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and indeed their works are often known by the shorthand label 'Spy cartoons'. The caricatures were reproduced by the relatively new colour printing process of chromolithography. Many of the Vanity Fair portraits include spectacles, monocles or pince-nez, often with a |
neck cord attached. In some cases the depiction is indistinct; the artist, usually working in watercolour, was interested only in providing an impression of the device. In other portraits however, the optical device is very clearly shown or else exaggerated |
such that it becomes a defining motif for the person concerned. An example would be the huge monocle filling the socket of Mr Maguire, the campaigner for Irish Home Rule. The portraits are a useful source for studying the spectacle |
fashions of the second half of the nineteenth century and the Edwardian period. The manner in which a frame is worn, held or suspended is often clearly shown. This may be from a cord, or a coat button. The spectacles |
may be flourished in the hand or parked out of the way on the forehead. In one instance, the son of the novelist Charles Dickens is illustrated actually cleaning his spectacle lenses with a cloth. Educated Victorian readers held contemporary |
scientists in a level of esteem that would be unfamiliar today. In consequence, certain distinguished names in the fields of optics and ophthalmology are to be found amongst the Vanity Fair portraits. This includes Mr Frank Crisp, the well-known collector |
of microscopes, Sir George Airy, reputedly the first to use a cylindrical lens for his own correction, Sir William Crookes the Chemist (a former Superintendent of the Radcliffe Observatory) and R Brudenell Carter who found fame through his operations on |
corneal staphyloma. There are so many relevant Vanity Fair portraits (the BOA Museum has 68 for example) that a comprehensive listing would seem superfluous. Below is attached a list of some of the best that an enthusiast might consider including |
in his collection. It should be noted that many of these prints are available quite cheaply as modern reproductions. Wearing Pince-Nez or Nose spectacles Wearing a monocle Other optical devices The MusEYEum Guide to the pseudonyms of Vanity Fair cartoonists: |
Latino adolescents who share knowledge from the classroom, new media and information technology among immigrant families function as "civic information leaders," a new study by the University of Colorado Boulder shows. Their role helps family members assimilate to American culture and also represents a powerful channel... |
lead author of the study. "There is a reason for optimism, as opposed to despair, in thinking about the prospects for reaching a demographic typically portrayed in social science as chronically disengaged from civic and political life," said McDevitt. "Schools, news media and campaign strategists should view adolescent... |
he said. "They should not try to reach parents directly, but instead reach out to teens. This can trigger a trickle-up influence." The study was conducted primarily with Latino participants from Centaurus High School in Lafayette, Colo. Surveys completed by 74 students served as the basis of four focus group discussion... |
completed diaries tracking their media and information technology use over 48 hours. The student participants were surveyed on their use of media and information technology for schoolwork, entertainment and social interaction. Their consumption of traditional resources -- radio, newspapers, magazines and television -- ... |
were surveyed on their political views, activities and willingness to discuss civic issues in school and in family settings. Participants rated their willingness to listen to opponents, initiate discussion and to disagree, among other questions. "Latino adolescents' use of traditional media and particularly new informa... |
general information and issue awareness, which builds confidence in the classroom and serves as a bridge to the home front, where parents are otherwise disconnected and distrusting of mainstream media." The focus group discussions revealed that Latino youth and immigrant parents experience distinct sets of information ... |
strive to increase the overlap, said McDevitt. Immigrant parents commonly face language barriers and the undocumented status of many of them causes fear of societal rejection and marginalization, according to the study. Many parents in the focus groups also reported shaky computer skills and a skepticism of English-lan... |
of Latino teens serving as information leaders when immigrant parents feel their authority is undermined. "Family communication can be thwarted when Latino youth act as information leaders, changing the usual structure of authority," said McDevitt. "On the other hand, these provocations can promote reciprocal influence... |
leadership role, particularly about controversial political issues." The study recommends figuring out ways to preserve family cohesion, cultural identity and parental leadership while taking advantage of Latino youth's propensity for leadership in accessing and using new media. "For many decades, political scientists ... |
as a barrier, as a private domain that must be overcome," said McDevitt. "The family is not something to overcome; it's not a deficit; it's a resource for political engagement." Mary Butler, a graduate of CU-Boulder's communication department, co-authored the study, which is published in the current issue of InterActio... |
Public Achievement, a service-learning program of CU-Boulder's Institute for Ethical and Civic Engagement, helped to recruit study participants and to facilitate focus groups. Collaboration on the study also involved mentors from the I Have A Dream Foundation. |
Students learn basic skills in electricity, line work installation, repair, cable splicing, and system testing, as well as transformer connections, underground electric installation and effective operation of digger derricks. Electric lineworkers install and repair cables or wires used in electrical power or distributi... |
program prepares students to work for power line construction and utility companies. All students are required to obtain a Red Cross First Aid card and a CPR card before a certificate is issued. Electric Line mechanic |
The Demon in the Freezer by Richard Preston Take to you handfuls of soot of the furnace, and let Moses throw it heavenward in the sight of Pha- raoh; and it shall become fine dust over all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man and upon beast, throughout the land of Egypt. [Exodus 9:... |
views on the historicity of the biblical plagues, it is remarkable how closely this passage resembles a description of modern biological warfare. A handful of smallpox virions, each about the size of a particle of soot, contains enough pestilent material to infect millions of people. Released at a high enough altitude,... |
more. Anyone who breathes in as few as a half-dozen grains could become symptomatic in a fortnight, breaking out with blisters and sores or with bleeding skin. About the Author Kevin Shapiro is a research fellow in neuroscience and a student at Harvard Medical School. |
Practical and Common-Sense Breast Cancer Dietary Tips 1. Avoid trans-fats Avoid consumption of processed foods, which is the main source of industrially produced trans-fatty acid. An increased intake of trans-fatty acids may raise the risk of breast cancer by 75 percent, suggest the results from the French part of the ... |
cancer have higher levels of trans fats in their bodies than other women, suggesting–but not proving–that eating trans may raise the risk of the disease, says a new report from the European Community Multi-center Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer. Scientists at the national scientific rese... |
trans-fats and breast cancer after carrying out a study of women taking part in a large European cancer trial. The team found that women with the highest blood levels of trans-fats had about twice the risk of breast cancer compared to women with the lowest levels. Trans-fats can be found in cooking fats, baked goods, s... |
other prepared foods. 2. Avoid vegetable Oils Increased consumption of omega-6 fatty acids, found in corn oil and most of the oils used in bakery products, could be a reason for the rise in incidence of breast cancer in recent years, say many health researchers. Omega-6 fats have been linked to the development of breas... |
reporting in 2004 that the fats enhanced expression of certain genes that accelerate the disease. Omega-6 fats are found in refined supermarket cooking oils such as soy oil, corn oil, sunflower, safflower oil, in margarine, and in all processed foods that use these. 3. Eat Omega-3 fatty acids Epidemiological research h... |
consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fats and her risk for breast cancer. Eat at least three servings a week of cold-water fish such as tuna, wild salmon, halibut, mackerel, haddock, cod, and sardines. If you don’t eat fish, you can also take fish oil capsules (2 to 10g a day). 4. Eat only organic free-range eggs Avoid... |
eggs and eat only eggs that come from free-roaming hens fed on organic Omega 3 enhanced feed. Free-range, cage-free chickens have a greater variety of diet, producing eggs that contain more omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E. Omega 3 enhanced eggs are from hens fed a diet flax seed or fish oils. Omega 3 enhanced eggs co... |
fatty acids and Vitamin E than the regular eggs. An independent test conducted by the CBC’s TV show Marketplace found that omega-3 enhanced eggs contain approximately 7 times more omega 3 fatty acids than regular white eggs. Free-range organic eggs have nearly twice the vitamin E, four times the beta carotene (a precur... |
fatty acids, and half the cholesterol. In addition, the free-range eggs have a significant amount of folic acid. Several studies have shown similar results—one even showed free-range organic eggs to have thirteen times the omega-3 fatty acids! Research has confirmed that the essential nutrient choline, which is found i... |
2003, a Harvard University study indicated that subjects who consumed more eggs and fiber than the average girl during adolescence had a smaller risk of developing breast cancer as adults. Eating one egg per day was associated with an 18 percent reduction in risk. Conclusion: Eat only organic/hormone free egg products ... |
have been linked to promoting breast cancer. 5. Avoid processed soy products Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign recently announced results of research suggesting that the highly purified soy foods and soy supplements marketed in the United States may promote the growth of some pre-existing br... |
that eating whole soy products can help to lower the risk of breast cancer. It’s been shown for example that Oriental women, who have a lower-than-normal incidence of breast cancer, consume much larger amounts of soy products than most American women. When Asian women move to the United States, however, their intake of... |
A brochosopy is a procedure in which a long, lighted scope is inserted into the lungs in order to examine the airways of the lungs and to assess lung function. |
Chest fluoroscopy may be performed when the motion of the lungs, diaphragm, or other structures in the chest need to be evaluated. Chest ultrasound is a procedure in which sound |
wave technology is used alone, or along with other types of diagnostic methods, to examine the organs and structures of the chest. A chest X-ray is used to examine the |
chest and the lungs and other organs and structures located in the chest. CT/CAT scans are more detailed than standard x-rays and are often used to assess the organs of |
the respiratory and cardiovascular systems,and esophagus, for injuries, abnormalities, or disease. A lobectomy is a surgical procedure that removes one of the lobes of the lungs. A lung biopsy is |
a procedure in which tissue samples are removed with a special needle to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present. A lung scan is a procedure that uses |
nuclear radiology to assess the function and structure of the lungs. It is most often performed when problems with the lungs and respiratory tract are suspected. In a lung transplant, |
one or both diseased lungs are removed and replaced with a healthy lung from another person. A mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure performed to examine the mediastinum - the space |
behind the sternum (breastbone) in the middle of the chest that separates the two lungs. Oximetry is a procedure used to measure the oxygen level—or oxygen saturation—in the blood. Peak |
flow measurement is a procedure that records the amount of air flowing out of your lungs. Peak flow can be measured with either a spirometer or a peak flow meter. |
A pleural biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of the pleura (the membrane that surrounds the lungs) is removed with a special biopsy needle or during surgery to |
determine if disease, infection, or cancer is present. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a specialized radiology procedure used to examine various body tissues to identify certain conditions. PET may also |
be used to follow the progress of the treatment of certain conditions. A pulmonary angiogram is aa procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and X-rays to examine the |
blood vessels in the lungs and evaluate blood flow to the lungs. Pulmonary function tests measure how well your lungs are functioning and are used to help diagnose certain lung |
disorders. A sinus x-ray is a type of x-ray used to obtain images of the sinuses - the air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes located within the bones of the |
skull. A sleep study - or polysomnogram - consists of a number of medical tests performed at the same time during sleep. The tests measure specific sleep characteristics and help |
to diagnose sleep disorders. Thoracentesis is a procedure in which a needle is inserted through the back of the chest wall to remove fluid or air from between the lungs |
Now that the X-37B space plane is spotted, what is its mission? Amateur astronomers say they have found the X-37B in an orbit that takes it over Afghanistan and Iraq. A former Air Force missile officer offers up four possible uses for the space plane – and weapon is least likely. Now we know where the X-37B is. Amateur... |
have spotted the Air Force miniature space plane traveling in low-earth orbit at an inclination that takes it over Iraq and Afghanistan, among other nations.Skip to next paragraph But this big question remains: What the heck is the X-37B doing up there, anyway? The Air Force isn’t saying. It’s secret. “The actual on-or... |
Air Force Undersecretary for Space Programs, during a conference call with reporters in late April. On April 22 an Atlas V rocket roared into the sky from Cape Canaveral, Fla., carrying the X-37B on its first orbital test flight. At that moment the reusable craft vanished, as far as the general public was concerned. Th... |
where in space the X-37B was going. But last week a team of sky-watchers with members who specialize in tracking orbiting objects announced that they’ve spotted what they are certain is the X-37B in space, about 255 miles up, circling the earth every 90 minutes. The X-37B is traveling in a an area bounded by 40 degrees... |
mid-Atlantic of the US, Spain, the Middle East) and 40 degrees south latitude (Argentina, South Africa, Australia), according to Greg Roberts, a South African member of the spotting team. The Air Force says that the performance of the system itself is the biggest thing this launch is testing. They want to see how the X... |
flies itself back to the ground, and how quickly they can get it ready to re-launch. The goal is to be able to turn the X-37B around as fast as the Air Force could turn around a high-performance spy plane such as the SR-71 Blackbird. |
Phishing: The Basics Here's how to be on your guard against phishing attacks CSO — Phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e-mails and websites. Pharming also aims to collect personal information from unsuspecting victims |
by essentially tinkering with the road maps that computers use to navigate the Web. You don't want either one working its evil genius on you, your employees or your customers. Here's how to be on your guard against both phishing |
and pharming. Last updated: April 2009 - What is phishing? - Can we prevent phishing attacks? - What can my company do to reduce our chances of being targeted? - What plans should my company have in place before a |
phishing incident occurs? - How can we quickly find out if a phishing attack has been launched using our company's name? - How can we help our customers avoid falling for phishing? - If an attack does happen, how should |
we respond? - Any legal/regulatory requirements we should be aware of? - What action can we take against the phishers themselves? - How might phishing attacks evolve in the near future? (E.g. "spear-phishing) - How can we guard against pharming |
attacks? Q: What is phishing? A: Phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e-mails and websites. Typically, a phisher sends an e-mail disguised as a legitimate business request. For example, the phisher may pass himself |
off as a real bank asking its customers to verify financial data. (So phishing is a form of "social engineering".) The e-mail is often forged so that it appears to come from a real e-mail address used for legitimate company |
business, and it usually includes a link to a website that looks exactly like the bank's website. However, the site is bogus, and when the victim types in passwords or other sensitive information, that data is captured by the phisher. |
The information may be used to commit various forms of fraud and identity theft, ranging from compromising a single existing bank account to setting up multiple new ones. Early phishing attempts were crude, with telltale misspellings and poor grammar. Since |
then, however, phishing e-mails have become remarkably sophisticated. Phishers may pull language straight from official company correspondence and take pains to avoid typos. The fake sites may be near-replicas of the sites phishers are spoofing, containing the company's logo and |
other images and fake status bars that give the site the appearance of security. Phishers may register plausible-looking domains like aolaccountupdate.com, mycitibank.net or paypa1.com (using the number 1 instead of the letter L). They may even direct their victims to |
a well-known company's actual website and then collect their personal data through a faux pop-up window. Can we prevent phishing attacks? Companies can reduce the odds of being targeted, and they can reduce the damage that phishers can do (more |
details on how below). But they can't really prevent it. One reason phishing e-mails are so convincing is that most of them have forged "from" lines, so that the message looks like it's from the spoofed company. There's no way |
for an organization to keep someone from spoofing a "from" line and making it seem as if an e-mail came from the organization. A technology known as sender authentication does hold some promise for limiting phishing attacks, though. The idea |
is that if e-mail gateways could verify that messages purporting to be from, say, Citibank did in fact originate from a legitimate Citibank server, messages from spoofed addresses could be automatically tagged as fraudulent and thus weeded out. (Before delivering |
a message, an ISP would compare the IP address of the server sending the message to a list of valid addresses for the sending domain, much the same way an ISP looks up the IP address of a domain to |
send a message. It would be sort of an Internet version of caller ID and call blocking.) Although the concept is straightforward, implementation has been slow because the major Internet players have different ideas about how to tackle the problem. |
It may be years before different groups iron out the details and implement a standard. Even then, there's no way of guaranteeing that phishers won't find ways around the system (just as some fraudsters can fake the numbers that appear |
in caller IDs). That's why, in the meantime, so many organizationsand a growing marketplace of service providershave taken matters into their own hands. What can my company do to reduce our chances of being targeted by phishing attacks? In part, |
the answer has to do with NOT doing silly or thoughtless things that can increase your vulnerability. Now that phishing has become a fact of life, companies need to be careful about how they use e-mail to communicate with customers. |
For example, in May 2004, Wachovia's phones started ringing off the hook after the bank sent customers an e-mail instructing them to update their online banking user names and passwords by clicking on a link. Although the e-mail was legitimate |
(the bank had to migrate customers to a new system following a merger), a quarter of the recipients questioned it. As Wachovia learned, companies need to clearly think through their customer communication protocols. Best practices include giving all e-mails and |
webpages a consistent look and feel, greeting customers by first and last name in e-mails, and never asking for personal or account data through e-mail. If any time-sensitive personal information is sent through e-mail, it has to be encrypted. Marketers |
may wring their hands at the prospect of not sending customers links that would take them directly to targeted offers, but instructing customers to bookmark key pages or linking to special offers from the homepage is a lot more secure. |
That way, companies are training their customers not to be duped. It also makes sense to revisit what customers are allowed to do on your website. They should not be able to open a new account, sign up for a |
credit card or change their address online with just a password. At a minimum, companies should acknowledge every online transaction through e-mail and one other method of the customer's choosing (such as calling the phone number on record) so that |
customers are aware of all online activity on their accounts. And to make it more difficult for phishers to copy online data-capture forms, organizations should avoid putting them on the website for all to see. Instead, organizations should require secured |
log-in to access e-commerce forms. At the end of the day, though, better authentication is the best way to decrease the likelihood that phishers will target your organization. Banks are beginning to experiment with technologies like RSA tokens, biometrics, one-time-use |
passwords and smart cards, all of which make their customers' personal information less valuable for phishers. One midsized bank was able to cut its phishing-related ATM card losses by changing its authentication process. Every ATM card has data encoded on |
its magnetic strip that the customer can't see but that most ATM machines can read. The bank worked with its network provider to use that hidden information to authenticate ATM transactionsan important step that, according to Gartner, only about half |
of U.S. banks had taken by mid-2005. "Since the number isn't printed on the back of the card, customers can't accidentally disclose it," the bank's CISO explained. The information was already in the cards, so the bank didn't have to |
Little Known Episode in John Bidwell’s History: Thwarting the 1851 Federal Indian Treaty By Michele Shover, professor emerita, Political Science In mid-August of that year, 200 members from Mountain and Foothill Maidu tribelets as well as 100 or so Valley Maidus gathered on the ranch at Bidwell’s request to consider |
a federal treaty. They moved back and forth from their tree-sheltered encampments, scattered to avoid old enemies but close enough to meet with friends. At large campfires, the Mechoopda Maidus roasted slabs of government beef, which rewarded each arriving group. The amount of beef would later become an issue. While |
some Mountain Maidus were reluctant to enter rival Maidu turf without protection, their curiosity prevailed. They recalled many tribal “Big Times” there for trade with the Mechoopdas. Of course, when the best bow maker or other artisan was one of their own, they had held the get-togethers. But when a |
Valley Indian was the master builder, the advantage shifted and Mountain Indians became guests. According to Bidwell, such trading events took place at intervals of years, and when they concluded, the mountain and valley tribelets parted as enemies. In Bidwell’s time, the Mountain Maidus likely made surreptitious night... |
take a look at Bidwell’s ranch or for secret meetings with willing Mechoopdas. While Bidwell understood the land as his property, the tribelets at large still considered it, rightfully at least, as the Maidu territory of their Mechoopda tribelet. The Indians, many of whom had arrived at Bidwell’s place about |
three weeks earlier than he expected them, set up camps in heavy groves across from his log house and the long shed, his stable and tack room. The visitors took a keen interest in the ranch’s new “saltbox”-style store with its “hotel” of several rooms above and the clapboard-sided bunkhouse |
where Bidwell housed “the Indian boys” who joined his vaqueros. Their elders had worked for John Potter, the area’s pioneer who had a substantial cattle operation which ran south from Big Chico Creek along both sides of the Oroville-Shasta Road. From Bidwell the young men learned how to work on |
field and row crops, and they had put in the rancher’s first orchards and some grape vines during the previous spring. Their elders were posted at the borders of grain fields with orders to keep out the cattle. The young men’s bunkhouse not only presented a considerable contrast to the |
older families’ bark huts, but it pointed to Bidwell’s separation of the male laborers from their families. In other respects, he respected their culture. From their tree-shaded campsites, the Mountain Maidus could also assess the Mechoopdas’ situation. The Valley tribelet had agreed to work on Bidwell’s terms. They ha... |
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