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need to take frequent, fast strokes with each arm. However, the key for proper swim technique is to take long, exaggerated strokes. Really feel for the water as you stroke for better results. - Upturn your head slightly. This swim technique will help keep your head from slowing you down. When your head is down, it adds resistance to each |
It happens every year in early May. I'm walking in the forest in the morning when my heart begins to beat wildly in my chest, faster and faster. It's a little frightening until I realize it's not me at all |
but the throbbing of an unseen bird deep in the forest, the ruffed grouse. In the tangles along the creeks in the foothills throughout Southern Oregon you can hear, or rather feel, their presence. It's time for courtship. The ruffed |
grouse is a mottled brown bird the size of a small chicken. It has a short crest and black patches of feathers on the neck of the male that can be raised when drumming. These are the ruffs that give |
the bird its name. The tail has a broad black band near the tip. The rest of the tail is either reddish brown or silver gray depending upon the individual. I have seen more with gray tails than brown in |
our area. Some grouse, such as the sooty grouse (formerly the blue grouse), produce a deep, booming call with the aid of inflated throat pouches. This can sound very much like the call of an owl. A sooty grouse will |
ascend a tree, usually a large Douglas fir, on a ridge. Sitting on a large limb, the male will inflate the bright yellow throat pouches and a complementary set of small but brightly colored wattles over the eyes. From its |
chosen perch, it booms deliberately. "Whump-whump-whump-whump!" Being polygamous, or more precisely polygynous, this performance continues relentlessly throughout the spring each morning until it is time to scratch up breakfast. There is surely one more female in need of his attention. |
The term "polygyny" describes a relationship between one male and more than one female. "Polyandry" is the reverse. "Polygamy" is the general term applied to both. Now back to my "heart problems." The ruffed grouse produces the seductive sounds of |
spring in a very different manner than the sooty grouse. The stage for the ruffed grouse is usually closer to the ground, often a stump or fallen log. From his vantage point he stands tall and with a quick flap |
of his wings he cups air and sharply presses it to his body producing a very low-frequency "thupp!" This is followed but a second "thupp" and a third and a fourth, each delivered quicker than the last until the wings |
are a blur. Now he pauses. Any female grouse impressed? Surely one? No? The performance is repeated. The sound is such low frequency that it is below the range of hearing of the great horned owl. Not a bad strategy. |
To be able to communicate with females and other males without alerting one of your principal predators is a tremendous advantage. Other birds communicate with non-vocal sounds, as well. Snipe winnow, nighthawks boom and hummingbirds whine or pop, depending upon |
the species. I'll have more to say about these later. If you wish to hear ruffed grouse drumming, I recommend an early-morning outing up Wagner Creek about milepost 4 or 5 or along the side roads and logging roads in |
There were many factors that contributed to the French Revolution. First of all was the greatest percent of the population, the commoners, had the least amount of power and land. |
This laid the foundation for social unrest which is necessary for a revolution. Second, the French economy was very weak due to France's involvement in the American Revolution. In addition |
to the economic problems that the American Revolution caused, it also put Enlightenment ideas into the minds of the French people. Last, weak leadership was provided under Louis XVI. He |
called the Estates General into session to raise taxes to pay debts incurred due to the American Revolution. Once in session, the Third Estate, the commoners, demanded a representative National |
Assembly and a Constitution. When Louis XVI denied their request, they sat on the tennis court and swore not to leave until their demands were met. This is known as |
the «Tennis Court Oath.» This stalemate was broken by the storming of the Bastille (a debtor's prison) on July 14, 1789. Louis XVI agreed to their demands. This revolution resulted |
in the end of the old paradigm and the beginning of the Enlightenment paradigm. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Constitution of 1791 were written. Some of |
these changes include freedom of speech, due process under law, equality under law. It also enabled the creation of a laissez-fairre economic policy, with a free market and free trade. |
I believe that this revolution was inevitable due to the conditions that the majority of the population was living under. It will also have a lasting impact because the Constitution |
will protect these rights. Please do not pass this sample essay as your own, otherwise you will be accused of plagiarism. Our writers can write any custom essay for you! |
French Revolution There were many factors that contributed to the French Revolution. First of all was the greatest percent of the population, the commoners, had the least amount of power |
and land. This laid the foundation for social unrest which is necessary for a revolution. Second, the French economy was very weak due to France's involvement in The French and |
English Revolutions THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution was effected and caused by many things and people. Some people that had to do with the French Revolution were, Louis XVI, |
and, Marie Antoinette. Marie played an active role in the Revolution but suffered for her royalist sympathies. King Louis XVI also played an important role in the Causes Of The |
French Revolution Sample essay topic, essay writing: Causes Of The French Revolution - 463 words Causes of the French RevolutionThe statement citing the essential cause of the French Revolution as |
the 'collision between a powerful, rising bourgeoisie and an entrenched aristocracy defending it's privileges' has great pertinence in summarizing the conflict of 1789. The causes of theFrench Revolution, The Ratification |
Of The Constitution Sample essay topic, essay writing: The Ratification Of The Constitution - 386 words The Ratification of the Constitution In 1787, the Constitution was created to replace the |
Articles of Confederation, because it was felt that the Articles weren't sufficient for running the country. However, the Constitution was not very well liked by everyone. The constitution created French |
Revolution Lower Class Sample essay topic, essay writing: French Revolution Lower Class - 439 words Life from the BottomLower classes have always been treated the worst of any other people. |
I, being a peasant farmer during the French Revolution, have experienced this maltreatment in mankind. We made up the largest group within the Third Estate. We were forced to Need |
For Health of Young People, a Mixed Picture Download MP3 (Right-click or option-click the link.) This is the VOA Special English DEVELOPMENT REPORT. UNICEF says the death rate for children under the age of five has fallen twenty-eight percent since nineteen ninety. Experts credit the drop to improvements in public |
health measures. These include vaccination campaigns and the use of bed nets chemically treated to kill mosquitoes that spread malaria. Still, Brian Hansford at the United Nations Children's Fund says more work remains. BRIAN HANSFORD: "Certainly the good news is that the rate of deaths of children under five years |
of age continued to decline in two thousand eight. The absolute number of child deaths declined to an estimated eight-point-eight million from twelve-point-five million in nineteen ninety. Compared to nineteen ninety, ten thousand fewer children are dying each day. The bad news is that an annual death total of eight-point-eight |
million is still a tragedy, and so there's still much to do." One of the U.N. Millennium Development Goals is to reduce the under-five death rate by two-thirds by two thousand fifteen. One country that could reach this goal is Malawi. In nineteen ninety, there were two hundred twenty-five deaths |
for every one thousand live births. The estimate for last year was one hundred deaths. UNICEF spokesman Brian Hansford says pneumonia and diarrhea remain the world's two greatest killers of young children. Ninety-three percent of the deaths happen in Africa and Asia. A separate new study looked at deaths worldwide |
in young people age ten to twenty-four. It found that ninety-seven percent happen in low and middle income countries. And two out of every five are the result of injuries and violence. Professor George Patton at Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, was the lead author. GEORGE PATTON: "In high |
income countries such as the United States, the U.K. and Australia, death rates are around forty-five per hundred thousand per year. In sub-Saharan Africa we have the highest death rates in the world, and they are around seven times higher than that." The study found that worldwide, more than two |
and a half million people age ten to twenty-four died in two thousand four. Nearly two-thirds were in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Conditions related to pregnancy and childbirth were a leading cause of deaths in females. But for both sexes combined, the leading killer in this age group was |
traffic accidents. Ten percent of all the deaths were blamed on road injuries. Next came suicide and violence. Also in the top ten causes were infections, including tuberculosis and H.I.V./AIDS, as well as drowning and fire-related deaths. The study appears in the journal The Lancet. And that's the VOA Special |
Preterm labor and birth What causes preterm labor and birth? Sometimes we don’t know for sure what causes preterm labor and birth. Any woman can have preterm labor and give birth early, even if she’s done everything right during pregnancy. We do know some things make a woman more likely than others to have preterm labor and birth. These are called risk factors. Having |
a risk factor doesn’t mean for sure that you’ll have preterm labor or give birth early. But it may increase your chances. Talk to your health provider about what you can do to help reduce your risk. These three risk factors make you most likely to have preterm labor and give birth early: - Having a premature baby in the past - Being pregnant |
with multiples (twins, triplets or more) - Having problems with your uterus or cervix now or in the past Other risk factors for preterm labor and birth are: - Bleeding from the vagina in the second or third trimester - Being under- or overweight before pregnancy - Not gaining enough weight during pregnancy - Certain health conditions, like high blood pressure, preeclampsia, diabetes or |
thrombophilias (blood clotting disorders) - Preterm labor - Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (also called PPROM). This is when the sac around the baby breaks early, causing labor to start. - Certain infections during pregnancy, like a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or other infections of the uterus, urinary tract or vagina. - Being pregnant with just one baby after in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
fertility treatment. IVF is a method used to help women get pregnant. - Getting pregnant too soon after having a baby. For most women, it’s best to wait at least 18 months before getting pregnant again. Some women can’t wait this long because of their age or other reasons. Talk to your provider about what’s right for you. - Being pregnant with a baby |
who has certain birth defects, like congenital heart defects or spina bifida - A family history of premature birth. This means that someone in your family has had a premature baby. - Exposure to the medicine DES, a man-made form of the hormone estrogen Conditions in your everyday life (lifestyle and environment) - Getting late or no prenatal care - Smoking, drinking alcohol or |
using street drugs - Having a lot of stress in your life - Little support from family and friends - Domestic violence. This is when your partner hurts or abuses you. It includes physical, sexual and emotional abuse. - Working long hours and having to stand a lot - Exposure to pollutants, like air pollution Groups at increased risk - Women who are younger |
than 17 or older than 35 - Women who are black - Women with low income or education - Women who aren’t married What are the signs of preterm labor? We know that preterm labor can lead to early birth. So how do you know if you’re in preterm labor? Learn the signs so you know what to do if preterm labor happens to |
you. Signs of preterm labor are often the same as those for regular labor, only they happen too early. Call your provider if you have even one of these signs: - Contractions that make your belly tighten up like a fist every 10 minutes or more often. Contractions are when the muscles of your uterus get tight and then relax. They help push your |
baby out of your uterus. - Change in the color of your vaginal discharge, a lot of watery discharge, or bleeding from your vagina - The feeling that your baby is pushing down. This is called pelvic pressure. - Low, dull backache - Cramps that feel like your period - Belly cramps with or without diarrhea If the signs get worse or don’t go |
away, call your provider again or go right to the hospital. Getting help quickly is the best thing you can do. Are there treatments for preterm labor? Yes. These treatments are not a guarantee to stop preterm labor. But if you’re having preterm labor, they may help you stay pregnant longer. Talk to your provider to find out if these treatments are right for |
you: - Progesterone. This is a hormone that’s normally present in the body. Treatment with progesterone during pregnancy may help reduce the risk of giving birth early. - Cerclage. This is a stich that your provider puts in your cervix. The stich may help keep your cervix closed so that your baby isn’t born too early. Your provider removes the stich at about 37 |
weeks of pregnancy. A cerclage is only used for certain women. For example, if you have a condition called cervical insufficiency, you may need a cerclage. If you have signs of preterm labor, your provider may want you to have the fFN test. fFN stands for fetal fibronectin. It’s a protein that your body makes during pregnancy. The fFN test is like a Pap |
smear. It checks to see how much fFN is in your vagina. If the test shows you don’t have any fFN, you probably won’t have your baby for at least another 2 weeks. If you have preterm labor, your provider may give you treatments to try to stop your contractions and help prevent health problems in your baby. These include: - Corticosteroids. These medicines |
speed up your baby’s lung development. They also greatly reduce the risk of health problems in your baby, like respiratory distress syndrome and intraventricular hemorrhage. - Tocolytics. These medicines may postpone labor, often for just a few days. This delay may give you time to get treatment with corticosteroids and arrange to have your baby in a hospital with a neonatal intensive care unit |
(NICU). This is part of a hospital that takes care of sick newborns. - Magnesium sulfate. This medicine may help reduce the risk for cerebral palsy in premature babies. Last reviewed September 2012 |
war espionage was introduced by Kibi Makibi (693-775) who twice visited China as a diplomat. In Shoku Nihon-gi (747) are some text translated from Art of war. Anyway it is interesting that in Kojiki which is considered as first Japanese book (714), Annals of ancient records is mention that Prince Yamato (son of Empress Keiko) disguised himself as a professional |
female entertainer (Geisha) and killed two rival warlord brothers. In other Japanese legend is written that demon Oejama (Shutendoji) was killed by general Raiko, who is historical Yorimitsu Minamoto (994-1021). He was dressed as Yamabushi with four others and attacked Shutendoji while sleeping. However beside legends the ninja activities are described in gunki monogatari, samurai war stories of 11th and |
12th centuries. In first gunkimono called Shomonki is writen how Taira Yoshikane hired a spy Naikan to kill rebellious Masakada. In the largest gunkimono called Heike monogatari which is about Gempei war (between Taira and Minamoto clans) is recorded how the ninja tactics were utilized in battle. One of myth is also that the famous general Minamoto Yoshitsune (1154-1189) was |
learned swordsmanship, arts of stealth and invisibility from Tengu (mountain goblins). Believed to be half-man half-crow and good friends of the ascetic-mountain priests. Yoshitsune left hi post (1185-1189) and his brother Yoritomo became Shogun in 1192. Yoshitsune was tailed to be killed by brother and accompanied with priest huge Benkei (Yamabushi), Ise Saburo (most probably ninja) and three others loyal |
Bushi he escaped through Yoshino Mountain to north province of Japan. Here he later submitted seppuku when was attacked when fight against big superior force. There is another legend that in battle in Koromogawa 1189 he not died but he escaped to Mongolia and became a famous Genghis khan …Reality is that both names are written same in Chinese. Ninjutsu |
came from more different sources. As we see master less samurai (Ronin) and employed samurai (Bushi) utilized different tactics when they couldn’t get revenge or win through normal way. Others were warrior priests (Sohei) and ascetic mountain priest (Yamabushi). It is important to know deference between them. Yamabushi were a member of religious sect Shugendo (mix of Buddhism and Shinto). |
They were practicing Chinese mystical and magical methods, long pilgrimage in mountain, sitting under waterfalls etc. to be enlightened. Because of their dress to easy hidden weapons, ninja often used to be disguised as Yamabushi. Sohei were others, formatting a private army to protect the Buddhist centre in Nara and Kyoto. Peasants also adopted this method in order to defend |
their families from brigands and marauding samurai. Under the laws of the feudal Japan, samurai were only allowed to train in the martial arts and to defend themselves against the sword. Very often these noble warriors committed “tsujigiri” what means testing of sword on innocent living beings. Immunity allowed Tokaguwa era samurai legally cut down any disrespectful member of a |
lower social class (farmer, craftsmen, merchant etc.). Most of these barbaric techniques had been used in warfare and daily life as well for centuries. Ninjutsu was originally developed as an effective self defense against the ideology of the ruling or rival samurai clans. In the principle warrior against warrior, not against an innocent being we can understand also a very |
high spiritual development of it (see Kikotsu). The regional lords knew of the effectiveness of the Ninjutsu started employing them as guerrilla fighters. Many of rival lords had been assassinated by this way. Ninja served both, Emperors and Shoguns. When peace came to Japan, Ninja were no longer necessary. One of the last authentic ninja was Seiko Fujita (1899-1966), 14th |
long with a weighted chain of about equal length fastened to one end. It was a practical weapon for far distance duel. Weighted chain had been swung toward opponent to tide and reduce his mobility. This maneuver had advantage against skilled swordsman. In close distance stick was used to defeat the enemy. Arakagi ryu (Minamoto Hidetsuna is a founder of |
ryu) and Kukishinden ryu are famous of it used. In the same principle Kusarigama was used. Base of this art is in Gokkyo ryu, where Hachiryu Nyudo, invented a weapon known as Kyoketsu-shoge (knife connected to an iron ring by a long rope). Probably over the time rope was replaced with a chain and the knife with a sickle. KUKISHIN |
RYU: The Gempei war end in 1185 by Minamoto clan defeated Taira. In 1274 and 1281 Mongols attacked but couldn’t defeat Japanese because of sea storm – typhoon (kamikaze). Second and third Shogun of Minamoto clan was assassinated and emperor Go-Daigo (1288-1338) was fighting against Bakufu – Shogunate. He had ascended the throne in 1318 and started to concentrate the |
power which remained to the imperial house in his own hand. One of his supporter was Kusunoki Masashige (1294-1336) a samurai commander. He became famous by using an unconventional tactics and ninja method. Go-Daigo began achieve his plan in 1321 when he persuaded his father to step down from the position of cloistered emperor. In 1331 Go-Daigo and his supporters |
were successfully attacked by Hojo family. Go-Daigo left for exile to the Oki Islands but he returned to the mainland and recovered the throne in 1333 when Hojo had been destroyed (in Kamakura). However in 1336 another family, the Ashikaga became the strongest military element of the country. Ashikaga Takauji (1304-1358) later appointed as shogun by Northern Court in Kyoto, |
attacked the emperor Go-Daigo forces. He occupied the capital and imprisoned the ruler. Go-Daigo refused to come to terms with Takauji fled into the mountains of Yoshino south of the capital. He set up a government in exile later known as Southern Court. In December of 21st 1336 Yakushimaro Kurando Takamasa defeated Satake Kaja Goromaru while helping emperor Go-Daigo. He |
interesting, Yakushimaro was fighting as nine demons… There is a Ninjutsu school called Kukishinden ryu Happo Hikenjutsu, in translation called Tradition of nine demon Gods. Anyway, he escaped by Kuji Kiri…a technique used by ninja to channeling internal energy by hypnotic movement of the fingers to confuse their opponent (mudra-s in Sanskrit). Other translation means nine signs, or lines slashes |
(five horizontal and four vertical, created by fingers). And one more translation is protective grid slashing. It is known that ninja practiced Kuji Kiri also as the set of fingers and hand movements to directing or flowing energy to specific points or region of the body to heal a wound. In May of 4th 1575 Kukishin ryu expert Inaba Kaja |
stories using a Sanjaku – three feet long sticks from area of Emperor Takeru in 38 AD. Nowadays nobody can say where the three feet stick techniques were explored. The staff has been used as a weapon across the world since beginning of human history. It was very popular in different social groups, as between warriors, herdsmen, monks, travelers etc. |
It is the most common kind of weapon and worldwide are reports of using it. Anyway, Kukishin ryu it is the tradition from Yakushimaru and Ohkuni families. It has three divisions: Hanbo jutsu, Jo jutsu and Bo jutsu. Hanbo jutsu also includes techniques by Tessen – war fan. In length of 1 foot it is limited in range, but truly |
ferocious weapon. These techniques were adapted by Daito ryu Aikiju jutsu as well. Length of Hanbo is three feet, almost same as sword – Ken. Therefore many techniques of use are very similar and it has deep relationship with Ken jutsu. Beside hard form – techniques which we call Katai as striking, weeping and thrusting, there are many of Ju |
– soft techniques. These are grappling, locking and transporting. History reports that monks were skillful stick fighters using a different length of staff as effective weapon that did not necessarily involve the death of an enemy, as it was against their Buddhist concept. Jo is four feet staff and there are two main different sources of it origins. One is |
that it was established from Hanbo jutsu and Bo jutsu (taught by a Kumano area Gyoja, mountain priests). Other is that Katori Shinto ryu and Kashima Jikishinkage ryu, Bu jutsu master Muso Gonosuke invented this weapon to fight against Miyamoto Musashi – greatest swordsman in history of Japan. KUKISHINDEN RYU: Kumano province located along Japan’s cost was the base where |
seamen fought against pirates by many weapons not seen in other Ninjutsu schools. It was such as naval martial art (movements are designed to be used on a ship that is slippery and rocking) which become a part of Kukishinden ryu Happo Hikenjutsu founded by Izumo Kanja Yoshiteru in 1180 AD. This school called Tradition of nine demon Gods. Kukishinden |
was originally called Nakatomi (Ohnakatomi) Shinden. It is one of the oldest families protecting the Imperial clan of Japan. Here is important to understand that Ninjutsu was developed as an effective self-defense which was against the ideology of the ruling samurai clans and aggressor as example pirates, bandits. Techniques were used always in principle warrior against warrior, mainly against sword |
attack. Some were Ronin, Yamabushi, peasant, maybe fishermen but also Bushi – employed samurai. There is a story that Izumo Kanja was also a samurai, who lost a major battle and was forced into seclusion somewhere around Iga Mountain. He was said to have learned Chinese Kempo. Probably this is one of the reasons that we can see historical record |
by a long rope. Over period of time rope was replaced by chain and knife by sickle. Kukishinden ryu become a part of Bujinkan, which has three Ninjutsu schools and six Koryu, ancient way martial styles. SHINDO MUSO RYU JO JUTSU: Muso Gonnosuke Katsuyoshi (known as Hirano Gonbei in his young age) was the 7.th Generational headmaster of Tenshin Shoden |
Katori Shinto ryu. During Keicho period in 1606 June hi traveled to Edo where he had numerous fencing contests and lost only one in fight against Miyamoto Musashi, greatest swordsman in history of Japan. Gonosuke was armed by wooden sword – bokuto, while Musashi had a willow bow, but he immediately took up a stick to confront him. Musashi won |
this duel and Gonosuke left to shrine on Mount Honan in Chikuzen. Passing 37 days of meditation and Shinto rites practice he had a dream which inspired him to create a new weapon. In second duel in Himeji using a Jo he won. This is the beginning of Shindo Muso Ryu Jojutsu – Divine Dream Revealed Staff Style. Later he |
became a martial art teacher to the Kuroda clan of Fukuoka castle which was build by Kuroda Nagamasa. He was a daimyo supporting Togukawa Ieyasu (1600 AD). Castle was located between Tengai Mountain (south) and Hakata Bay (north), Nakagaka River (east) and Hiigawa River (west). Area east called Haruyoshi, west called Jigyo. Here are foot-soldiers, Ashigaru and Kashi, non commissioned |
officers (Kuroda clan) resided thus protected the castle from east and west. Shindo Muso ryu Jojutsu was handed down mainly in these two areas. Art became well recognized on Kyushu and by time several other styles were added to it as Hojo jutsu (rope binding), Jutte jutsu (Modified truncheon), Ken jutsu (Sword, Shinto ryu ), Kusarigama jutsu (Sickle with chain) |
and Tanjo jutsu (Half Jo or walking stick). Historical record about Gonosuke is poor. His social status, income, date of birth and death is unknown. Anyway, according his four feet long sword which Muso donated to Tsukuba shrine on Mt. Tsukuba we can guess that he was a toll and strong man. Mountain Tsukuba was a center of esoteric Buddhist |
rituals and austerities that time. This is a reason why in Shindo Muso ryu Jojutsu we can notice stronger influence of Buddhism’s as of Shinto’s. Different sources describe different length of the Jo. To understand it, at ancient time and even in middle age people used measurements as they fit into their everyday lives. Means, tools and weapons had a |
specific anatomical shape and size, depend on their user. Categorization in general appeared only, when crafts and arts started to be spread. Historical records of Jo length are different. Example: four foot, five foot and even 3 shaku 9 tsun, which is something more as three foot – 118,2 cm. However it is also mentioned that one could safely hold |
it between two stretched arms. This grip is used as starting position of hands in many of the techniques. Sword considered it belonged to Muso Gonosuke is 4 shaku 9 tsun 3 bu long – 149, 38 cm. It gives an impression that he was a large man, might be more than 6 foot height. Of course such as man |
will spread his arms more as for example Morihei Ueshiba who was practicing Jo as well. The other reason as mentioned, it has been able to pass under armpit. Anyway, some people can find that even four foot still long for them. To write Shindo Muso ryu was originally used a Chinese character in which Shindo means True path. There |
is other character to be read as Shindo but that means Way of the Gods. Almost 100 years after Muso Gonosuke founds True path Muso ryu, 5th generation instructor of this art Harada Heizo Nobusada added his own concept and established a new branch called New-just Muso ryu. Approximately 70 years after he died art split into Haruyoshi and Jigyo |
branches. Komori Seibei Michiaki was appointed as Jigyo area teacher, while Ono Kyusaku Tomotoki became an instructor of Haruyoshi area of Fukuoka castle. Beside these three Jo styles appeared two others: Ten’ami ryu and Shin-chigiriki. All five are the traditions of the Kuroda clan and they were known as Kuroda no Jo as well. By time clan adopted Torite (capturing/seizing) |
and Nawa (rope) arts. Some of the clan members were practicing also Kusarigama jutsu and Jutte jutsu. As firearms gained primacy on the battlefield each clan put effort to gunnery and Kuroda clan also as well. During the Bakumatsu period (c.1850-1867) head of the clan daimyo Kuroda Nagahiro start to reformatted the military structure based on the use of firearms. |
From January until December 1902 unified session of both branches were held. Wider popularity of Jo jutsu started when Uchida Ryogoro sensei gave demonstration of art at the Naval Officers club in Tokyo in 1902. Later in 1927 sponsored by Imperial Department Police, Takayama Kiroku and Shimizu Takaji shihan-s had performed together. In 1930 Kobudo-ka from all over the country |
gathered when First All-Japan Kobudo Taikai was held. Takayama, Shimizu and Otofuji Ichizo shihan demonstrated Jo, Kusarigama and rope techniques. Next day they did another demonstration at the Police University. Since 1931 Kodokan high-ranking judo-ka were instruct to Jo justu. From February 1933 ShimizuTakaji was appointed as Jo jutsu shihan by Metropolitan Police HQ. In 1935 Nihon Kobudo Shinkokai (Society |
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