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of the words you use. Pre-Operative Orientation and Tour Many hospitals offer special pre-operative children's programs, family orientations, and hospital tours, conducted by specially trained nurses or licensed child-life specialists. |
Child-life specialists are a valuable resource for parents and children. They are professionals trained to talk to kids and teens about medical procedures, comfort them if they're upset or need |
extra support, and organize "play time" for hospitalized kids and teens to get together and hang out. Call the hospital to schedule a pre-operative tour, program, or orientation as soon |
as possible, even from the doctor's office when the appointment for the surgery is made. It's best to schedule the appointment for a few days before the surgery. An orientation |
program can remove the mystery of the surgery for kids and their families by making the hospital familiar and friendly and the experience predictable. On the Day of Surgery When |
you arrive on the day of surgery, your young child can play with toys and books you bring from home or sit on your lap and be cuddled during the |
waiting time. You won't be allowed to stay in the operating room during the surgery, but afterward, you'll be escorted to the recovery room to be with your child as |
he or she awakens. Upon discharge, you'll receive instructions for further recuperation at home and for a follow-up visit to the surgeon. During recovery, there may be times of discomfort |
for your child. It can help to explain that your child may be sore or uncomfortable, but will get better. Distracting your child, whether with a new book or a |
visit from a relative or friend, also can make recovery more pleasant. Just make sure your child gets plenty of time to rest and recuperate. Reviewed by: Yamini Durani, MD |
What is skin testing for allergies? The most common way to test for allergies is on the skin, usually the forearm or the back. In a typical skin test, a doctor or nurse will place a tiny bit of an |
allergen (such as pollen or food) on the skin, then make a small scratch or prick on the skin. The allergist may repeat this, testing for several allergens in one visit. This can be a little uncomfortable, but not painful. |
If your child reacts to one of the allergens, the skin will swell a little in that area. The doctor will be able to see if a reaction occurs within about 15 minutes. The swelling usually goes down within about |
30 minutes to a few hours. Other types of skin testing include injecting allergens into the skin or taping allergens to the skin for 48 hours. With a skin test, an allergist can check for these kinds of allergies: - |
environmental, such as mold, pet dander, or tree pollen - food, such as peanuts or eggs - medications, such as penicillin Some medications (such as antihistamines) can interfere with skin testing, so check with the doctor to see if your |
child's medications need to be stopped before the test is done. While skin testing is useful and helpful, sometimes additional tests (like blood tests or food challenges) also must be done to see if a child is truly allergic to |
something. While skin tests are usually well tolerated, in rare instances they can cause a more serious allergic reaction. This is why skin testing must always be done in an allergist's office, where the doctor is prepared to handle a |
May 24, 2011 Contact: Rachel Salis-Silverman, Department of Public Relations, 267-426-6063 Using immunotherapy—biologic agents that stimulate the body’s immune system—pediatric oncologists have achieved the first substantial increase in over a decade in cure rates for the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. A |
newly released study shows that the new treatment improved two-year survival rates by 20 percentage points, compared to standard treatment for an aggressive form of neuroblastoma, a cancer of the nervous system. The study appears in the Sept. 30 issue |
of the New England Journal of Medicine, along with a separate COG study on intermediate-risk neuroblastoma. The corresponding author of the immunotherapy study is Alice L. Yu, MD, PhD, of the University of California, San Diego. “We expect these findings |
will change clinical practice, setting a new gold standard of treatment for this often-deadly disease,” said John M. Maris, MD, a co-author of the study and director of the Center for Childhood Cancer Research at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. |
Maris is the chair of the neuroblastoma committee of the Children’s Oncology Group (COG), the cooperative multicenter research organization that sponsored the study. Neuroblastoma, a cancer of the peripheral nervous system, usually appears as a solid tumor in the chest |
or abdomen. It accounts for 7 percent of all childhood cancers, but because it frequently occurs in an aggressive form, it causes 15 percent of all childhood cancer deaths. While low-risk forms of neuroblastoma may spontaneously disappear, in high-risk forms, |
the cancer tends to return after initial treatment, usually with lethal results. In the current study, researchers assigned 226 high-risk patients at multiple cancer centers to receive one of two treatments: Immunotherapy consisted of: Monoclonal antibodies are molecular “guided missiles” |
engineered to kill cancer cells by targeting a substance appearing on those cells. Cytokines are naturally occurring signaling proteins that regulate immune responses. The Cancer Center at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia has been using this immunotherapy regimen as part |
of standard treatment for children with high-risk neuroblastoma for more than a year, since preliminary trial results were reported in June 2009. Children have arrived from around the world to receive this treatment at Children’s Hospital, which has a long-established |
research and clinical program in neuroblastoma. Dr. Maris is internationally prominent as a neuroblastoma expert. Some highlights of his neuroblastoma research efforts include: “Together, these studies report important advances in care for children with this challenging cancer,” said Maris. “We |
will continue to investigate treatments to further refine the standard of care.” This study, Outcome after Reduced Chemotherapy for Intermediate Risk Neuroblastoma, found that physicians could substantially reduce the dose and duration of chemotherapy used for neuroblastoma and still achieve |
very high survival rates of 98 percent among children receiving the treatment. The benefits of lower doses include: The corresponding author of this study was Katherine K. Matthay, MD, of the University of California, San Francisco. Grants from the National |
Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration supported the immunotherapy study. Grants from the National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health, supported the study of intermediate-risk neuroblastoma. Both studies were conducted through the Children’s Oncology |
ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia Ten curtains, each twenty-eight cubits long and four wide, made of fine linen, also eleven made of goat’s hair, covered the tabernacle (Ex. 26:1-13; 36:8-17). The sacred |
curtain, separating the Holy of Holies from the sanctuary, is designated by a different Hebrew word (peroketh). It is described as a “veil of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and |
fine twined linen of cunning work” (Ex. 26:31; Lev. 16:2; Num. 18:7). “Stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain” (Isa. 40:22), is an expression used with reference to the veil |
or awning which Orientals spread for a screen over their courts in summer. According to the prophet, the heavens are spread over our heads as such an awning. Similar expressions |
By Katrina Vogelgesang, Contributing writer For April Gottung, an active and healthy young girl, a heart issue shouldn't have been a worry. Yet, April had spells of fainting for six years until her issues peaked with a seizure at the age of 14, when she was rushed to the hospital. Diagnosed with a heart arrhythmia, Apr... |
chest, restrain from all strenuous activity, and will be on medication for the rest of her life. An arrhythmia is an interruption in the electrical impulses that cause your heart to contract. With many different kinds of arrhythmias, and many different magnitudes as well, arrhythmias are more common than you think. Acc... |
Often times, though, an arrhythmia causes palpitations, shortness of breath, fainting, dizziness, discomfort in the chest and weakness, according to WebMD. You should see a doctor if any of these symptoms occur frequently or suddenly, or at times when you would not expect, instructs the Mayo Clinic. If any fainting or ... |
according to the Mayo Clinic. A Tachycardia is a sped up heart rate, and a Bradycardia is a slowed heart rate. According to the Mayo Clinic, arrhythmias can be hereditary, but can also be caused by scarring on the heart, stress, smoking and other substance abuse, diabetes, or other health issues. Blocked arteries or ch... |
Some of the most common types of arrhythmias include PVC's and atrial fibrillations. A PVC is a premature ventricular contraction. This is a common arrhythmia that we all experience from time to time. It can be due to many things, including stress or caffeine, according to WebMD. If someone has an unusual amount of PVC... |
says WebMD. Atrial fibrillations are when the upper chambers of the heart contract abnormally. To diagnose both the magnitude and type of arrhythmia, the Mayo Clinic states that the doctor will most likely perform an electrocardiogram, or an ECG. This test attaches sensors to your chest to monitor your heart. Other tes... |
time in hopes of recording an arrhythmia. This will allow your doctor to examine your heart's pattern. Once diagnosed, there are several treatments that can help cure or harbor an arrhythmia. Sometimes, it simply requires a lifestyle change, such as less caffeine or alcohol intake, stopping smoking, or restraining from... |
According to WebMD, the most common drugs used are drugs that control heart rate or reduce the risk of blood clots. If drugs are not suitable, a doctor may suggest some sort of surgical procedure, whether it be to insert a device or directly operate on the heart. A pacemaker is a device that helps the heart beat at a s... |
that serve relatively the same purpose include electrical cardioversion and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), states WebMD. WebMD also says that heart surgery may be necessary to cure heart disease, which could be the cause of the arrhythmia. Whichever treatment you receive depends on the severity and ty... |
the symptoms of an arrhythmia are, and when it's time to go get checked out. It's also important to know what usually causes an arrhythmia, and what kind of tests will be run to figure out the state of your arrhythmia. It's important to be informed on something as common as arrhythmias so that you can stop them before ... |
by Michael Morris, Parks Canada June 5, 2002 En route to Rogers Pass, Park Warden Tim Laboucane braked in time to avoid a debris flow on the highway. As he parked well back from the mess of muck, rock, and timber, he felt the shock wave and the subsequent roar |
of another landslide as it hurdled down on to the Trans-Canada Highway, just west of Glacier National Park. While new and unexpected debris flows have occurred along the highway in recent weeks, park staff expect this sort of trouble each spring at the Heather Mountain landslide near the eastern boundary |
of Glacier National Park. Slumping on Heather Mountain was first noticed by helicopter pilot Don McTighe in January 1997 when an unseasonably warm front including heavy rain caused water to percolate into the exposed fractures near the top of Heather Mountain. When the weather cooled quickly to minus 20 degrees |
Celsius, the rock face froze and the pressure of trapped water in behind the face created the slope separation. Flying for nearby heli-skiers, McTighe watched the cracks in the slope grow day by day. Blocks failed and slid, and by spring grew into a massive debris flow that ended up |
as mud on the highway. Here the failing rock is a talc-rich mica schist that is strong enough when dry but disintegrates easily when it comes in contact with water. Talc is the same mineral as in talcum powder. Over the next two springs, the exposed surface was eroded and |
lubricated by the combination of rain and melting snow, creating an mountainside gash about two kilometers long and half a kilometer wide. It’s a wound that continues to ooze each spring, some years more than others, depending on the rate of melt of the snowpack and concurrent rain events. While |
checking this place out I noticed that the freshly broken rocks on the landslide have an iridescent sheen and smell like rotting vegetation. The newly exposed surface is a mix of small and large boulders and mud as slick as soap. Walking across it was a process of finding the |
least slippery spots. Then there’s the clatter of the occasional tumbling rock departing the headwall. It’s not a place to visit. The bottom of the landslide is a jumble of shattered timber with several outlets of café-au-lait colored mud which flow through 500 meters of forest to a diversion berm. |
Culverts under the highway to help the mud on its way into the Beaver River. Sometimes the debris flow is more than the catchment basin and culverts can handle. The result is mud spread over the road and highway crews working around the clock, passing traffic whenever possible. With the |
advice of scientists from the Geological Survey of Canada, Parks Canada established a monitoring program to keep an eye on this chronic safety concern. Similar to the remote weather recording stations used in the prediction of avalanche activity or forest fires, a site on Heather Mountain transmits temperature and prec... |
amounts to Parks Canada’s Highway Service Section in Rogers Pass, alerting road crews that the debris flow may increase, though the situation remains far from predictable. Recognized as a National Historic Site because of its role in national transportation history, the Rogers Pass story continues to unfold. Landslides... |
and other land-forming events occur all through the mountains but are only noticed when it interferes with our activities. The road crews, flag persons, and park wardens that work on the highway contribute to an essential service that sees ever-increasing expectations. On the highway we’ve come to expect to get |
from point A to point B in a certain amount of time and are put out if we are delayed. However, the mountains don’t care. Occasionally the highway is closed for safety reasons as we respect that not everything in these rugged mountains can be controlled. Columbia Mountains Institute of |
London (CNN) -- Bamboozled by eurozone debt crisis jargon? CNN is here to help you tell your bond yields from your banking interventions, your defaults from your haircuts. And if you need anything more explained, please submit your questions to Soundoff at the bottom of the story. The euro is the common currency used b... |
the European Union. The 17 states that use the euro -- including Germany, France, Italy and Spain -- form the eurozone. A further 10 EU nations -- including the UK, Sweden and Denmark -- continue to use their own currencies. A recession is technically defined as two consecutive quarters of shrinking output -- or a coun... |
eurozone is currently teetering on the edge of recession, triggered in part by the crisis which has rolled on since May 2010. A double dip recession is when a country which has been in recession enters a downturn again after a brief and weak recovery. The "contagion effect" referred to in the eurozone crisis is the fea... |
financial problems will spill over to another country. This happens because the capital markets -- where sovereign bonds are bought and sold -- can be influenced by sentiment as well as the fundamentals of each country. Contagion can also occur because the more countries within the bloc struggle, the higher the cost to... |
default when they can no longer pay their bills on time. Defaults can come in different forms: "Orderly" -- when investors holding the bonds can agree to take haircuts (see below) -- or "disorderly," where losses are unexpected and sudden. Countries raise money by issuing sovereign bonds which are then purchased by inv... |
can be thought of as IOUs -- is how much the investor wants to be paid to hold that bond. So, a higher yield indicates a higher risk bond. For sovereign bonds a yield of more than 7% is considered unsustainable for any extended period of time, because a country's earnings are unlikely to be able to cover repayments. Li... |
is the oil which greases the world of finance. It refers to the ease at which funds -- cash, for example -- can flow through the system. A market with lots of buyers and sellers is liquid, while one without is illiquid. A haircut refers to a cut in the value of investments lenders are asked to take. For example, |
a 50% haircut on an investment means you'll get back only half of what you paid. Investors in Greek bonds have been asked to take a haircut on their debt. It would be in their interest to do so if they thought the value of the debt could drop further in the future. Investors can also be asked to swap |
bonds maturing soon for longer dated ones which would pay out at a much later date. The ratings agencies -- Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings being the big three -- award scores based on a company or country's credit worthiness. "Junk" refers to when that rating drops below investment grade... |
the BBB level, it is "sub-investment" grade and is commonly referred to as junk. Eurobonds are being suggested as a way to tie the finances of the eurozone's 17 countries more closely. A eurobond would be a bond -- or debt which investors buy in return for yield -- backed by all the countries of the bloc. The idea rema... |
under discussion, although it has rejected by the eurozone's two most powerful leaders, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and then-French President Nicolas Sarkozy earlier this year. Francois Hollande, Sarkozy's successor, has been more favorable to the idea. Fiscal unity is centered on integrated taxation and spending. ... |
own taxation policies and also raise money to fund themselves. However, the bloc does have a central bank -- the European Central Bank (see below) -- which maintains monetary policy. The bloc appears to be moving toward closer fiscal integration as it seeks to stem the crisis. European Central Bank The European Central... |
up in 1998 to maintain monetary policy for the eurozone under its common currency, the euro. The ECB's mandate is to keep inflation at around 2% or below, and ensure some level of stability for the countries that use the euro. Like other central banks, the ECB's main tool for keeping to these targets is by raising or l... |
rates -- a key tool for influencing financial markets. The ECB has also been actively buying the sovereign bonds of troubled eurozone economies, in the hope that it will lower those countries' funding costs. European Financial Stability Facility The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) is Europe's temporary bai... |
in May 2010, and has since become a key tool to combat the debt crisis. European leaders have increased its lending capacity from around €250 billion to €440 billion, and are investigating ways to boost its clout. A permanent bailout fund, the European Stability Mechanism, or ESM, will be operational mid 2012. Internat... |
is based in Washington D.C., is an organization of 187 countries. It is designed to assist countries in financial trouble. Member countries contribute to the fund, relative to their economies, when assistance is needed. It has been a key player in the European bailouts. A group of auditors from the International Moneta... |
Editor's note: MainSail is CNN's monthly sailing show, exploring the sport of sailing, luxury travel and the latest in design and technology. (CNN) -- One of the world's largest private superyachts is the latest to set sail on an expedition to uncover the secrets of a British battle cruiser lost during World War II. Oc... |
-- was donated to the British Navy by Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft. Allen will fund the recovery and research expedition, sparing the British government any cost. This week the recovery team will return to the wreck site with a two-fold mission: Retrieve the ship's bell and document the remains of the battle cru... |
what happened in the Hood's final moments. David Mearns, director of Blue Water Recoveries, said the ship's bell was "lovingly looked after" by the crew. Its recovery is seen by those who lost loved ones as a way to commemorate those who died. The HMS Hood was sunk during a battle in the North Atlantic with German batt... |
1941. The Hood remains the largest Royal Navy vessel to have gone down, and resulted in the largest loss of life suffered by any single warship in British history. The wreck of HMS Hood is designated under the Protection of the Military Remains Act, meaning the recovery team had to seek permission from the British Navy... |
the bell. The mission was agreed to by the British Government, and the Ministry of Defence say the bell -- if recovered -- will form a tangible and fitting memorial to the ship and the 1,415 men who died when she sunk in the North Atlantic. Mearns recalls the astonishment of the team when they located the ship's bell, ... |
their first dive, in 2001. "There was just a miscellaneous pile of twisted and torn metal... most of it was very angled steel but there was this curved shape," Mearns remembers. "We pushed in on the camera and, lo and behold, there was the bell sitting basically unattached, not connected to the ship [and] all by itself... |
The team, Mearns recalls, "were just stunned by it." The 40,000 ton wreck is strewn over two and half kilometers of seabed, and uncovering the bell was a stroke of luck for the recovery team. "It's a really iconic item and personal symbol of the ship, but we were there conducting this investigation on a 'don't touch' b... |
occurred to us, even for a second, 'What if we recovered the bell? Should we attempt to?'" Mearns tells CNN. By the time Mearns and his team had returned to land, news of the bell's discovery had broken. A public debate had erupted over the ethics of disturbing a wreck where so many lives had been lost. Mearns gained t... |
support of the HMS Hood Association -- whose members include veterans and relatives of those who died -- before seeking financial support to return and recover the bell. The association's president, rear admiral Philip Wilcocks, said in statement on the mission: "There is no headstone among the flowers for those who pe... |
able to gaze upon [the Hood's] bell and remember with gratitude and thanks the heroism, courage and personal sacrifice of Hood's ship's company who died in the service of their country." If recovered, the bell will go on display in 2014, at an exhibition at the Royal Navy Museum in the southern English port of Portsmou... |
was based. Mearns says: "It's been out there as a wish of the association to do this and I've just been looking for the right sponsor to do it in the right way and to get the permission to do it. "I'd been working with Vulcan, Paul Allen's company, and it just so happened we could combine the availability of |
Octopus in the region at the right time, because you can only really work in this area two months of the year." The Octopus, the world's 13th largest megayacht, is a "fantastically capable vessel," Mearns says. Despite being classified as a yacht, the Octopus carries equipment including a deepwater diving ROV [remotely... |
Octopus, says Mearns, "is very qualified" for the job. The British Royal Navy has asked the team to place an ensign on the site of the wreck, Mearns added. The mission also hopes to shed light on the final moments of the battle cruiser, which broke in two during the attack. It was under sustained fire from the Bismarck... |
its own ammunition also exploded. The cause of its sinking has never been clarified. "I think we are going to make a real improvement in the imagery and information that we bring back from the wreck to allow naval architects to look at and come to some firm conclusions about the damage," Mearns added. "This isn't just ... |
In all modern languages like C# and Java, we gain benefits of garbage collection. What about implementing our own. In this article, I will try to explain how to implement garbage collector for C language. What is Garbage Collection? In C language, dynamic memory management operations are done with free() functions. Whe... |
and receives a pointer of this area, and releases this area using free() function when it is not used anymore. This is really a very easy task, you create memory area using malloc() and release it using free(). What if the programmer forgets to call the free() function or application breaks before the free() function i... |
system cannot use this area and still thinks that it is in use. Large chunks of unreleased memory areas can affect system performance vitally. Need for an automated garbage collection mechanism is born at this point. Automated garbage collection mechanism guarantees that all allocated memory during program run are rele... |
and sweep, copying, generational, reference counting, etc. In this article, I will try to explain mark and sweep algorithm. What about Conservation? Garbage collectors (abbreviated GC from now on) should not force developers to tag data or force to use special datatype as pointers. GC also should work on existing sourc... |
GC should not force to change on compilers. Conservative garbage collection approach provides GC solution preserving the above mentioned tasks. In order to work properly, GC should have knowledge about the following tasks: - Variables actively in use - Which variable is a pointer and which is not - Information of the a... |
allocates memory. In C language collection about variables in use can be done with a special scanning on heap, stack and static data of the application. This solution is highly hardware dependent. Also in C language, we do not have knowledge of a type at runtime. This means, at runtime phase it is not an easy task to d... |
receive no assistance from the compiler. Once we have information about variables actively in use, we can scan this list with a special pointer identification algorithm to distinguish pointers. This step has some shortcomings but efficiency can be provided with elegant algorithms. Conservative approach allows developer... |
never call free() again inside the code. The rest is handled by GC as a smart servant. Stop the World Approach I mentioned that we scan memory areas of the application. We also need to release unused memory areas. These operations take additional CPU cycles. So when garbage is being collected, we need to use CPU. At th... |
for use of the CPU. These are stop the world and concurrent approaches. Concurrent approach handles GC cycles on different threads. For this approach, complex locking mechanisms are needed. As a result, it benefits high performance which is desirable by most of the modern architecture. For further information, you can ... |
collection and resumes program execution. This has a completely big disadvantage, it does not allow the application to use CPU while garbage is collected. This can cause the application to pause while garbage is being collected. Also we cannot use multi processor even if hardware has more than one CPU which can be a bi... |
it is really very easy to implement so in this article we will use this approach. Mark and Sweep Algorithm Mark and Sweep Algorithm is the first algorithm which handles cyclic references. This algorithm is one of the most commonly used garbage collectors with combination of some other techniques. Mark and sweep algorit... |
to distinguish used and unused memory areas. It consists of two phases. The first phase is the marking phase. In marking phase, GC traces through all available variables and finds pointers using pointer identification algorithm. Once pointers are determined, marking phase finds the heap area of the pointers and marks t... |
unmarked areas. Unmarked areas are the memory areas which are not currently used. These areas are reclaimed. As mentioned, mark and sweep can handle cyclic references. Moreover, it includes no overhead on variables. Conservative GC faces two main difficulties, the first is for identifying where to find root set and the... |
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