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attempts, rapes, quick and brutal transitions from idealization to devaluation. communication, teenagers, dependency, autonomy Authors: Simona Trifu MD, psychiatrist, Hospital Al Obregia Elena Dicu psychologist, Complex for Communitarian Services Găieşti Promoting empowerment and belonging through education: a pioneer project with people with psychiatric disorders in Portugal This communication presents the main results of a pioneer project in the field of educational inclusion, developed with |
(not for) people with psychiatric disorders, admitted to the unimputable ward of a Public Hospital. This project aimed at enhancing academic qualifications of a group of individuals with psychiatric disorders by offering them the possibility to engage in the process of recognition, validation and certification of competences (RVCC) achieving basic compulsory education (9 years). This process enabled them to identify knowledge and competencies acquired |
previously in their professional and social Besides the description of this project (concerning its goals, methodologies, activities) we present the outcomes of the evaluation developed. Documents and materials produced by the participants during the process were taken in consideration. We also developed two Focus Groups [groups of adults (n=10) and professionals (n=8)] during which the following themes were explored: importance of including people with |
psychiatric disorder in the RVCC process, gains from RVCC to the rehabilitation program, introduced adjustments (e.g., methodologies), individuals and technicians perspectives about the main gains of the process (e.g., for autonomy, welfare) and perceived difficulties and strategies for their resolution. Results indicate that both technicians and patients perceive(d) this educational process as extremely significant in promoting the well-being and renewed perception of (social) belonging |
of the participants. They were able to improve different dimensions of their performance, train autonomy skills and experience opportunities for social participation. Looking critically at these results, accordingly to the Human Rights framework, it becomes evident that governments and institutions must join efforts on planning and developing quality educational policies and practices effectively having in consideration the specific needs of people with psychiatric disorders. |
To accomplish this challenge is essential to involve and listen to their perspectives when creating positive environments that contribute to their empowerment and social belonging. Dora Redruello - Cerebral Palsy Association of Snia Mairos Nogueira Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra Community Based Rehabilitation and Clubhouses as Good Practice The CBR principles and best practices of Clubhouses are the topics of |
Key words: CBR, Clubhouse model, psychosocial rehabilitation, empowerment, social inclusion. According to growing evidence the community-based rehabilitation opportunities for people with psychosocial problems or mental disorders are underdeveloped in majority of European countries. This is a very real challenge in many EU member states, as well as, in the rest of WHO European region outside the EU. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) methodology is built on |
the multi-science, multi-professional and multi-sectorial approach. CBR covers the whole person with psychosocial problems or other disability and all aspects of everyday life in the process of recovery, empowerment and social inclusion. In these respects the prevailing medical approaches are not efficient enough or cost-effective and the involvement of service-users in their care is unsatisfactory. For successful recovery and social inclusion all areas of |
personal development are important. This wider approach has been jointly formulated and recommended by the WHO, ILO and UNESCO since 1980s (WHO 1994, 2004 and 2010). However, the good quality CBR-based psychosocial rehabilitation like Clubhouse model is taken into use only in minority of European countries. World Health Organization (WHO 2003 and 2007) has also published recommendations how to organise optimal mix of mental |
health services (e.g. pyramid model) which is based on human rights and equal opportunities of people with mental disorders. Community-based psychosocial rehabilitation is the cornerstone of the optimal mix of services. The Clubhouse model is mentioned as a useful model in this context. Europe we need effective implementation of the CBR recommendations and dissemination of the evidence-based Clubhouse model. Today Europe is divided into |
three: (1) Best practice countries like Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Scotland where the clubhouse model is integrated part of national mental health policy, (2) 13 other countries where one or two Clubhouses are available but the model is not promoted actively, and (3) about 30 countries where Clubhouses and other CBR services are not yet available. The transfer of CBR knowledge from the |
teachers leaded by Conf.dr.Oancea Constantin, including psychiatrist, psychologist and seven nurses with a big professional experience, with scoolarship abroad. We prepare nurses for specialization in psychiatry in one academic year programme (1500 hours), recognized officially by The Ministry of Health. have the role of teachers for the nurses who work in psychiatric hospitals or in community (over 450 for now). We offer knowledge and |
abilities for nuses, in order to work with patients and families, for difficult cases. It’s necessary to have a new perspective and attitude toward them, to view them in a holistic way. tendency for desinstitutionalisation and care in the community, created the necessity of development of (MHCC) Mental Health Community Centers and the mobile teams to work in crisis situations, where the person live, |
in her own environment. “mobile team” concept is new in Romania and could have: psychiatrist, psychologist, social workers and psychiatric nurses at least. place of specialized psychiatric nurse is important in mobile team, because there are seen the human qualities of nurses: kindness, patience, understanding, tolerance,so they can make a good contact with human in great suffering, extreme poverty, mentally ill persons, humiliated and |
neglected by the society. the psychiatric nurse can stay much more time with the patient and families in need and they can made psychoeducation. need such persons with a “big and worm heart” who have the consciousness and to do the effort to change “just a little bit” the life of other human being with an unhappy destiny. Each of us can do one |
sapte asistente cu mare experienţă şi cu studii în străinătate, pregătesc asistenţi medicali pentru specializare în psihiatrie, într-un program de un an academic (1500 ore), acreditat de avem rolul de formatori pentru asistente care lucrează în spitale de psihiatrie sau în comunitate (peste 450 până acum). Noi oferim cunoştinţe şi abilităm asistentele pentru a lucra cu pacienţii şi familiile lor pentru cazuri complexe întâlnite |
pe teren, pentru a-şi schimba atitudinea şi a privi din perspectivă holistică. Tendinţa la dezinstituţionlizare şi îngrijiri în comunitate, a creat necesitatea dezvoltării CSMC (Centre de Sănătate Mintală Comunitară) şi formarea de echipe mobile de intervenţie în situaţii de criză, acolo unde se află persoana, în mediul ei obişnuit. Conceptul de “echipă mobilă” este o noutate în Romania şi ar trebui să cuprindă minim |
un medic psihiatru, psiholog, asistenţi sociali, asistenţi medicali specializaţi în psihiatrie. asistentului specializat este important în echipa mobilă pentru că se apelează la calităţile umane ale acestor persoane: blândeţe, răbdare, înţelegere, toleranţă, aşa încât să poată face un bun contact uman cu cei în suferinţă, extrem de săraci, umiliţi de societate, marginalizaţi. De asemenea, asistentul poate petrece mai mult timp cu pacientul si familia |
l'exemple de Lille-Est" Le basculement du "tout hospitalier"à la psychiatrie dans la cité avec le développement de l'hospitalisation à domicile , "appartements thérapeutiques" et du travail en d'un conseil local de Santé Mentale - limites (et les eventuels "effets pervers") Debieve - Lille - France Outside-In, Inside-Out: A Copernican moment and the Birmingham Model Outreach services offer two possibilities: Taking people out of the |
institution and bringing people in to care in the community. For those people already inside the system, whom the hospital doesn’t help or creates more problems than it solves, it is a process of Inside-Out; taking the person out of the Institution, and the Institution out of the person, and relates to the first part of the ‘Tripod of Inclusion’. And for those outside |
the system and ill, but for whom the step into services creates more trauma, for whom hospital makes no sense, but at the same time we and society cannot stand by: A process of making Outside-In; not bringing people into the Institution but into society, and relates to the third part of the ‘Tripod of Inclusion’. 20 years ago in Birmingham England a radical |
process of change created a system of community based outreach services that offered the same necessary functions of the hospital but instead provided them in people’s homes, working alongside anyone who cared to be involved in their neighbourhoods. It was a Copernican shift from patients revolving around the service in our institutions, to a service that revolved around the patients in their communities. Outreach |
is a way of organising resources, a means that can be adapted to a chosen end, whether that be reaching the homeless, the refugee, meeting people where they are and not where we are. For sure it also changes the way we think and practice, as we people in a new context and presenting more than just pathology. The Birmingham Model is one example |
of how outreach can meet the challenges of moving from exclusion to inclusion. Professor Mervyn Morris, Birmingham City University, England Morris has held Professorial posts in the UK and Norway, and is currently Director of Community Mental Health in the Centre for Health and Social Care Research at Birmingham City University. He has an academic background in education and social policy, with a focus |
on workforce development to deinstitutionalise care and develop community based services. His international work includes service re-design through Government and EU funded projects, and also for the World Health Organisation in the Balkans and Asia. has extensive experience of working in hospital and community mental health services, with a clinical interest in psychosis and in particular voice-hearing, developing service user perspectives of research and |
Information about EXE files and how to open them EXE - Windows Executable File are executable files that run programs on Windows PCs. They are also sometimes used as part of the setup and installation process for applications, during which they decompress and install the program and other files. EXE files are not compatible with Macs unless the Mac is |
running an emulator or is set up for dual booting with one boot partition set to run Windows. EXE files begin running automatically when the user clicks or double clicks on them, or they can be started from the run command line in Dos or Windows. Product(s) that open EXE files - ★★★★★7-Zip If you are running low on disk |
Micromachines to Produce Propellant and Air on Mars Researchers hope their microCATS and microchannel technology could one day help future human explorers on Mars produce their fuel, oxygen and other materials using local resources. CREDIT: NASA/John Frassanito and Associates. Two teams of researchers are hoping their tiny devices will mean |
big leaps for future Mars-bound humans, allowing them to carry powerful computers and generate life support materials from the planet's atmosphere. In one corner, NASA-funded scientists are tweaking microtechnology to produce compact systems that produce breathing oxygen or rocket propellant, vital components of any manned space mission. "We're looking at |
collecting the carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere and breaking it down for [crew needs]," said Batelle researcher Kriston Brooks, principal investigator of the study at Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL), where NASA has awarded a contract to develop the technology. The goal, Brooks added, is to wrangle microtechnology into |
a usable system that would generate propellant for astronauts aboard a manned mission to Mars by 2030, a goal set by NASA's space vision of renewing human space exploration outside Earth orbit. "It's all about helping to reduce the cost of missions for robotic sample returns and even human space |
missions," said NASA's Tom Simon, a systems engineer for in-situ resource utilization at Johnson Space Center. "We're hoping that the work will be a great kick-start for using resources on Mars to enable us to meet our budget goals and constraints for exploration." Meanwhile, two Purdue University researchers are adapting |
microchannel heat sinks - small copper plates lined with numerous grooves each three times the width of a human hair - with conventional refrigeration methods to build more efficient cooling systems. "The microchannel heat sinks are absolutely ideal for those situations," said thermal engineer Issam Mudawar, the study's leader and |
a Purdue mechanical engineering professor, in a telephone interview. "Though our immediate target is both computer chips and defense applications." Setting up shop off-planet NASA has set aside $13.7 million for Brooks' four-year study, which engineers hope prove useful not just for Mars missions, but also lunar spaceflights and space |
station living as well. Using local resources could reduce the cost of a moon or Mars mission by about 40 percent according to NASA studies, Simon told SPACE.com, adding that lunar resource-based technology is also under scrutiny. "We're hoping to be able to support by 2010 a small demo mission |
that not only produces just a couple of grams of oxygen, but will also be able to tell what water is on the moon," Simon said. Currently carbon dioxide collected by the space station's air scrubbers and hydrogen produced by the station's Elektron oxygen generator are currently are dumped overboard, |
but Sabatier reactors - which generate methane from carbon dioxide - could help astronauts recover oxygen from what has to date been treated as waste gas, he added. At the heart of Brooks and Mudawar's studies are advances with microchannels, which have allowed researchers to squeeze chemical and thermal processes |
into ever-smaller packages. "What really got this started is microchip technology," Brooks told SPACE.com. "We thought, 'well, if we can make microchips so small, why can't we do the same thing chemically.'" With multiple grooves separated by just 200 microns or so apart, microchannel plates offer improved heat and mass |
transfer rates. Since the spaces between groove walls are so small, the effects of gravity give way to other forces, similar to water's capillary action, making the technology apt for space applications, the researchers said. "You also have the advantage of redundancy," Brooks said, adding that the processes required to |
scale up from one microchannel to a 1,000-microchannel system are simpler than other processing methods. For Mudawar, the differences in fluid flow between microchannels and the more conventional tubing used for heat sinks has allowed the development of even smaller cooling systems for electronics. In order to produce oxygen or |
propellant for a spacecraft, Brooks is developing a closed-loop system of heat exchangers, condensers, phase separators and other tools into a working microchemical and thermal system (MicroCATS) device about one cubic foot in size. Once the individual components are tested, they will be integrated into a bread board-sized system and |
tested in microgravity aboard NASA's KC-135 aircraft, as well as inside atmospheric chambers to simulate the Mars atmosphere and temperature environment. Brooks hopes the test will lead to a final setup, known as an In-Situ Propellant Production system (ISPP), that could sit outside a spacecraft on the Martian surface, absorbing |
carbon dioxide, then heating it up and passing it through a series of small reactors to separate the gas into methane and water, which is ultimately broken down into oxygen and hydrogen. "Our goal is to be about one-third the weight of conventional systems," Brooks said. "Hopefully, we'd be able |
to catch a ride on a mission that's going to Mars and people can test this out." The oxygen and methane can be cryogenically stored in separate tanks - possibly even the same ones used to hold fuel for the trip to Mars - and later be used as propellant, |
Brooks said, adding that the system could also bolster life support as well. "For example, on a space suit you could use it to collect carbon dioxide and regenerate it into oxygen," Brooks said. "What they do now aboard the space station is collect the carbon dioxide, absorb it then |
replace the [scrubbers]...we need to be able to close the loop on life support." Building a cooler system At Purdue University, Mudawar and doctoral student Jaeson Lee have already demonstrated the potential of their microchannel heat sinks. "We really have a working system now," said Mudawar, whose study is funded |
by the U.S. Office of Naval Research. Two research papers based on the work appeared in a recent edition of the International Journal of Heat and Mass. Mudawar has also tested past heat sinks aboard NASA's KC-135 aircraft in weightless experiments for a variety of space systems. Mudawar and Lee |
were able to successfully use a one-inch square copper microchannel plate to serve the same evaporative cooling function as the one-meter long tubing used in a refrigerator. "The issue now is going to be packaging the cooling system around the device." While Mudawar's heat sink still requires a refrigerant to |
function - the researchers used R134a, which is found in household refrigerators and air conditioners - it offers much higher performance than conventional fans or dissipation metal fins. Future military weapons systems, such as advanced lasers, may require heat sinks capable of dissipating up to 10,000 watts per centimeter that |
'Earthshine' Illuminates Stunning Crescent Moon (Photo) A waxing crescent moon is aglow with earthshine in this beautiful night sky photo. Photographer VegaStar Carpentier took this photo on Nov. 17 from Paris, France. Carpentier used a Canon EOS 1000D camera and |
a refractor 1000mm telescope to capture the image. When sunlight reflects off the Earth and shines onto the moon, the phenomenon is called "earthshine." A crescent moon is between a new moon and a half moon. The moon in this |
image is waxing at 16.7 percent of lunar illumination. Editor's note: If you have an amazing skywatching photo you'd like to share for a possible story or image gallery, send images, comments and location information to managing editor Tariq Malik |
Weird science: You'll need a bigger boat Wed Jun 24, 5:07 pm ET Of sharks and sinkholes We didn't think it was possible, but sharks just got even scarier. A study published in the Journal of Zoology found that sharks don't attack prey randomly — they stalk them, like serial killers. (Shudder.) Neil Hammerschlag, who co-wrote the study, told AP |
about infamous sharks that attacked near South Africa's famous Seal Island: They were focused. They stalked from a usual base of operations, 100 yards from their victims. It was close enough to see their prey, but not close enough to be seen and scare off their victims. They attacked when the lights were low. They liked their victims young and |
alone. They tried to attack when no other sharks were around to compete. They learned from previous kills. In case you missed BBC's extraordinary documentary "Planet Earth," here's a video of a great white shark chomping on a seal... in midair. Now that you fear going in the water, how about a reason to worry about the banks surrounding it? |
There may be up to 3,000 sinkholes surrounding Israel's famed Dead Sea, and they're spreading. Fiver years ago, geologist Eli Raz was swallowed up by a 30-foot pit (it took a search party 14 hours to find him), and now he's trying to map all of the known holes. Just to get a mental picture of what we're talking about, |
AP explains: These underground craters can open up in an instant, sucking in whatever lies above and leaving the surrounding area looking like an earthquake zone.... Large sections of the coast are fenced off and signposted in Hebrew and English: "danger, open pits" and "sinkhole area ahead." But it's too expensive to inspect every place for danger. Just two months |
ago an Israeli hiker wandered into an area that had no warning signs and was critically injured when he fell into a sinkhole. We should add that Dead Sea sinkholes don't swallow up humans very often, so there are plenty of reasons to visit the lowest point on Earth and indulge in the coveted mineral mud. Just be careful where |
you step. Listening to your body If you're one of those people who think that the pain in your leg is a terminal illness instead of a charlie horse, The Wall Street Journal has some helpful clues about what your body may be telling you... and what you should ignore. Some of the more surprising warning signs: Other signs seem |
to make no logical biological sense: Eyebrows that no longer extend over the corners of the eyes can indicate an underactive thyroid, and a diagonal crease in the earlobe seems to herald a heightened risk of heart attack. Think hypnosis can make people cluck like chickens? Scientists say they have the brain scans showing how hypnosis works, at least when |
it comes to paralyzing someone's hand. The bottom line, according the small study: One part of the brain interrupts the other part of your brain that would tell the hand to move. Dr. Yann Cojan, who wrote the study, explained to AP: The precuneus is involved in mental imagery and memory about oneself. Cojan suggests it was brimming with the |
metaphors the participants had heard from the hypnotist: Your hand is very heavy, it is stuck on the table, etc. So, he said, it might have been telling the motor cortex, "Oh, but your hand is too heavy, you can't move your hand." A loss for science Dr. Jerri Nielson FitzGerald, who once performed a biopsy on herself after discovering |
a lump in her breast, has died at 57. In 1999, FitzGerald diagnosed her own cancer when she was the only doctor at the National Science Foundation's Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in winter. As if more drama were needed, the Air National Guard staged a daring rescue at 58 degrees below zero. FitzGerald's cancer eventually went into remission, but returned |
in 2005. FitzGerald sent an email to her parents soon after discovering her cancer: "More and more as I am here and see what life really is, I understand that it is not when or how you die but how and if you truly were ever alive." Yahoo! News bloggers compile the best news content from our providers and scour |
the Web for the most interesting news stories so you don't have to. Weird science: You'll need a bigger boat - Yahoo! News Originally Posted by blaze24k with a 7 year gap between championships they're called team of the Decade, thats pretty funny, but whatever. I Love our 3 titles this decade and making the Lakers cry on national TV |
FAST FACTS Frogs and toads are both classified as frogs. Frogs, toads, and salamanders do not chew their food; instead they press their eyeballs down on the roof of their |
mouth to swallow food whole. True toads do not have any teeth. An African clawed frog was ... Amphibian Habitat on Private Lands Washington has over 30 different species of |
amphibians. These species live in many habitats in every part of Washington including mountain streams, large lakes, small seasonal ponds, and large rivers. 81 Comp. Parasitol. 69(1), 2002, pp. 81-85 |
Amphibians, Trematodes, and Deformities: An Overview from Southern Michigan M ERRITT G. G ILLILLAND III 1 AND P ATRICK M. M UZZALL Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, |
the sake of standardization, we are basing our list on namespresented in Crother et al (2000, 2003). The extant amphibians, or Amphibia, are tetrapods with moist scale-less skins. Anurans (without |
a tail) Urodeles Gymnophionans Obvious differences in terms of locomotor specializations. 2 UNIT 3 • Reptiles, Amphibians the Scientific Method Estimated Time Three 45-60 minute Lessons Vocabulary • Amphibians • |
favor wet places, and species diversity is highest in those parts of California where precipitation is high, as in the Klamath/ North Coast Region. Use this checklist as a guide |
to the presence and abundance of the park's mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. The data included here are from NPSpecies, the National Park Service's system for tracking animals and plants in |
Originally home to the Lenape Native Americans, New York was founded as a commercial fur trading post by the Dutch in 1624; Manhattan island was bought for 60 Guilders - $1,000. It was called New Amsterdam until 1664 when the colony came under English control. The American Revolution's largest battle was fought in modern day Brooklyn. New York was the |
US capital from 1785 to 1790. In 1789, George Washington, the first President of the United States, was inaugurated here. By the 19th century, immigration and development had transformed the city. It had become the centre of the anti-slavery movement with the largest African American community migrating from the American South, and the Great Irish Famine brought Irish immigrants; by |
1860 1 in 4 New Yorkers had been born in Ireland. Following the Great Depression and World War 11, New York displaced Paris as the centre of world art. During Prohibition in the 1920s and 30s, the economic boom resulted in the growth of skyscrapers, becoming the world's first megacity. Wall Street in Lower Manhattan competes with London to be |
the financial centre of the world. Today, as many as 800 languages are spoken here. It is home to 8.4 million people and has been the United State's largest city for over 100 years. What to do in New York: Empire State Building, Rockefeller Centre, Museum of Modern Art, Central Park, Times Square, Macy's, Fifth Avenue, Madison Square Garden, Metropolitan |
Museum of Art, The Guggenheim Museum, United Nations, Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty, Broadway shows. What to do in New York? The vibrant cultural scene offers you endless choice. It excels in art, cuisine, dance, music, opera, theatre, independent film, fashion, museums and literature. New York is the birthplace of many significant cultural movements including abstract expressionist art in the |
1950s and hip hop music in the 1970s. 39 of the largest theatres are collectively known as "Broadway" around the glittering Times Square. The food culture includes almost all world cuisines, brought here by the city's continuous stream of immigrants over 400 years. It's most famous for bagels and New York style cheesecake and pizza. Events in annual Plan your |
New York City Short Breaks to coincide with exciting annual events such as Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, St. Patrick's Day Parade, Tribeca Film Festival and the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village. Every winter there is ice-skating in Central Park. Halfway between Washington D.C. and Boston, New York located at the mouth of the Hudson River and the city is built |
on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island and Long Island. Much land has been reclaimed since Dutch colonial times; land area is around 305 square miles or 789 square km. Manhattan's famous skyscrapers include several of the tallest buildings in the world. Of nearly 6,000 high rise buildings, 50 are over 656 feet (200m), only second to Hong Kong. |
Noteworthy styles include the Gothic revival style such as the Woolworth building built in 1913. The tapered styles of the Art Deco Chrysler Building (built in 1930) and Empire State Building were prompted by the 1916 Zoning Resolution to allow more daylight to reach the streets. New York's residential districts are defined by the classic Brownstones and tenements built from |
1870 to 1930. It's quick and easy to travel around to see New York tourist attractions. With more than 50% of New Yorkers not owning cars, public transport is extensive and efficient featuring the Subway system, bus network, railways and Amtrak intercity rail. Yellow taxicabs are everywhere. Nearby airports include Newark Liberty International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. |
AAG Style Guide Style sheet for the Annals of the Association of American Geographers. APA Reference Style Guide Created by Prof. Mike Strahan of Northern Michigan University. APA Style Guide to Electronic ReferencesAPA Style Sheets for Electronic Citations The complete style guide is provided to users while on a KSU Campus. (American Psychological Association) Created by the University of Southern Mississippi. Chicago Manual of |
Style From The Ohio State University Libraries Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide Some quick reference tools and citation examples. Citation Style Guides From the Seattle Central Community College, includes guides for AAA, APA, Chicago, and MLA. Getting Started with MLA Style Created by the University of British Columbia. Journal of Paleontology Style Format For the Geology courses at KSU Stark, written assignments will use the |
Journal of Paleontology style format. Click on Instructions for Authors for more details than are provided here. This format is similar to those of many biological journals, and is simple and straightforward. The Learning Page From the Library of Congress, providing example of how to cite digitized materials in disciplines of History and Language Arts. MLA Citation Examples Examples that use the MLA style |
from Honolulu Community College. MLA Style - How to Document Information From Westfield State College. MLA Style Sheet A style sheet for citing internet resources. Turabian Research Documentation A minicourse from the University Writing Center at Western Carolina University. Turabian Style - Sample Footnotes and Bibliographic Entries From Bridgewater State College. Free interactive tool for students and teachers that helps generate citations in several |
styles (MLA, APA, Turabian, and Chicago), created for the The Landmark Project. KnightCite Citation Creator Free tool for for creating citations in MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Kent State Stark Writing Center's Toolbox The KSU Stark Writing Center has created a Writer's Toolbox which includes pamphlets that overview various style guides (MIcrosoft Word) and online tutorials (Microsoft Powerpoint). Style Templates for Microsoft Office 2007 |
Sandy may be taste of trouble to come amid climate change, scientists warn This NOAA satellite image taken Tuesday, Oct. 30, 2012, shows superstorm Sandy slowly moving westward while weakening across southern Pennsylvania. The National Weather Service said a foot and more of snow was reported in lower elevations of West Virginia, where most towns and roads are. High elevations |
in the mountains were getting more than two feet and a blizzard warning for more than a dozen counties was in effect until Wednesday afternoon. From the darkened living rooms of Manhattan to the wave-battered shores of Lake Michigan, the question is occurring to millions of people: Did the scale and damage from Hurricane Sandy have anything to do with |
climate change? ¶ Scientists offered an answer that is likely to satisfy no one. They simply do not know if the storm was caused by global warming. ¶ They do know, however, that the storm surge was almost certainly intensified by decades of sea-level rise linked to human emissions of greenhouse gases. And climate scientists emphasized that Sandy, whatever its |
causes, should be seen as a foretaste of trouble to come as the seas rise faster, the risks of climate change accumulate and the political system fails to respond. "We're changing the environment -- it's very clear," said Thomas Knutson, a research meteorologist with the government's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, N.J. "We're changing global temperature, we're changing atmospheric |
moisture, we're changing a lot of things. Humans are running this experiment, and we're not quite sure how it's going to turn out." 'Hasn't done its homework' By the time Sandy hit the Northeast coast on Monday, upending lives across the Eastern half of the country, it had become a freakish hybrid of a large, late-season hurricane and a winter |
storm more typical of the middle latitudes. Though by no means unprecedented, that type of hybrid storm is rare enough that scientists have not studied whether it is likely to become more common in a warming climate. "My profession hasn't done its homework," said Kerry A. Emanuel, a climate scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "I think there's going |
to be a ton of papers that come out of this, but it's going to take a couple of years." Scientists note that a warmer atmosphere can hold more water vapor, which in principle supplies more energy for storms of all types. The statistics seem to show that certain types of weather extremes, notably heat waves and heavy downpours, are |
becoming more common. But how those general principles will influence hurricanes has long been a murky and contentious area of climate science. Most scientists expect that the number of Atlantic hurricanes will actually stay steady or decline in coming decades as the climate warms, but that the proportion of intense, damaging storms is likely to rise. Experts differ sharply on |
whether such a rise can already be detected in hurricane statistics. Recent decades seem to show an increase in hurricane strength, but hurricanes tend to rise and fall in a recurring cycle over time, so it is possible that natural variability accounts for the recent trends. Jeff Masters, a meteorologist and founder of a popular website, Weather Underground, suspects some |
kind of shift is underway. The number of hurricanes and tropical storms in the past three years has been higher than average, with 19 named storms in both 2010 and 2011 and 19 so far this season, which ends Nov. 30. The National Hurricane Center said there are, on average, 12 named storms each season. "The climatology seems to have |
changed," he said. "We're getting these very strange, very large storms." Hurricanes draw their energy from warm waters in the top layer of the ocean. And several scientists pointed out that parts of the western Atlantic were remarkably warm for late October as Sandy passed over, as much as 5 degrees warmer than normal for this time of year. 'A |
lot of this is chance' Kevin Trenberth, a scientist with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., said that natural variability probably accounted for most of that temperature extreme. But, he added, human-induced global warming has raised the overall temperature of the ocean surface by about 1 degree since the 1970s. So global warming probably contributed a notable |
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