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for the promotion of Japanese Classical Martial Arts and Ways) was founded by Matsumoto Manabu. In 1940 Dai Nippon Jodokai was founded. It was at first time that Jo jutsu was called Jodo.You might also like: |
The Vortex of Hell Click Image to Enlarge The 5th New York Duryee's Zouaves Second Battle of Manassas August 30th, 1862 At four o'clock on the afternoon of August 30, 1862 - the climactic day of the Second Battle of Manassas -- General James Longstreet's corps of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia launched a smashing attack on the Federal forces of General |
John Pope. Longstreet's onslaught was the decisive turning point that ensured a second Southern victory on the old battlefield of Bull Run. Pope's left flank was largely undefended, save for one small brigade comprised of the 5th and 10th New York under the command of Col. Gouverneur Kemble Warren. When the Rebel tide swept down upon the Federal left, Warren sacrificed his force of |
roughly 1100 men to cover the retreat of Lt. Charles Hazlett's Battery D, 5th US Artillery - and to buy what time he could for Pope to avert an even greater disaster. It was a brave but futile gesture, and Warren's troops were virtually annihilated by the hard-charging veterans of the famed Texas Brigade. Both of Warren's regiments had marched to war in colorful |
uniforms modeled on those worn by the French colonial troops called Zouaves. At Second Bull Run, the 10th New York was awaiting a new shipment of Zouave attire, and were clad for the most part in regulation issue. But the 500-plus soldiers of the 5th New York, "Duryée's Zouaves," still sported their exotic regalia of red and blue. Their ranks had been increased only |
days before by more than 70 new recruits, but the bulk of the regiment were battle-tested veterans of the Peninsula and Seven Days. Commanded by Capt. Cleveland Winslow, the Zouaves were used to strict discipline and renowned for their proficiency in company and battalion drill. But nothing could have prepared them for the slaughter that awaited them that hot August day. The advanced skirmish |
line of the 10th New York was driven back on their support, and the supporting companies thrown back upon the 5th New York with the Texas Brigade hot on their heels. The Zouaves managed to fire a volley, but before they could reload their line was caught in a deadly crossfire, raked with lead that scythed down scores of men where they stood. "Where |
the Regiment stood that day was the very vortex of hell," a survivor recalled; "not only were men wounded or killed, they were riddled." Mark Maritato's painting captures those deadly moments at the Vortex of Hell. Captain Winslow oversees his embattled line, his horse soon to fall beneath him with seven wounds. Captain Wilbur Lewis, acting as field officer, is shot dead from the |
saddle of his horse "Black Jack," while the Zouave ranks - Companies K and C in the foreground -- begin to disintegrate in a hail of bullets. The Color Guard, some of them armed with Sharps Rifles, cluster about their flags in a desperate attempt to protect their precious banners. Both Color Sergeants - Andrew Allison bearing the Stars and Stripes, and Francis Spelman |
with the Regimental flag - were fatally wounded, as were seven of the eight men in the Color Guard. Longstreet's juggernaut plowed ahead, and the Federal lines collapsed in carnage-strewn retreat across Young's Branch and up the slopes of Chinn Ridge. But the torn and bloodstained banners were preserved from capture, as were the guns of Hazlett's battery - saved by the New Yorker's |
brief but valorous stand. The soldiers of the 5th New York paid a heavy price for their devotion. In less than ten minutes time 332 of approximately 525 Zouaves present were killed, wounded or captured. The losses included 85 killed outright, and another 34 who succumbed to their wounds - the greatest fatality of any Federal infantry regiment in a single battle during the |
entire War. This painting is a fitting tribute to that gallant and terrible event. Written by the late Brian C. Pohanka Original Oil Painting Sold Oil on Linen Canvas 40" x 30" Year Created 2000 |
trigger finger is severe, your finger may become locked in a bent position. Often painful, trigger finger is caused by a narrowing of the sheath that surrounds the tendon in the affected finger. People whose work or hobbies require repetitive gripping actions are more susceptible. Trigger finger is also more common in women and in anyone with diabetes. Treatment of |
trigger finger varies depending on the severity. Signs and symptoms of trigger finger may progress from mild to severe and include: - Finger stiffness, particularly in the morning - A popping or clicking sensation as you move your finger - Tenderness or a bump (nodule) at the base of the affected finger - Finger catching or locking in a bent |
position, which suddenly pops straight - Finger locked in a bent position, which you are unable to straighten Trigger finger more commonly occurs in your dominant hand, and most often affects your thumb or your middle or ring finger. More than one finger may be affected at a time, and both hands might be involved. Triggering is usually more pronounced |
in the morning, while firmly grasping an object or when straightening your finger. Trigger finger is not the same as Dupuytren's contracture — a condition that causes thickening and shortening of the connective tissue in the palm of the hand — though it may occur in conjunction with this disorder. When to see a doctor If you have any stiffness |
or catching in a finger joint, bring it to the attention of your doctor so that he or she may review your symptoms and perform a physical evaluation of your hand. If your finger joint is hot and inflamed, seek immediate medical care because these signs indicate a possible infection. CLICK TO ENLARGE The cause of trigger finger is a |
narrowing of the sheath that surrounds the tendon in the affected finger. Tendons are fibrous cords that attach muscle to bone. Each tendon is surrounded by a protective sheath — which, in turn, is lined with a substance called tenosynovium. The tenosynovium releases lubricating fluid that allows the tendon to glide smoothly within its protective sheath as you bend and |
straighten your finger — like a cord through a lubricated pipe. But if the tenosynovium becomes inflamed frequently or for long periods, the space within the tendon sheath can become narrow and constricting. The tendon can't glide through the sheath easily, at times catching the finger in a bent position before popping straight. With each catch, the tendon itself becomes |
more irritated and inflamed, worsening the problem. With prolonged inflammation, scarring and thickening (fibrosis) can occur and bumps (nodules) can form. Factors that put you at risk of developing trigger finger include: - Repeated gripping. If you routinely grip an item — such as a power tool or musical instrument — for extended periods of time, you may be more |
prone to developing a trigger finger. - Certain health problems. You're also at greater risk if you have certain medical conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, hypothyroidism, amyloidosis and certain infections, such as tuberculosis. - Your sex. Trigger finger is more common in women. Preparing for your appointment You'll probably start by seeing your family doctor or regular health care provider |
to determine what could be causing your symptoms. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor. What you can do - Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance to prepare for your |
evaluation. - Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. - Make a list of your key medical information, including any other conditions for which you're being treated, and the names of any medications, vitamins or supplements you're taking. - Consider questions to ask your doctor and |
write them down. Bring along notepaper and a pen to jot down information as your doctor addresses your questions. For trigger finger, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: - What are the possible causes of my symptoms? - Is my condition temporary? - Will I need treatment? - What treatments are available? - Do you have any brochures |
or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend visiting? In addition to the questions that you've prepared, don't hesitate to ask questions any time during your appointment if you don't understand something. What to expect from your doctor Your doctor or health care provider is likely to ask you a number of |
questions. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over important information a second time. Questions your doctor might ask include: - What symptoms are you experiencing? - How long have you been experiencing these symptoms? - Do your symptoms seem to come and go or are they persistent? - Does anything seem to make your symptoms better? |
- Does anything seem to make your symptoms worse? - Are your symptoms worse in the morning or at any particular time of the day? - Do you perform repetitive tasks on the job or for hobbies? - Have you recently experienced any injury to your hand? Tests and diagnosis Diagnosis of trigger finger doesn't require any elaborate testing. Your |
doctor or health care provider makes the diagnosis based on your medical history and a physical exam. During the physical exam, your doctor will ask you to open and close your hand, checking for areas of pain, smoothness of motion and evidence of locking. Rarely, your doctor may inject a numbing medication (local anesthetic) to reduce pain so that he |
or she can proceed with the physical exam of your fingers and hand. Treatments and drugs Trigger finger treatment varies depending on its severity and duration. Treatment of mild cases For mild or infrequent symptoms, these approaches may be effective: - Splinting. Your doctor may have you wear a splint to keep the affected finger in an extended position for |
up to six weeks. The splint helps to rest the joint. Splinting also helps prevent you from curling your fingers into a fist while sleeping, which can make it painful to move your fingers in the morning. - Finger exercises. Your doctor may also suggest that you perform gentle exercises with the affected finger. This can help you maintain mobility |
in your finger. - Avoiding repetitive gripping. For at least three to four weeks, avoid activities that require repetitive gripping, repeated grasping or the prolonged use of vibrating hand-held machinery. Treatment of serious cases For more-serious symptoms, your doctor may recommend other approaches, including: - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs — ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), |
for example — may relieve the swelling constricting the tendon sheath and trapping the tendon. These medications can also relieve the pain associated with trigger finger. - Steroids. An injection of a steroid medication, such as a glucocorticoid, near or into the tendon sheath also can be used to reduce inflammation of the sheath. This treatment is most effective if |
given soon after signs and symptoms begin. Injections can be repeated if necessary, though repeated injections may not be as effective as the initial injection. Steroid injections may not be as effective in people with other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes. - Percutaneous trigger finger release. In this procedure, which is performed with local anesthesia, doctors use |
a needle to release the locked finger. This procedure is most effective for the index, middle and ring fingers. - Surgery. Though less common than other treatments, surgical release of the tendon may be necessary for troublesome locking that doesn't respond to other treatments. Lifestyle and home remedies Certain self-care measures may alleviate trigger finger symptoms: - Rest. Your stiff |
finger may relax somewhat if you rest your hand for four to six weeks. To prevent the overuse of your affected finger, you may need to change your routine to minimize repeated gripping actions. - Soaking in warm water. Placing your affected hand in warm water, especially in the morning, may reduce the severity of the catching sensation during the |
Health problems among guinea pigs that live alone are usually related to aging, dental disease, reproductive disorders, injury, or improper care. Infectious diseases such as certain viruses and bacteria usually occur only in guinea pigs that live with other guinea |
pigs. Intestinal parasites are not common. Tumors are rare in young guinea pigs, but are more common in guinea pigs that are more than 5 years old. Treatment of infectious diseases can be complicated by the fact that guinea pigs |
are more sensitive to antibiotics than other types of pets. Prevention of health problems in guinea pigs is key. A proper diet that does not change from day to day, clean water, bedding materials that are gentle on your pet's |
skin, frequent cleaning and disinfecting of the cage, a low-stress environment, and sufficient exercise all help to prevent illness. Sickness causes guinea pigs to be stressed; if your pet is sick, hold it as little as possible. Antibiotics can cause |
problems in guinea pigs' digestive tracts, so your pet may not tolerate these medications. Most disease treatments should include extra vitamin C. Diarrhea and other illnesses may cause your guinea pig to become dehydrated. Signs of dehydration include dry stools, |
dark urine, or skin “tenting” (if you pinch the skin it does not settle back to normal immediately but instead remains standing up for a few seconds). If your pet is dehydrated, your veterinarian may provide fluid treatment. Animals that |
will not eat may require a stomach tube. Guinea pigs are very sensitive to the effects of many antibiotics. These toxic effects may occur directly as a result of the medication (as in the case of the antibiotics streptomycin and |
dihydrostreptomycin). The antibiotics may also upset the balance of the bacteria that usually live in your pet's intestines. Many antibiotics, including penicillin, ampicillin, lincomycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline, can cause this problem. If a guinea pig takes |
certain antibiotics, it may develop diarrhea, loss of appetite, dehydration, or a drop in body temperature. If treatment continues, it may die in less than a week. Inadequate nutrition and vitamin C deficiency can make your pet more likely to |
develop these problems. Even guinea pigs that do not show signs of problems with antibiotics may die suddenly. Your veterinarian can diagnose the toxic effects of antibiotics in your pet by examining the animal and testing its feces. There is |
no effective treatment for this condition other than general support and stopping the antibiotics. In general, you should avoid giving your guinea pig any antibiotics unless specifically directed by a veterinarian familiar with these animals. If your guinea pig must |
take antibiotics, you will need to monitor its health carefully. If your pet develops diarrhea or stops eating during treatment, contact your veterinarian immediately. Antibiotic ointments used on the skin can be toxic if your pet licks or eats them. |
Digestive disorders in guinea pigs may be caused by infections or by an improper diet. Many types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites can upset a guinea pig's digestive system. Some signs that your pet's digestive system is upset are: diarrhea, |
weight loss, loss of energy, lack of appetite, and dehydration. Guinea pigs affected by these illnesses may die suddenly without seeming sick. Others may have a range of signs such as lack of energy, lack of appetite, rough fur coat, |
staining of the fur around the genital area with feces, loose stools, hunched posture, lack of energy, dull eyes, dehydration, weight loss, pain when the abdomen is touched or pressed, fever, or a low body temperature. Treatment for diarrhea is |
usually the same, no matter what the cause. Roughage (fiber in the diet) should be increased and grains and sugars decreased. One way to do this is to provide hay in addition to commercial guinea pig feed. Feeding your guinea |
pig plain yogurt with active cultures, or a commercial supplement called a probiotic with live cultures, may help to restore the healthy balance of “good” bacteria in its digestive tract. Check with your veterinarian regarding the use of yogurt. It |
is important that your pet drink enough water. If your guinea pig will not voluntarily drink sufficient water, your veterinarian may provide additional fluids by injection. Antibiotics should only be used when absolutely necessary because their use can worsen the |
imbalance of bacteria in the digestive tract. Follow the treatment program prescribed by your veterinarian carefully. Keeping your guinea pig's bedding, water bottle, and housing clean and sanitized and promptly removing uneaten food can help prevent infection by reducing the |
level of disease-causing organisms. Guinea pigs drool whenever there is a problem with chewing or swallowing. This condition is sometimes referred to as slobbers. The cause is usually a problem with the alignment of the teeth (called malocclusion). Malocclusion may |
occur due to heredity, lack of vitamin C, injury, or imbalances of certain minerals in the diet. The teeth of guinea pigs grow continuously throughout the animal's life. If the teeth or jaws do not meet properly, the teeth often |
become overgrown and chewing food becomes difficult. As a result, your pet may develop weight loss, bleeding from the mouth, or abscesses in the roots of its teeth that may spread infection to the animal's sinuses. These kinds of problems |
are very common in guinea pigs. If your pet is slobbering or drooling, your veterinarian will evaluate this problem carefully. The molars in the back of the mouth are often the cause of this problem, even though teeth in the |
front of the mouth may seem normal. Some teeth may need to be clipped or filed to help your pet's jaw close properly. If the problem continues, monthly dental visits with your veterinarian may be necessary. Eye and Ear Disorders |
Signs of conjunctivitis (pink eye) include fluid oozing or dripping from the eye, inflammation of the lining of the eye, and redness around the edge of the eyelids. These infections are usually caused by bacteria, such as Bordetella or Streptococcus |
species, that cause general upper respiratory system disease (see Guinea Pigs: Lung and Airway Disorders). Treatment may include antibiotic eye drops and antibiotics that affect your pet's whole body. An easy way to administer eye drops is to wrap the |
guinea pig securely in a towel first. As always with guinea pigs, watch your pet's reactions to the medication carefully. Ear infections are rare in guinea pigs. When they do occur, they are usually the result of bacterial infection. They |
may occur at the same time as pneumonia or other respiratory disease. Signs of infection may include pus or discharge from the ears; however, sometimes there are no signs of infection. In severe cases, the animal may become deaf. If |
the infection spreads from the middle ear to the inner ear, your pet may show signs of problems with its nervous system, such as imbalance, tilting head, walking in circles, or rolling on the ground. The usual treatment is to |
help alleviate signs. Treatment for the ear infection itself does not usually work. The most common nutritional disorder in guinea pigs is a lack of vitamin C. Loss of appetite also occurs and is usually a sign of another problem |
such as disease or problems with the teeth. Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) Like people, apes, and monkeys, guinea pigs cannot produce their own vitamin C. If they do not get enough of this vitamin in their diet, their bodies' supply |
of vitamin C disappears quickly. This can cause problems with blood clotting and with the production of collagen, a protein necessary for healthy skin and joints. Reduced collagen can cause problems walking, swollen joints, and bleeding under the skin, in |
the muscles, in the membranes around the skull, in the brain, and in the intestines. Guinea pigs with a vitamin C deficiency may be weak, lack energy, and walk gingerly or with a limp. They may have a rough hair |
coat, lose their appetite, lose weight, have diarrhea, become ill, or die suddenly. Your veterinarian can diagnose vitamin C deficiency by finding out what your pet's diet is like, and by examining your pet, looking especially for bleeding or joint |
problems. Some guinea pigs may develop a vitamin C deficiency even when they get enough vitamin C in their diets. This can happen if they have other illnesses or problems that prevent them from eating enough or prevent their bodies |
from absorbing vitamin C properly. Treatment includes giving your pet vitamin C daily, either by mouth (as directed by your veterinarian) or by injection at your veterinarian's office for 1 to 2 weeks. Multivitamins are not recommended because your pet |
may have problems with some of the other vitamins contained in them. To prevent vitamin C deficiency, guinea pig food should contain at least 10 milligrams of vitamin C daily (30 milligrams for pregnant females). Loss of appetite can happen |
for many reasons, including disease, recovery from surgery, exposure to drafts, not having access to enough fresh water, not being able to chew properly because of an underbite or overbite, and a condition called ketosis, in which your pet's body |
produces too much of one of the byproducts of digestion. Changes in the type of feed or water, or in the bowl or bottle that your pet eats or drinks from, may also trigger loss of appetite. If nothing is |
done for a guinea pig that is not eating, its condition may worsen very quickly, resulting in liver problems and death. Ketosis, which may be irreversible, can develop even in guinea pigs that begin to eat again. Your veterinarian will |
determine appropriate treatment, which may include giving your pet special foods such as a commercial hand-feeding formula or regular pelleted chow that has been ground up, vegetable baby foods, and vitamin C. Guinea pigs that refuse to eat may temporarily |
need to be force-fed by your veterinarian or by you if longer-term care is needed. The most common metabolic disorders in guinea pigs involve abnormal metabolism of the mineral calcium. Hardening of the Organs (Metastatic Calcification) Guinea pigs that suffer |
from metastatic calcification (a hardening of the internal organs that spreads throughout the body) often die suddenly without any signs of illness. This condition usually occurs in male guinea pigs that are more than 1 year old. If your pet |
does have signs, they can include weight loss, muscle or joint stiffness, or increased urination (as part of kidney failure). The cause of this condition is uncertain, but is probably related to diets that have too much of the minerals |
calcium and phosphorus and not enough of the minerals magnesium and potassium. Most high-quality commercial guinea pig feed is formulated to contain the correct amounts of these vitamins and minerals. Check the nutrition information on the package label before buying |
pellets for your guinea pig, and do not give additional vitamin or mineral supplements. Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis) Ketosis, also known as pregnancy toxemia, occurs when a guinea pig's body produces too many ketones, which are a normal byproduct of metabolism. |
There are many causes of pregnancy toxemia in guinea pigs. These include obesity, large litter size, loss of appetite during the late stages of pregnancy, not eating enough, not exercising enough, environmental stress, and underdeveloped blood vessels in the uterus |
(an inherited condition). This problem usually happens in the last 2 to 3 weeks of pregnancy, or in the first week after a guinea pig gives birth. It most commonly affects guinea pigs that are pregnant with their first or |
second litters. Although it occurs most often in pregnant female guinea pigs, ketosis can also happen in obese guinea pigs (male or female). A guinea pig may die suddenly of ketosis without ever demonstrating signs of illness. In other cases, |
a sick guinea pig has worsening signs that can include loss of energy, lack of appetite, lack of desire to drink, muscle spasms, lack of coordination or clumsiness, coma, and death within 5 days. Ketosis may cause fetal guinea pigs |
to die in the uterus. Your veterinarian can diagnose ketosis by a blood test, and may also be able to identify a fatty liver and bleeding or cell death in the uterus or placenta. Treatment does not usually help, but |
options include giving your pet the medications propylene glycol, calcium glutamate, or steroids. However, once a guinea pig starts showing signs of this illness, the outcome is usually not good. To prevent ketosis, make sure your pet eats a high |
quality food throughout pregnancy, but limit the amount of food you give your pet in order to prevent obesity. Preventing exposure to stress in the last few weeks of pregnancy may also help. Calcium Deficiency (Pregnant Females) Because pregnancy and |
nursing require extra nutrients, pregnant guinea pigs may develop a sudden calcium deficiency. This happens most often in obese or stressed guinea pigs, or guinea pigs that have already been pregnant several times. The deficiency usually develops in the 1 |
to 2 weeks before, or shortly after, giving birth. In much the same way as in guinea pigs with pregnancy toxemia (see Guinea Pigs: Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis)), guinea pigs with this condition may die suddenly without signs, or may get |
sick slowly, with signs such as dehydration, depression, loss of appetite, muscle spasms, and convulsions. Your veterinarian will be able to identify similar problems as in a guinea pig with pregnancy toxemia, except they will likely be more severe. Guinea |
pigs with calcium deficiency should be treated with the mineral calcium gluconate. To prevent calcium deficiency, feed your pet only high-quality commercial guinea pig feed. Lung and Airway Disorders Respiratory diseases in guinea pigs can quickly become serious. If you |
notice that your guinea pig is having difficulty breathing, see your veterinarian as soon as possible. Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is the most frequent cause of death in guinea pigs. Pneumonia in guinea pigs is usually caused by |
bacterial infection (most often Bordetella bronchiseptica, but other bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Streptococcus zooepidemicus may also be the cause). In rare cases, it may be caused by a type of virus known as adenovirus. All of these infectious |
agents can cause illness without leading to pneumonia (see below). Signs of pneumonia include oozing or discharge from the nose, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. In addition, guinea pigs with pneumonia often suffer from inflammation of the eyes (commonly called pink |
eye), fever, weight loss, depression, or loss of appetite. Sudden death can occur when there are outbreaks among groups of guinea pigs. Your veterinarian can diagnose pneumonia from an examination or from special tests performed on the fluid that may |
be oozing from your pet's eyes or nose. X-rays may also show pneumonia in the lungs. In general, treatment for a guinea pig with pneumonia is really treatment for the signs of pneumonia instead of the pneumonia itself. This can |
include administering fluids (to ward off dehydration), forced feeding if necessary, oxygen therapy to help with breathing, and vitamin C. If the pneumonia is caused by bacterial infection, your veterinarian will likely prescribe longterm antibiotics. Although they can be toxic |
in guinea pigs (see Guinea Pigs: Antibiotics), certain antibiotics are safer than others, and your veterinarian may select one of these if needed. Commonly, the antibiotic is compounded into an oral suspension, which should then be given as directed. Watch |
any guinea pig receiving antibiotic treatment carefully. If the antibiotics cause diarrhea, the treatment should be stopped immediately and your veterinarian contacted. If you have more than 1 guinea pig, preventing and controlling outbreaks of pneumonia requires keeping your pets |
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