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- that really helps us control our caloric intake in the long run. Just counting calories means sometimes, we're fighting against our physiology. But eating foods that keep us satisfied |
is really going to be important in the long run. NORRIS: Professor Willett, thank you very much. Prof. WILLETT: Good to talk to you. NORRIS: Walter Willett is one of |
the authors of a new study that followed more than 120,000 people to see what they ate, and how it affected their weight. NPR transcripts are created on a rush |
deadline by a contractor for NPR, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. |
|About the Civil War Have you ever wondered why more books have been written about the Civil War than any other event in American history? Why did Americans take up arms against one another in the bloodiest war the nation |
How to Use Reading 1: Growing Tensions in Central New York The tensions that existed between the people of central New York during the colonial era are well documented. While Swedish scientist Peter Kalm was on a botanical expedition in |
1749-1750, he wrote about the relationship between the English and Dutch colonists who first settled the area: The hatred which the English bear against the people at Albany is very great, but that of the Albanians (the Dutch colonists) against |
the English is carried to a ten times higher degree. This hatred has subsisted ever since the English conquered this section, and is not yet extinguished, though they could never have gotten larger advantages under the Dutch government than they |
have obtained under that of the English. ...They are so to speak permeated with hatred toward the English, whom they ridicule and slander at every opportunity. ¹ In the 1757, Thomas Butler, member of an English family that held large |
amounts of land in New York, corresponded with Sir William Johnson, another great English landholder and Superintendent of Indian Affairs: I have often Said and do Yet That if any Troubles Shou'd arise between the Six Nations and us it |
will in Great Manner Or intirely be owing to bad ignorant people of a difrant Extraction from the English that makes themselves too busey in telling idle Stories. I fear we have too many of those who Speak the Indian |
Tongue More or less and dont Consider the Consequence of Saying we are Dutch and they are English that they had a fight Together last winter in Schenectady. the Dutch there beat the English. The quarrell was because they wou'd |
not allow the English To be Masters and take from them all they had. that the English wanted to drive them about like dogs, this Story I imagin proceeded from a small dispute between the battoe Men and Soldars last |
fall, and the English are Severe on the people at albany taking from them what they pleas breaking open their doors when they will, had forced Capt. Herkemer out of his House.² Sir William Johnson was aware of other tensions |
between the English and German settlers, including prominent German immigrant Johan Jost Herkimer (or Hercheimer) with whose family Johnson's family had often quarreled. He worried about the alarming sale by the Germans of large quantities of rum to the Iroquois |
Confederacy and the wedge it was driving between the British authorities and the Six Nations, when he wrote to James Abercromby in 1758: I believe Sir I have the Honour of your Concurrance in Opinion that for the present at |
least, it will be both Politick and prudent not to indulge the Indians with a Trade at the German Flats. In a Message I have just sent to the Six Nations, part of which is on this Subject, I have |
told them that you do not incline, to trust the Lives and properties of His Majestys Subjects to the Assurances of those, who late Experience shows are either not able or not willing to fulfill them, and that at Albany |
and Schenectady they are welcome to come and trade. After the French and Indian War had ended, Great Britain sought to gain stronger control of the colonies and started to impose taxes on the colonists to reduce Britain's enormous national |
debt incurred while fighting the war. Rival groups, because of ethnic, religious, or economic differences, began to align themselves politically. In general, those who became Rebels were fighting for the right of self-governance and freedom from British control. Those who |
chose to be Tories, on the other hand, were fighting to maintain their ties with Great Britain and the British King. There were also cases where people simply preferred to keep things the way they were, and fought to maintain |
the status quo, so they were Tories by default. The explosive mixture of old grudges with the political and philosophical arguments of the revolutionary era turned New York into a powder keg. Once hostilities broke out in 1775, New Yorkers |
were forced to choose sides. Upon the death of Sir William Johnson in 1774, his son John inherited a 200,000 acre estate and, in later years, also became Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Sir John Johnson chose to be loyal to |
Great Britain and gathered ammunition and raised a militia group called the "King's Royal Regiment of New York." Nicholas Herkimer, son of Johan Jost Herkimer, a wealthy German-American trader and owner of 2,000 acres of land, chose the Rebel cause. |
In 1776 Nicholas Herkimer was made a Brigadier General in the New York State militia and charged with defending the state against Tories and Indians. Herkimer and General Philip Schuyler, with their Rebel militia, forced Johnson's militia to disarm and |
disband. Johnson fled for Canada, fearful that he would be arrested for his Tory beliefs. Ironically, Nicholas Herkimer's brother, Han Yost Herkimer, chose the Tory cause and became a Captain in the Indian Department; the Herkimers were one of many |
families split by New York's civil war. One apparent exception to the rivalries in colonial New York appeared to be the Iroquois Confederacy. For 500 years the six nations of the Iroquois Confederacy had mutually supported and protected one another. |
However, continued European settlement along the New York frontier had generated tensions between the Confederacy and European settlers. In 1768, in an attempt to set a boundary line to solve this chronic problem, the British convened a meeting at Fort |
Stanwix, which had been abandoned following the French and Indian War and was in disrepair. As many as 3,000 delegates from the Iroquois, Shawnee, and Delaware Nations met with the representatives of the King of Great Britain. Instead of resolving |
tensions, the boundary line divided the Iroquois Confederacy into factions, some opposed and others allied with the King and Great Britain. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy had to decide whether to support one side or |
the other as a single confederacy or whether to allow each of the six member nations to decide individually. The Onondaga Nation was the keeper of the Central Council Fire, the symbol of the Iroquois Confederacy's 500 years of unity. |
Although they urged continued unity and neutrality, the six tribes could not agree on a single course of action. The Central Council Fire was then extinguished due to deaths of sachems and chiefs caused by disease. Iroquois unity was irrevocably |
broken. British and Rebel diplomats courted the favor of the individual tribes, hoping to get them to support their side or remain neutral. The Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca Nations chose to support Great Britain. Although originally neutral, by July |
1777, the Oneida and Tuscarora Nations would support the Rebels. There were many individuals who did not choose to accept the decision of their respective nations, so both Tories and Rebels counted among their forces members of all six nations. |
Mohawk Joseph Brant, or Thayendanega, was a relative of Sir John Johnson. His sister, Mary (Molly) Brant, became the common law wife of Sir William Johnson after the death of John's mother. British educated and a member of the Anglican |
Church, Joseph Brant supported the Tory cause and eventually received a British Officer's commission as a captain. Just 37 days before the Battle of Oriskany, General Herkimer and Rebel militia troops went to investigate claims that Joseph Brant was attempting |
to raise Tory troops for an impending attack on the Mohawk Valley. On June 29 and 30, 1777 Herkimer met with Brant and unsuccessfully attempted to persuade him to stay neutral during the war. By August 1777, sides had been |
chosen, the participants were armed, and the stage was set for the first major battle between Tories and Rebels. Questions for Reading 1 1. Develop a chart to track key people and groups discussed in the reading. Across the top |
of the chart list the headings: Sir John Johnson, Nicholas Herkimer, Joseph Brant, Indian Tories, Indian Rebels, Germans, Dutch, English. Down the side of the chart make these headings: Allies, Enemies, Events, Goals. Take notes on the chart. Did the |
goals and friendships (or hatred) of the people and groups influence which side they supported before the Revolutionary War? During the Revolutionary War? 2. What were the tensions that developed between the various people who lived in central New York? |
Between the European-Americans? Between the six nations of the Iroquois Confederacy? Between the European-Americans and the Iroquois Confederacy? 3. Why was it important for European-Americans to maintain good relations with the Iroquois Confederacy? 4. What about New York's physical location |
made its control essential to both Rebels and Tories? What made central New York strategic for both European-Americans and the Iroquois Confederacy? What about Fort Stanwix made it a strategic frontier post? 5. Why do you think the individuals and |
groups decided to support the sides they did during the Revolutionary War? What impact do you believe these decisions had on their lives and the lives of those around them? How did these decisions impact the Iroquois Confederacy? Reading 1 |
was adapted from James T. Flexner, Mohawk Baronet: A Biography of Sir William Johnson (New York: Harper, 1959); Barbara Graymont, The Iroquois in the American Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1972); Isabel T. Kelsay, Joseph Brant, 1743-1807: Man of |
Two Worlds (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1984); Philip Ranlet, The New York Loyalists (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986); and W. Max Reid, The Mohawk Valley: Its Legends and its History, 1609-1780 (New York: G. P. Putnam's & Sons, |
Fan Lake Wetland Stabilization and Restoration Project Contact: Kyle Patterson, 970-586-1363 Rocky Mountain National Park staff will begin work on a project that is designed to restore hydrologic, vegetative and habitat conditions at the confluence of Roaring River and Fall River. This area was dramatically altered during the Lawn Lake |
Flood. On July 15, 1982, the man-made earthen dam at Lawn Lake failed. The subsequent flood sent raging water down the Roaring River, which scoured the river, inundated adjacent wetland habitat, and deposited a large debris fan at the confluence of the Roaring and Fall Rivers. Flood waters continued downstream |
in to Estes Park. Within Rocky Mountain National Park, a debris fan dammed Fall River at its confluence with the Roaring River, creating a 20 acre lake that flooded a willow carr, burying the willow beneath 10 feet of water and sediment. The lake, known as Fan Lake, became a |
popular fishing area. In 1996, park officials determined that the debris fan was in danger of breaching, and there was growing concern that another flood could seriously impact Estes Park for a second time. At that time the National Park Service (NPS) prepared an environmental assessment, and the NPS Regional |
Director signed a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for the intentional breaching of a natural moraine so that Fan Lake could be drained under controlled conditions. The breach occurred in 1996 and the lake slowly began to recede. Fan Lake now exists only as a small pond. The area |
that was historically occupied by a willow carr is now re-exposed, although significant changes have occurred as a result of the flooding. Most notably, large areas of riparian willow have been lost and the former Fan Lake area consists of bare sediment, open water, or marsh wetlands. Willow have not |
reestablished themselves in these areas in the 10 years since Fan Lake started to recede. During site visits by park staff and wetland restoration experts in 2005 and 2006, it was determined that the formation and persistence of Fan Lake had significantly altered topographic, soil and hydrologic conditions, making restoration |
to historic conditions impossible without restoring the site’s hydrologic regime. Even with reestablishment of the hydrologic regime, willow could not be restored without excluding elk. Therefore, this project proposes to restore the Roaring River to its former channel, conduct further work on Fall River, replant native willow and sedge species, |
and build an elk exclosure to protect the new plantings. Did You Know? The male Western Tanager, with red head and yellow body, stands out brightly in the dark conifer forest. |
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Longhair Sedge (Carex comosa) - Family: Sedge (Cyperaceae) - Flowering: July-August. - Field Marks: This Carex is recognized by the male and female flowers in separate spikes, the perigynia less than 1/2 inch long and with a prominent beak with 2 teeth, and the lowermost perigynia in a spike pointing downward. - Habitat: Swamps, around |
lakes. - Habit: Perennial herb with slender rhizomes. - Stems: Erect, smooth, up to 5 feet tall. - Leaves: Long, narrow, rough along the edges, up to 1/3 inch broad. - Flowers: Many in spikelets, each flower subtended by a scale; the male flowers in separate spikes from the female flowers, only 1 male spike per stem, long and slender; |
the female spikes usually 2-6 per stem, up to 3 inches long, up to 1/3 inch across, on slender stalks that droop at maturity. - Sepals: 0. - Petals: 0. - Stamens: 3. - Pistils: One per scale, the scales with a slender, toothed awn, each perigynium lanceoloid, smooth, up to 1/4 inch long, with a slender beak with 2 |
teeth at the tip, the lowermost perigynia usually pointing downward; stigmas 3. - Fruits: Achenes triangular. - Notes: The fruits are eaten by waterfowl. Previous Species -- Bush Sedge (Carex bushii) Return to Species List -- Group 3 Next Species -- Fringed Sedge (Carex crinita) |
Land Uses Converted to Developed Land, 1982-1987 This pie map contains a pie chart for each state and the nation. The pie slices reflect acres of land in various land |
cover/use categories that have been converted to developed land. Developed land includes urban areas and rural transportation land. The "Other" category includes other rural land, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land, |
water areas, and Federal land. The size of the pies is proportional to the amount of land that has been converted in that state, scaled between Vermont with 37,300 acres |
and Texas with 679,200 acres. Cautions for this Product: The national pie is not proportional to the state pies. Source: National Resources Inventory, 1997 NRI sample data are generally reliable |
at the 95% confidence interval for state and certain broad substate area analyses. Generally, analyses that aggregate data points by smaller geographic areas and/or more specific criteria result in fewer |
data points for each aggregation and therefore less reliable estimates. NRI maps reflect national patterns rather than site- specific information. Aggregate Layer: State Other Layers Displayed: Conservation Reserve Program (CRP): |
A Federal program established under the Food Security Act of 1985 to assist private landowners to convert highly erodible cropland to vegetative cover for 10 years. [NMCSP] A Land cover/use |
category that includes areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest. Two subcategories of cropland are recognized: cultivated and noncultivated. Cultivated cropland comprises land in row crops or |
close-grown crops and also other cultivated cropland, for example, hayland or pastureland that is in a rotation with row or close-grown crops. Noncultivated cropland includes permanent hayland and horticultural cropland. |
[NRI-97] A land ownership class designating land that is owned by the Federal Government. It does not include, for example, trust lands administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs nor |
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) land. No data are collected for any year that land is in this ownership. [NRI-97] A Land Cover/Use that is at least 10 percent stocked by |
single stemmed forest trees of any size which will be at least 4 meters (13 feet) tall at maturity. When viewed vertically, canopy cover is 25 percent or greater. Also |
included are areas bearing evidence of natural regeneration of tree cover (cutover forest or abandoned farmland) and not currently developed for nonforest use. For classification as forest land, an area |
must be at least one acre and 100 feet wide. [NRI-97] A term that includes categories of land cover and categories of land use. Land cover is the vegetation or |
other kind of material that covers the land surface. Land use is the purpose of human activity on the land; it is usually but not always related to the land |
cover. The NRI uses the term (land cover/use) to identify the categories that account for all the surface area in the United States [BS-1982; NRI-97] Other rural land: A Land |
cover/use category that includes farmsteads and other farm structures, field windbreaks, barren land, and marshland. [Revised 1992 NRI Summary Report, omitting CRP land.] Pastureland and Native Pasture: A Land Cover/Use |
category of land managed primarily for the production of introduced or native forage plants for livestock grazing. Pastureland may consist of a single species in a pure stand, a grass |
mixture or a grass-legume mixture. Management usually consists of cultural treatments-fertilization, weed control, reseeding, or renovation and control of grazing. (For the NRI, includes land that has a vegetative cover |
of grasses, legumes, and/or forbs, regardless of whether or not it is being grazed by livestock.) [NRI-97] A Land cover/use category on which the climax or potential plant cover is |
composed principally of native grasses, grasslike plants, forbs or shrubs suitable for grazing and browsing, and introduced forage species that are managed like rangeland. This would include areas where introduced |
hardy and persistent grasses, such as crested wheatgrass, are planted and such practices as deferred grazing, burning, chaining, and rotational grazing are used, with little or no chemicals or fertilizer |
being applied. Grasslands, savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, and tundra are considered to be rangeland. Certain communities of low forbs and shrubs, such as mesquite, chaparral, mountain shrub, and pinyon-juniper, |
are also included as rangeland. [NRI-97] Rural transportation land: A Land Cover/Use category which consists of all highways, roads, railroads and associated rights- of-way outside urban and built-up areas; including |
private roads to farmsteads or ranch headquarters, logging roads, and other private roads, except field lanes. [NRI-97] Urban and built-up areas: A Land Cover/Use category consisting of residential, industrial, commercial, |
and institutional land; construction sites; public administrative sites; railroad yards; cemeteries; airports; golf courses; sanitary landfills; sewage treatment plants; water control structures and spillways; other land used for such purposes; |
small parks (less than 10 acres) within urban and built-up areas; and highways, railroads, and other transportation facilities if they are surrounded by urban areas. Also included are tracts of |
less than 10 acres that do not meet the above definition but are completely surrounded by Urban and Built-up land. Two size categories are recognized in the NRI: (i) areas |
0.25 to 10 acres, and (ii) areas greater than 10 acres. [NRI-97] A type of (permanent open) water area which includes ponds, lakes, reservoirs, bays or gulfs, and estuaries. There |
are 3 size categories: (1) less than 2 acres; (ii) 2-40 acres; and (iii) at least 40 acres. [NRI-97] Product ID: 5905 Production Date: 3/19/01 Product Type: Map For additional |
Listen to this review! As teachers begin the new school year, Blick on … is introducing a new occasional feature in which Jacob Clark Blickenstaff answers your questions about the science (or lack of science) in movies, television programs, or even popular literature. In this first installment, the questions have come in from NSTA staff. In the book Riddle Me This! (a DC Super |
Friends title), Cyborg rings a carnival strength-tester bell to break several fun house mirrors. I have heard of sound breaking glass before, but I thought the sound had to be high-pitched, not just loud. That’s a great question. Sound really can break glass, but it isn’t quite as simple as the sound being loud or high-pitched. The key is that the sound waves match |
the natural resonant frequency of the glass. If you tap the side of a good-quality wineglass, you’ll hear it ring with a clear tone that depends on the size and thickness of the glass. If you want to break a glass using sound, you’ll need to play a tone of the same frequency (or pitch) as the one the glass makes when you tap |
it. Science teachers doing this demonstration usually use a very powerful marine speaker to break a glass beaker. Watch in this Berkeley Lecture Demo video. In one episode of the Mythbusters series, the Mythbusters hired a singer and asked him to create the right note with his voice and break a glass that way. Adam Savage discusses that episode in this video. So Cyborg |
might be lucky enough for the bell to match the natural frequency of one mirror, but there’s no way the single bell could break several mirrors of varying shape and size. Even being off by a tiny amount will prevent the sound from breaking the glass. Superman uses his freezing breath to put out a fire in Superman Classic: Superman vs. Bizarro (an I |
Can Read book). Would that work? Why would cold air extinguish a fire better than warm air? It turns out that a fire needs three things to propagate: fuel, oxygen, and high temperatures. If any one of the three is missing, the fire will go out. Fuel is the material that is burning. In a wood-burning stove, it is the wood. In a gas |
range, the fuel is the propane or natural gas. When all the wood or gas is gone, the fire will go out. Combustion, or fire, is the combination of the fuel with oxygen, so if no oxygen is present, the fire will die. Many fire extinguishers work by smothering the fire, preventing oxygen from reaching the fuel. Finally, the materials have to be hot |
enough for the fire to keep the reaction between the fuel and oxygen going. Wood is exposed to oxygen in the air all the time, but it doesn’t ignite without some help from a match or other hot object. CO2 and water are used in fire extinguishers because they do two things well: They cool the fuel down, and they deprive the fire of |
oxygen. (When the CO2 leaves the fire extinguisher, it expands and cools to the point that it forms solid crystals of dry ice. It looks like this.) Superman’s freezing breath would still have some oxygen in it, so it wouldn’t be quite as efficient as a fire extinguisher, but the cold could certainly work to extinguish the fire. In the 2006 film Curious George, |
George and Ted (better known as the Man With the Yellow Hat) hang from a bunch of helium balloons, and they get pulled along by a kite. Would that work? The kite-and-balloon aircraft in the film Curious George. Ah, yes. I must admit to being very familiar with this movie, as my daughter loves it. I have many issues with the balloon scene in |
this movie. It takes a lot of balloons to hold up a person, and exactly balancing the lift from the balloons with the weight of the person is difficult. Adding George should cause Ted , voiced by Will Ferrell, to sink. But that wasn’t your question. Your suspicions are right, since the kite is much, much smaller than the bunch of balloons Ted and |
George hang from. A kite is held up by the wind because it has a large surface area and not much mass. The balloon bunch would actually be a better “kite” than the kite, so the balloons would pull Ted and George along, kite or no kite. That said, I do like the movie’s message that museums should have at least some interactive exhibits |
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