, though ... |
improvement to skates (no. 13026) and a cash register (no. 43108), and was working on a gasoline engine before his death in 1904. A religious man, Raymond was also involved in the local temperance movement, which doubtless would have put him at odds with fellow Guelph innovator and industrialist George Sleeman. Grosven... |
of the Man Who Invented the Telephone. New York: Harry S. Abrams, 1997. Nash-Chambers, Debra L. "Raymond, Charles." Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. (accessed November 7, 2005). Van Dulken, Stephen. Inventing the 19th Century: 100 Inventions That Shaped the Victorian Age, From Aspirin to the Zeppelin. New York:... |
This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternat... |
page. Before 1980, most of the Chinese who came to Canada were from countries in the southeast of Canton and so the Chinese spoken was mainly Cantonese. This is just one of the many dialects spoken in China. Today, Cantonese and Mandarin are the two Chinese dialects most spoken in Canada. Although the Chinese brought t... |
them, about ten percent of Chinese immigrants had changed to Christianity by 1923. By 1961, close to sixty percent of Chinese Canadians were Christians. Buddhism and Islam were also important religions for Chinese people in Canada. The Chinese hold many celebrations throughout the year. The most important one is the Ch... |
is a time for settling debts and cleaning house. Red packets containing small amounts of money are given away, especially to children, and firecrackers are set off. The Lantern Festival takes place on the 15th day of the New Year. Lanterns are hung in homes, along with symbols of good fortune, happiness and health. The... |
April and is also known as Remembrance of Ancestors Day. Chinese visit the graves of their loved ones and clear away the weeds. One of the best known festivals, the Dragon Boat Festival, is usually celebrated in June. Boats from 45 to 120 feet long, and decorated with dragon's heads and tails race each other in competi... |
stroke to the beat of loud drums. The Mid-Autumn Festival is a time for people to gather and watch the moon. As darkness falls, lanterns are lit and everyone enjoys moon cakes (a mix of ground lotus, mashed beans, sesame seeds and dates) while watching the rise of the large autumn moon. The Winter Soltice Festival take... |
Some of our most interesting prints were once given away in a magazine. Today they comprise an important social history resource for the nineteenth century, illustrating spectacles and other visual devices in use by some of the most significant people |
of the day. Vanity Fair was a Victorian magazine, founded in 1868 and aimed at the middle and upper sections of society. From the very beginning its illustrations included a distinctive satirical portraiture of a type which was new to |
English journalism. These portraits were designed to be collectible and many households or clubs enjoyed gathering their own gallery of the most distinguished politicians, clergymen and lawyers of the day. The artists became well-known by their pseudonyms such as 'Spy' |
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