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and their cages or tanks clean at all times, and removing guinea pigs that are sick from the company of the others. Bordetella bronchisepta Infection Guinea pigs without signs of illness may be infected with these bacteria in their nose |
or throat. Sometimes there can be an outbreak among groups of guinea pigs, during which all get sick and die quickly. Infection can be transmitted from one guinea pig to another when droplets are sprayed into the air by sneezing |
or coughing; in its genital form, infection can also be transmitted by sexual contact. Other animals, such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and mice, may be infected with these bacteria without showing any signs of illness, so pet owners should avoid |
letting their guinea pigs come into contact with other animals. Guinea pigs may be infected with the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria without seeming sick. The bacteria can cause a sudden illness in previously healthy guinea pigs when they become stressed or |
stop eating; this can lead to death. One guinea pig can infect another by direct contact or by sneezing or coughing. Signs of streptococcosis include enlarged lymph nodes and difficulty breathing. Your veterinarian can spot other signs of infection with |
this bacteria, such as inflammation of the inner ear or eardrum (otitis media), inflammation of the joints (arthritis), and inflammation of the lining of the lungs, heart, abdomen, or uterus. He or she can diagnose streptococcosis based on these signs, |
other examination findings, and laboratory tests. Certain antibiotics can prevent one sick guinea pig from spreading the infection to other guinea pigs, but guinea pigs that do not seem sick may still be infected. There is a type of adenovirus |
that is specific to guinea pigs. It may cause pneumonia (see Guinea Pigs: Pneumonia), but many guinea pigs have this virus without any signs of illness and are called carriers. Carriers can suddenly become sick as a result of stress |
or anesthesia. This occurs more often in guinea pigs that are young, old, or that have immune systems that are not working properly. Guinea pigs do not usually die from this virus, but those that do die often die suddenly |
without seeming sick. Signs of illness are similar to those seen in other viral or bacterial infections and include breathing difficulties, discharge from the nose, and weight loss. Common reproductive problems in guinea pigs may involve the ovaries or breasts. |
There is also a metabolic disorder associated with improper calcium levels during pregnancy. Ovarian cysts are very common in female guinea pigs between 18 months and 5 years of age. The cysts usually occur in both ovaries, but occasionally only |
the right ovary is affected. The cysts can often be felt in the abdomen. Other signs may include loss of appetite, energy, and sometimes hair loss on or around the abdomen. To confirm the diagnosis, your veterinarian may use ultrasonography |
or x-rays. The only effective treatment is spaying (removing the ovaries and the uterus). If left untreated, the cysts may continue to grow and could potentially burst, placing the guinea pig's life in danger. Mastitis is inflammation of the mammary |
glands. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection. This often occurs during the period when a female guinea pig's offspring are suckling. Injury—such as cuts or scrapes in the skin—can make it easier for bacteria in the environment to |
enter the body and cause infection. Mastitis is a painful and serious condition. The milk glands become painful and enlarged, warm, firm, and bluish in color. Without prompt treatment, the infection may spread to the guinea pig's bloodstream and cause |
fever, lack of appetite, depression, dehydration, a lack of milk production, neglect of offspring, and death. Milk may be thick or bloody and clotted. Your veterinarian may treat mastitis with appropriate antibiotics. To prevent this condition, make sure your pet |
is well taken care of, its living quarters are clean and sanitary, and its bedding does not cause irritation. bacteria can infect guinea pig genitals and can be spread by sexual contact. Infection can cause infertility, stillbirth, or sudden death |
of guinea pig fetuses in the uterus. Because pregnancy and nursing require extra nutrients, pregnant guinea pigs may develop a sudden calcium deficiency. (For a more detailed discussion of Calcium Deficiency, see Guinea Pigs: Calcium Deficiency (Pregnant Females).) Dystocia (difficulty |
giving birth) in female guinea pigs is caused by the normal stiffening of the tough fibrous cartilage which joins the 2 pubic bones. When the cartilage (the symphysis) stiffens, it limits the spread of the pubic bones. If the symphysis |
has not been stretched by a previous birth, the female will be unable to deliver her offspring normally. Cesarean sections are very risky for guinea pigs and the survival rate for the mother is poor. The safest option is to |
either breed the female between 4 and 5 months of age or prevent pregnancy altogether by housing male and female guinea pigs separately or by spaying and neutering. Skin problems in guinea pigs are often first noticed as patches of |
hair loss. Several underlying problems can lead to hair loss, including infestations of fur mites or lice, ringworm, or fighting between incompatible animals. Another skin problem, pododermatitis, affects the feet. Severe infestation by fur mites may cause hair loss or |
itching along the rear end of a guinea pig's body. Some types of mites cause no signs, others cause hair loss but do not seem to affect the skin, and still others burrow into the skin and may cause intense |
itching, hair loss, and skin inflammation. This latter type of mite usually infects the inner thighs, shoulders, and neck. The skin underneath the affected fur may be dry or oily and thickened or crusty. In severely affected animals, the affected |
areas may become infected, which can cause the animals to lose weight, have low energy, or run around the cage. Left untreated, convulsions and death may result. Guinea pigs catch fur mites from other guinea pigs or from objects that |
are contaminated such as bedding. Your veterinarian can diagnose this condition either by examining your pet's fur or by looking at scrapings from your pet's skin under a microscope. To treat fur mites, your veterinarian will probably prescribe a powder |
or spray to be applied to your pet's skin or give your pet a series of injections. Infestations can be minimized or prevented by making sure that living quarters are clean and sanitary, and minimizing your pet's stress levels. Guinea |
pigs that are infested with lice do not usually have signs, but in severe cases lice can cause itching, hair loss, and inflammation of the skin around the neck and ears. You can see the lice by looking at a |
piece of your pet's hair under a magnifying glass. To treat lice, your veterinarian will probably prescribe a powder or spray to be applied to your pet's skin. To prevent this condition, keep the guinea pig's cage clean and sanitary. |
Skin infections in guinea pigs are most often caused by the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and less often by Microsporum species. The primary sign of ringworm is bald patches, usually starting at the head. The bald patches generally have crusty, flaky, |
red patches within them. When these patches appear on the face, it is usually around the eyes, nose, and ears. The disease may also spread to the back. A guinea pig can catch ringworm from another guinea pig or from |
contaminated objects such as bedding. Your veterinarian can tell if your pet is infected with this condition by looking at the red patches on its skin, by shining a special ultraviolet light on its skin, or by a laboratory test. |
Ringworm usually goes away on its own if you take good care of your pet and keep its cage or tank clean and sanitary. The red, flaky patches can become infected, which causes them to become inflamed and pus-filled. Treatment |
is a 5- to 6-week course of an antifungal medicine called griseofulvin given by mouth. If there are only 1 or 2 bald patches or red, flaky areas that have not spread, they can be treated by applying an antifungal |
ointment recommended by your veterinarian every day for 7 to 10 days. Ringworm is highly contagious to humans and other animals. If handling an infected guinea pig is necessary, you should wear disposable gloves or wash your hands thoroughly with |
soap and warm water after handling. Guinea pigs may chew or tear their own or each other's hair as a result of conflicts between adult males or between adults and juveniles. This is referred to as barbering. When this happens, |
the hair loss tends to be in patches, and there may be evidence of bite marks or skin inflammation underneath the fur. Barbering may be prevented by separating affected animals, minimizing stress, weaning baby guinea pigs from their mothers early, |
and feeding animals long-stemmed hay. Hair loss can also be caused by genetic problems or problems in metabolism, or the body's breakdown of food into energy; this is especially true in female guinea pigs that have been used for breeding. |
Young guinea pigs that are weaning from their mothers may have hair thinning as their coat changes to coarser adult fur, or if their diet does not have enough protein. Your pet's footpads can become inflamed, develop sores, or become |
overgrown over the course of many months. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are often the cause and can enter your pet's feet through tiny cuts or scrapes. Factors that increase the risk of infection include obesity, wire floor caging, poor sanitation, and |
injury. When pododermatitis lasts for many months, it can lead to serious complications such as swelling of the lymph nodes, arthritis, inflammation of the tendons, and a buildup of a protein called amyloid in the kidney, liver, hormone glands, spleen, |
and pancreas. Your veterinarian can diagnose this condition by examining your guinea pig and by doing laboratory tests. If it is detected early, the condition may be treated simply by switching your pet's living quarters to ones with a smooth |
bottom, improving sanitation, and changing the bedding to softer material. Your veterinarian will likely clean any wounds, clip the hair around the affected areas, and trim any overgrown nails. Affected feet should be soaked in an antibiotic solution, and antibiotic |
ointment should be applied. In severe cases, animals may need antibiotics and pain medications. Guinea pigs that do not respond to therapy may require amputation of the affected area to avoid more serious complications. Disorders Affecting Multiple Body Systems Some |
guinea pig diseases affect more than one body system. These are also known as multisystemic or generalized diseases. Enlarged Lymph Nodes (“Lumps” or Lymphadenitis) Lymph nodes are glands that are located throughout the body that help fight infection. The lymph |
nodes around the neck often become enlarged or inflamed in guinea pigs. The usual cause of this problem is bacteria, most often Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The infected lymph nodes may become swollen and filled with pus (abscesses), sometimes only on one |
side. The infection can spread and cause an ear infection, inflammation of the eye, pneumonia, and toxins in the blood in younger animals. Other signs that you or your veterinarian might notice depend on which lymph nodes are affected, but |
may include tilting of the head, inflammation of the sinuses, inflammation of the eye, trouble breathing, skin that is pale or has a blue tint, blood or protein in the urine, fetal death or stillbirth in pregnant guinea pigs, arthritis, |
or inflammation of certain internal organs or tissues. Guinea pigs catch this illness from other infected guinea pigs that are sneezing or coughing, by genital contact, or through cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the mouth. Your veterinarian |
can diagnose this condition by examination and laboratory tests. Antibiotics may or may not eliminate the infection. Abscesses might break open on their own, or they may be surgically opened and drained or removed. However, this may cause the bacteria |
to enter your pet's bloodstream. To help prevent infection of the lymph nodes, avoid any harsh or irritating bedding or food. Jaws that do not close properly or overgrown teeth should be fixed. Infections of the respiratory tract should be |
treated. Your pet's living quarters should be kept clean and sanitary, and sick animals should be housed away from other animals to prevent the spread of disease. Although occurrences are rare, Salmonella bacteria can infect guinea pigs. Some signs of |
infection include inflammation of the eye, fever, lack of energy, poor appetite, rough hair coat, enlarged spleen and liver, and swollen lymph nodes around the neck. The bacteria are spread by direct contact with infected guinea pigs or wild mice |
or rats or by sharing food, water, or bedding with infected animals. Fresh vegetables may also carry Salmonella. Because an animal that is treated may still continue to infect other animals even when it does not seem sick, treatment may |
not be recommended. Guinea pigs can spread Salmonella infection to humans by direct contact, so appropriate sanitation measures (such as wearing disposable gloves and washing hands thoroughly) should be taken when handling any sick guinea pig. Guinea pigs occasionally become |
infected with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteria through contaminated food, bedding, or water. The bacteria can also enter a guinea pig's body through cuts or scrapes in the skin or through inhalation. If a guinea pig becomes infected, the illness may take |
several courses: 1) infection may spread to the bloodstream and cause sudden death; 2) infected guinea pigs may lose weight, develop diarrhea, and die over the course of 3 to 4 weeks; 3) swollen lymph nodes develop in the neck |
or shoulder; or 4) your pet may be infected without seeming sick. Veterinarians diagnose this infection by laboratory tests and examination of the sick guinea pig. All guinea pigs that are infected with these bacteria, or that have lived in |
close quarters with an infected guinea pig, must be euthanized (put to sleep), and the living quarters must be thoroughly sanitized and disinfected. Cancers and Tumors Younger guinea pigs may develop skin tumors or leukemia (a cancer of the blood), |
but most types of cancer are not common in guinea pigs until they are 4 to 5 years old. After that age, between one-sixth and one-third of guinea pigs will develop a tumor. Tumors are more common in strains of |
guinea pigs that have been inbred. Treatment, if recommended, will depend on the type and location of the tumor. Benign skin tumors called trichoepitheliomas often occur in guinea pigs, commonly at the base of the tail. These can be easily |
removed with a simple surgical procedure. Lymphosarcoma is the most common tumor in guinea pigs; it causes what is sometimes referred to as cavian leukemia. Signs may include a scruffy hair coat and occasionally masses in the chest area and/or |
an enlarged liver or spleen. The diagnosis is confirmed by a blood count and examination of fluids from the lymph nodes or chest cavity. The outlook for survival is poor; most guinea pigs only live a few weeks after diagnosis. |
Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Ear, Nose, and Throat) About Tinnitus | Symptoms of Tinnitus | Causes of Tinnitus | Diagnosing Tinnitus | Treating Tinnitus | Caring for Tinnitus Tinnitus is often described as ringing in the ears. Some people hear hissing, roaring, whistling, chirping, or clicking. More than 50 million Americans have tinnitus. Tinnitus can be a symptom of other disorders, such as |
ear infections, Meniere's disease, or blocked arteries. Many times the source of tinnitus is unknown. Sometimes tinnitus just happens. Symptoms of Tinnitus Tinnitus can been described as: - Ringing or hissing - The sound of escaping air, running water, or the inside of a seashell - A sizzling, musical, buzzing, or humming noise There is no known cure for tinnitus. Tinnitus often goes away |
on its own. Causes of Tinnitus The exact cause of tinnitus is not known. Problems that can cause tinnitus or make it worse are: - Hearing loss - Wax buildup or foreign objects in the ear canal - Ear or sinus infections - Meniere's disease - Ear, head, or neck injury - High blood pressure - Otosclerosis (growth of the bone surrounding the middle |
and inner ear) - Loud noise exposure - Cardiovascular disease, such as blocked arteries or an aneurysm - Diseases of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis - Certain types of tumors - Medicines such as some antibiotics, indomethacin, quinine, diuretics, or aspirin - Anxiety, depression, or stress - Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol - Large amounts of caffeine - Jaw misalignment - |
Thyroid disorders Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and give you a physical exam. Tests you might also be referred for are: - Hearing test - Angiography (blood vessel studies) - CT or MRI scan of your head Tinnitus usually decreases or goes away with time. Simply acknowledging the tinnitus and redirecting your attention to something else will often help you |
stop focusing on the ringing. If it persists, your health care provider may recommend one or more choices for treatment. Hearing aids are often helpful if you have hearing loss. One theory for tinnitus as a side effect of hearing loss is that the brain creates input that is missing from the ear. Using hearing aids gives the brain something to listen to instead |
of listening to the tinnitus. Biofeedback or meditation as a relaxation technique teaches you to control certain body functions such as pulse, muscle tension, and brain wave activity. Some types of medicines, including anti-anxiety drugs, antidepressants, antihistamines, anticonvulsants, anesthetics such as lidocaine, and vasodilators may be helpful. Masking the tinnitus with competing sounds, such as low-level music, environmental sounds, or other noise is often |
helpful. This may make it easier to ignore the tinnitus and help you to concentrate and sleep. Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT), which combines low-level, steady background sounds with counseling can be helpful. This combination helps you grow unaware of the sounds of tinnitus. TRT can take 12 to 24 months. If you have temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ), dental treatment may |
also be helpful. Caring for Tinnitus - Stress and fatigue can affect your tinnitus. Take time to relax. - Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and certain foods can make tinnitus worse. Talk with your health care provider about this. - If you have hearing loss, avoid further damage by protecting yourself with earplugs or earmuffs, or by avoiding noisy events. - Some medicines can make tinnitus |
worse. Be sure that you tell all health care providers who treat you know about all medicines you are taking, including nonprescription products, vitamins, and natural remedies. Find out more about tinnitus through the American Tinnitus Association. |
Release date Australia January 5th, 2012 4th Revised edition Country of Publication This new edition of the Collins Gem School Dictionary is the perfect portable dictionary for all students aged |
10-14. This dictionary has been updated to include around 20,000 entries, still contained in the best-selling Gem format. This handy dictionary has been developed with teachers to be the perfect |
tool for both school work and homework. The new Collins Gem School Dictionary provides clear, concise definitions and extra help with difficult pronunciations. It gives core vocabulary for key curriculum |
exam subjects, plus thousands of examples of words in use. Developed with teachers, this dictionary is an indispensable tool for any school student aged 10+. Furthermore, this new edition includes |
a guide to punctuation, spelling and grammar, to support students in class, and during home study. Have confidence Help with spelling, pronunciation and difficult words Get it right Clear definitions |
and core vocabulary for key subjects Get there fast Clear, colour layout for easy accessibility Get more Contains more entries than any other school dictionary of this size Nobody has |
reviewed this product yet. You could be the first! Discuss this product (If you require assistance from Mighty Ape, please contact us.) Customers who purchased this also purchased... If you |
These colors are used to identify the parts of each sentence in patterns I, II, and III: prepositional phrases (Note: Two ajacent prep. phr. are separated by a | mark.) Pattern I. Subject + Intransitive Verb + Complement Swimming can be a relaxing and enjoyable sport. The water feels cool to the skin | on a hot summer day. Mr. and Mrs. Yang often |
swim after getting home from work. They go to the public swimming pool | in their neighborhood. Pattern II. Subject +Transitive Verb + Object (n, pron, inf, ger) The Yangs enjoy swimming in their neighborhood pool. Mr. Yang likes to swim to relieve stress after a day's work. Mrs. Yang encourages him to swim as often as possible. They sometimes take their daughter with |
them, too. Their daughter loves jumping into the water | with a splash. Pattern III. Subject+Verb (passive voice) The water in the pool is heated by several solar panels. On clear days, their skin is tanned by the sun. Their eyes are protected from the chlorine | by swim goggles. Their spirits are lifted after half an hour | of swimming. Sentences with compound |
elements. This color is used to identify the parts of each sentence in pattern IV: coordinating conjunction (cc) Mr. Yang, Mrs. Yang, and their daughter like to go swimming. This leisure activity tones their muscles and relaxes their minds. They take their swimsuits, goggles and towels to the pool. They swim in the evening, on Saturday morning, or on Sunday afternoon. After swimming, they |
NASA's new robot in space is a star on Twitter Robonaut 2 is scheduled to arrive at the International Space Station in November, fields Twitter questions in the meantime. Fri, Aug 13 2010 at 11:43 AM NASA astronaut Michael Barratt, STS-133 mission specialist, shakes hands with Robonaut 2 (R2) during media day in the Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility at NASA's Johnson Space Center. (Photo: |
NASA) In Stanley Kubrick’s "2001: A Space Odyssey," the ship’s computer HAL killed most of the astronauts on board. Luckily, NASA’s latest addition to its crew is a bit friendlier. Space.com reports that NASA has developed Robonaut 2, a robot meant to help with mundane chores and risky missions aboard the International Space Station. Recently, they launched a Twitter account for Robonaut 2, dubbed |
R2. And as of press time, the intrepid robot has more than 12,000 followers. R2, which operates on pre-programmed plans, looks like half an astronaut. It has a torso, head, arms and hands and can operate much like an astronaut would on the space station. In this way R2 differs from Dextre, a non-humanoid maintenance robot that lives outside the International Space Station. Brandi |
Dean is the press officer at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. As she told Space.com, "We've never put a dexterous humanoid robot in space before. So we can make theories about how they'll behave in space, but it's always great to check them." R2 is NASA’s most advanced robot to date. The first known robot was built in 270 BC by a Greek |
engineer named Ctesibus. It had organs made of clocks with movable figures. Flash forward a couple millennium and we have the first industrial robot arm online at General Motors in 1961. In 1979, the Standford Cart crossed a room without human assistance. NASA’s robots took off from there. And just who is R2? According to its Twitter account, it claims no relation to the |
nefarious HAL 9000. Nor is it a relation to Boba Fett, despite their similar-looking helmets. When asked of a possible connection on Twitter, its handlers replied “Sorry, no relation to Boba Fett. Besides, I'm a friendly robot." R2 also claims no gender, it can speak only computer code and English, and it can play chess with some help. Ultimately, R2 seems excited for its |
Increasing global awareness of environmental protection and energy conservation has brought about the rise of the LED (light-emitting diode) industry. MOCVD is currently the dominant method in producing epi-wafers for |
LED applications. Chemical inertness and high temperature stability make quartz material the primary choice for various components inside MOCVD chambers. - Ingots for machined components used as discs, baffles and |
The Watch Goes to War: WWI Aviation 1914-1918 The History of the Pilot Watch Part III: Mark IV.A and Mark V The two most import catalysts for the development of aviation watches were early aviation record attempts and war. World |
War I finds watch development between the pocket watch and the new wristlets with the British issuing pilots pocket watches. British Mark IV.A and Mark V pocket watches are an example of WW1 military aviation. World War I conjures childhood |
images of bi-planes fitted with a machine gun to fire through the propeller, the Red Baron’s plane emerging triumphant from a dogfight, and the endless lines of trenches on the ground below. Add the romanticism of aviation to the romanticism |
of war, and you have an iconic, if mistakenly idealized, pairing. War‚Äôs demand for precise navigation or coordinated attack meant that the world grasped the importance of horology. When “balloon busting” or taking out observation balloons, British pilots flew with |
the pocket watch Mark IV.A (1914) and Mark V (1916). Case back markings, unique to country, branch of service or intended use, are a distinguishing characteristic of vintage military watches. Great Britain’s characteristic mark was the broad arrow. For the |
collector, case back markings are key identifiers and an added authenticity safeguard. These markings meant that the watches were official military equipment, procured through contracts and mass-produced for combat pilots. On April 13, 1912, the British Army’s Royal Flying Corps |
(RFC) was formed to develop a military and naval wing. Just prior to the war, given the unique needs of the fleet, the naval wing severed with the RFC to form the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). In 1918, these |
two separate aviation branches merged again to form the Royal Air Force (RAF) who continued to use the Mark watches. The RFC aviation issue watches had an underscored capital A with a broad arrow pointing upward underneath it. Repairs to |
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